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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04321-3 - Opting Out of the European Union: Diplomacy, Sovereignty and European Integration Rebecca Adler-Nissen Index More information

Index

Note: Locators in italics refer tables; followed by n refer notes; bold italics refer ﬁgures.

acquis communautaire 10, 13, 19, 27–9, Barroso, José Manuel 134, 152, 160, 58, 126, 150, 169. See also 163 Schengen acquis BEGPs. See Broad Economic Policy Adler, Emanuel 48 Guidelines Africa behaviour. See also norms North 114, 122 deviant 29, 65–6, 177–8 West 122 state 48, 71, 166, 176–7, 189 AFSJ. See Freedom, strategic 63 Security and Justice voting 17 agency 26, 50, 56, 115, 158 Belgium 2, 22, 90, 93, 140 agricultural policy 33, 82, 116, 170n8 benchmarking 85, 150 a la carte 152, 169, 187 Benelux 25. See also Belgium; Allot, Philip 166 Luxembourg; Netherlands Amsterdam Treaty. See Treaty of Black Wednesday 78 Amsterdam Blair, Tony 79, 104, 126, 131–2 analytical strategy 198–217. See also borders. See Schengen methods Bosnia 31 Andersen, Bodil Nyboe 80 Börzel, Tanja 179 appropriate measures 135 Bourdieu, Pierre 3, 12, 17–19, 22, Arab Spring 23, 114 47–65, 71–3, 86–8, 123, 156, ASEAN. See Association of South-East 174–8, 182, 202–7, 215 Asian Nations Broad Economic Policy Guidelines 85 Association of South-East Asian Brown, Gordon 104, 211 Nations 164 Bull, Hedley 147 asylum policy 114–19, 122, 124, 126, bureaucrat 5, 17, 49, 52, 90, 149, 158 127, 133–5, 141, 145 bureaucratic epistemic community 120, autonomy 153 158 monetary 76 national 39, 61, 135, 140, 142, 145, Cameron, David 1, 14, 19, 75, 79, 99, 163, 168, 170 104, 152 trade off inﬂuence 15, 39–40, 150, 153 capital 49, 51, 61–2, 69–72, 88–90, 94, 105, 205, 208 Balladur, Eduard 25 cultural 51 Bank of England 79 diplomatic 58–62, 70, 90, 160–1, bargaining 38, 41, 53. See also hard- 178–9, 182 bargaining game; interstate economic 51, 61, 90 bargaining negative 18, 65, 73, 177

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04321-3 - Opting Out of the European Union: Diplomacy, Sovereignty and European Integration Rebecca Adler-Nissen Index More information

Index 243

political 61 seeking 43, 136, 161–2, 187 social 51, 61 reflex 57, 63 catharsis 148, 153, 172, 177 constitutional 6, 27–8, 32n4, 33, 81, Central Banks 78, 83, 95 163, 173, 175 centralization 39 Constitutional Treaty 8, 143, decentralization 33 163, 186 CFSP. See Common Foreign and constitutive effects. See constitutive role Security Policy constitutive role 15, 45, 58, 160 Charter of Fundamental Rights 1, 163 constructive players 15, 42–3, 106, 112, citizen rights 29, 99, 123 139–40, 145 citizenship constructivism 49–50, 59, 68n11, 151, City of London 79, 108 177, 202–3 Clegg, Nick 104, 148–9 social 49 climate policy 82, 96 cost-benefit analysis 37–8, 182, 212 closer co-operation. See enhanced core. See also insider co-operation area 39 club good 38 EU 142, 150 coalition partner 15 inner 25, 42 codes of conduct. See norms member 19, 43 Commission. See European tasks 175 Commission COREPER. See Committee of Committee of Permanent Representatives Permanent Representatives 41, 54, 60, 63, 83–4 Council. See Council of Ministers Committee of Permanent Council of Ministers 2–3, 9, 13–14, Representatives II 95, 119 17–18, 20–21, 23, 40–5, 52–4, working groups 41, 52–3, 120 56–7, 60–3, 65, 69–71, 80, 101, Common Border Policy. See Schengen 106, 120–4, 126, 129–30, 133, Common currency. See euro 135–9, 147–82, 187 Common European Defence 7, 9, 31 working groups 4, 17, 52–4, 63, Common European military dimension 85, 157 77 Council regulations 85, 125, 129 Common Foreign and Security Policy 5, Council Secretariat 17, 22, 92, 122 9, 30–1, 53, 116, 127, 143, 160, 162 crisis 100–1, 107, 114 Common Foreign Policy. See Common debt 1, 161, 178 Foreign and Security Policy economic 74, 80–1, 84, 91, 110 Common legal order 13, 26–32, 45, euro- 1, 23, 30, 74, 78, 101, 163, 178 123, 143, 146, 153 Europe’s1 Common monetary policy 88 financial 83, 150 Common Travel Area 43, 133 Maastricht 6 community 62, 82, 91–2, 134, 158 political 31, 107, 186 method 119, 161 critical theory 48 positive values 48 culture 66 social 40, 48 aristocratic 147 concentric circles 25 diplomatic 52–3, 57, 155, 162, 168 confederation 181 economic 87 consensus 40, 63, 88, 90, 128–31, national 53 146, 151 currency 8, 59, 78. See also oriented decision-making process Deutschmark; euro; krone; lira; 40, 57 pound permissive 7 Curtin, Deidre 13, 27–9, 150, 179

244 Index

Cyprus 93, 109 capital 160–1 Czech Republic 1, 10, 93 Danish and British 73, 97, 110, 137–8, 142, 145, 149, 151, 153, Danish Foreign Policy Institute 42 159, 172, 182, 185 Danish Institute for International discipline 48 Studies 94–6 functions 17 Danish referendum 6–7, 12, 80–1, 105, habitus 72, 181–2 136–7, 142–3, 185, 198, 214 handling 3–4, 16, 103, 174, 198 decentralization. See centralization identity 69, 110, 171 defence policy 31 influence 112, 136, 146, 148, 154, 162 deliberation 54–5, 86 interaction 24, 51, 56–8, 67, 92, 110, reflexive 86 172, 189 delocalization 148, 159, 172 intervention 67 democracy 9, 27, 29–31, 34, 45, 57, management 23, 110, 155 165–8, 171, 173–5, 186, 188 negotiations 4, 11, 14, 16, 55, 59, direct 34 105, 147, 156–7, 160–1, 165, 175 undemocratic 120 practices 12, 18, 23, 42, 44, 62n9, democratic control 30, 168 70–1, 158, 172, 177, 185 democratic deficit. See legitimacy deficit recognition 67 Denmark 2–3, 5–14, 21, 23, 27, 29–31, resource 56 36, 38–40, 42–3, 60, 149, 151, sanction 67 153, 161, 171, 175–6, 181–5, setting 4 187–8, 198, 200, 214 solidarity 147 euro-outsiderness 74, 76, 80–1, 88, stigma 47, 68, 71–3, 76, 110, 145, 91–3, 97–9, 103, 105–8 153, 175, 182 Freedom, Security and Justice 116–8, strategy 9, 12, 54, 62–3, 67–8, 155 124, 133–6, 138–46, 151 struggles 23, 110, 174 ‘small-state identity’ 112, 182 diplomacy 36, 47, 55–7, 71, 147–8, referendum. See Danish referendum. 150, 157, 161, 163–8, 172, 175, Deutschmark 77, 80 178–80, 189. See also capital; deviance culture; diplomatic; field DG. See Directorate-General anti- 155 differentiation 2, 9, 13–14, 23, 25, 26, common sense 63, 70–1 29, 31–6, 38–40, 46, 66, 112, 148, conceptualisation 16–17 152, 161, 163, 172–5, 182, 185–9 day-to-day 17, 47, 62, 71, 105, 110, anti- 14, 32, 46, 175 147, 150, 175, 177 definition 2 dual purpose 158, 215 extreme 187 intra-EU 29, 59, 160, 162, 166 integration 3, 11, 13–14, 26, 28–9, late sovereign 4, 24, 33, 45, 147–8, 31–2, 34–7, 39, 45, 53, 175, 185–7 155–9, 162–7, 172, 175 logic of differentiation 37, 187 national 5, 16, 24, 36, 45, 50, 55, pro- 14, 26, 31–2, 35, 45–6, 175, 185 62, 71, 142, 148, 156, 159–67, radical 170, 187 173–4, 182 DIIS. See Danish Institute for of opting out 15, 18, 20, 24, 47, 62, International Studies 69–73, 76, 98–9, 136–8, 142, 145, diplomatic 9, 16, 20. 47, 50–1, 59, 90, 148–51, 153, 159, 172, 174–5, 120, 147, 153–5, 157, 159, 162, 177, 181–2, 198, 202 166–7, 171, 198, 207. See also sens pratique 47, 98, 157–9 culture; diplomacy; field Directive on Family Reunification 134, bargaining 3, 41, 90, 136 139, 161

Index 245

Directorate-General 21 embarrassment 68, 138, 149, discourse 59, 68n11, 86–88, 99, 124, 154–5. See shame 131, 148, 165, 188 empire. See neomedievalism EU’s Constitutional 175 EMS. See European Monetary System documents 198 EMU. See Economic and Monetary Dollar 78 Union domestic problem 123, 138 enhanced co-operation 10, 25, 75, 88, doxa 18, 23, 49, 69–70, 86–8, 101, 108, 109 123, 150, 172, 203, 207–8 equality 13, 30 deﬁnition 57 ERM II. See European Exchange Rate integration 19, 57–8, 159, 163–4, Mechanism II 180, 185–6 Espersen, Lene 134 teleological 156–7 EU. See European Union Dublin Eurogroup 38, 90–1, 93–7, regulation 140–1 99–102, 106–7, 124, 150–1, system 141 153, 183 DUPI. See Danish Foreign Policy working group 94–5 Institute euro 1, 7, 11, 38, 43, 74–81, 87–92, Duquette, Elizabeth Shaver 30–1 94–9, 103, 108, 110, 112–13, 200. See also euro-outsider Eagle, Angela (former Exchequer area 38, 43, 79–82, 85, 87–8, 91–3, Secretary to the Treasury) 108 96–109, 113, 124 EC. See European Community Plus Pact 85 ECB. See European Central Bank Preparations Unit 104 ECJ. See European Court of Justice rescue package 1, 74 ECOFIN. See Economic and Financial sceptic 2, 12, 19–20, 43, 76–81, 104, Affairs Council 124, 133, 137, 152, 163, 166, economic policy 11, 53, 74–5, 78, 168, 186 82–8, 90, 96, 100, 108, 110, 150, zone 25, 30, 75, 80–1, 146, 150, 161, 158, 161 178, 181, 185, 198 Economic and Financial Affairs Council euro-outsider 13, 20, 24, 43, 74–83, 83, 85, 94–7, 99–102, 105, 107–8, 88, 91–113, 122, 183. See also 183, 211 insider; outsider Economic and Financial Committee involuntary 43, 75, 92–3, 97 83–4, 94–5, 107 voluntary 43, 75, 92–3 Economic and Monetary Union 2–3, European Border Agency 125–6, 151 5–6, 9–11, 13, 20, 23, 25, 35, 37–8, European Central Bank 77, 80–1 43, 53, 76–82, 85, 87, 91, 95, European Commission 10, 14, 19, 101–2, 107–12, 145, 150, 157, 23, 41, 50, 83, 85, 91–2, 96, 161, 168, 183–4, 199, 201, 205. 99–101, 107, 114, 120, See also euro 122–30, 134, 137–46, 150, Edinburgh Decision 7, 80 156, 159–60, 169–71, 179, EDP. See Excessive Deﬁcit 185, 201 Procedure European Community 6, 60, 116, 135, EFC. See Economic and Financial 148, 156, 160 Committee European Council 7, 96, 161–2 elites 24, 43, 52, 106, 157, 163, 165–6, European Court of Justice 21, 181, 185–6 27–8, 50, 101, 120, 125–6, 168, politico-administrative 8, 18, 44, 79, 198 80, 110, 180 European Exchange Rate Mechanism II schools for 49 11, 78, 80

246 Index

European integration 3–4, 17–18, 28, Europeanisation 16, 26, 180, 188 30, 32, 35–6, 39, 47–9, 69–70, 74, European Monetary System 78 84, 114, 117, 147–9, 156–8, 160, European Parliament. See Parliament, 166–7, 175 European definition of 18. See also advanced Europol 115, 143 integration; differentiation ever closer economic cooperation 75 integration; doxa ever closer union 10, 19, 28, 58, 147, integration; political integration 150, 152, 156–7, 159, 163, 172, advanced 10, 141, 158, 179 175–6, 185–7, 189 day-to-day 3–4, 20, 46, 71, 148, EWG. See Eurogroup, working group 167 Excessive Deficit Procedure 85, 101 deeper 31, 38, 161, 163, 185 exclusion 17–18, 36, 47, 50, 65, definition of 180–1 67–8, 71, 76, 94–103, 110–112, dilemma 37–40, 44, 138 124–7, 143–146, 153, 168, dis- 3, 23, 31–2, 45, 150, 172 177, 183–5 economic 30, 74, 159, 168–9 from decision-making process dynamics of 32, 35, 43, 46 47, 176 flexible 34 exemption (national) 1, 6–7, 9–10, homogenous 35 12–13, 16, 20, 29, 31, 35–6, legal 28, 168–9 45, 117, 119, 123, 127, 132, orthodox 123, 164, 187 142, 148, 163, 169, 177. See also political sociological 4, 17, 23, 30, opt-out 39, 46–7, 71, 156, 160, 175, 178 exclusionary effect 3, 11, 13, 24, 67, 98, process 1–4, 9, 11–12, 14–15, 17–18, 176, 181–3 20, 27–8, 30, 40, 44, 46, 62, 84, exchange rate, fixed 80, 105 113, 148, 150, 154, 165–8, 171, 176, 185–6, 188–9 Fabius, Laurent 76, 152 project 4, 12, 31, 110 face-to-face 18, 63, 177, 180 quasi-automatic 1, 180 face-work 18, 56 regional 36, 40 federal 5, 7, 35, 163 social process 3, 18, 180 field 19, 23, 49–53, 59–63, 70–3, supranational 39, 136, 159, 163 86, 94, 101, 110, 121, 177, studies of 3, 18, 46–7 203–211 theory of 13–14, 24, 26, 35–6, 47, cultural 51 139, 180 definition 50 European language 162 diplomatic 13, 48, 50–3, 55–6, 58, European Parliament 5, 20, 41, 120, 62–3, 69–71, 154, 160, 165, 171, 129, 139, 167, 171, 185 180–2, 215 European Semester 84 political 61, 83, 181 European Union social 4, 18, 23, 51, 114, 178 citizen 5, 7–8, 29, 50, 117n2, 119, sub- 20, 50, 53, 72, 206 143 transnational 47, 51, 158–9, 165, pro 2, 12, 25–7, 38, 45, 79, 117, 133, 178 181 financial policy 53, 74, 84, 90 sceptic. 8, 12, 14, 25, 38, 78–9, Finland 9, 90, 93, 106, 118, 170n8 177, 181, 186. See also euro fiscal policy 78, 84–5 sceptic flexible Europe 14, 30 Europeans 42, 93, 98, 180 Flockhart, Trine 43 bad 93, 145, 151 FOCJ. See Functional, Overlapping, good 15, 42, 93, 102, 150, 189 Competing Jurisdictions

Index 247

foreign policy. See Common Foreign informal 52, 112 Policy social 18, 47, 49, 52, 55, 70, 72, 171, four freedoms 187 181, 207 free movement (of people) 6, 9, 38, h-structure 33–4, 62, 65, 75 115–16, 118–19, 134, 151 non 33 Fourcade, Marion 82 Hirschman, Albert O 38 France 12, 14, 22, 25, 31, 49, 63, 74, 82, human rights 49 87, 93, 95, 101, 107, 114, 140, 149, 152 ideational consensus 90 Freedom, Security and Justice 2, 5, 7, identity 3, 15, 24, 33–4, 41, 58, 68–9, 9, 11, 35, 37, 53, 114–5, 117, 98, 112, 125, 158. See also 119–20, 124, 144–6, 150–1, 168, diplomatic identity 183–5, 188 collective 15, 46, 147 FRONTEX. See European Border European 76 Agency national 5, 39, 110, 158 FSJ. See Freedom, Security and Justice spoiled 98, 109, 154 functional boundaries 4 ideology 109, 156 functional, overlapping, competing IMF. See International Monetary Fund jurisdictions 34 immigration 5–6, 30, 115–19, 127, 134–5, 139–40, 143, 145–6, 149, Geddes, Andrew 43, 120 183 geopolitical 154 individualism 49 Germany 12, 22, 25, 31, 74, 87, 91, 93, inclusion 17, 36, 40, 47, 71, 95, 151, 101, 107, 134, 178 176–7. See also exclusion unification 77 camp 75 Giddens, Anthony 48–9 influence 11–13, 16, 26, 34, 40, 42–3, global political economy 6 58–60, 67, 71, 75, 90–1, 100, 121, globalisation 16, 164 148, 159–61, 180, 182. See also Goffman, Erving 3, 18, 47, 55–6, 63–5, power and capital 67, 68n11, 71, 73, 108–9, 156n5, British 13, 15, 39, 43, 51, 61, 174–5, 177–8, 182 91, 98–9, 102–3, 106, 112, Governing Council. See European 124, 127, 129–30, 146, 171, 176 Central Bank Danish 13, 15, 39–40, 42–3, 51, Greece 22, 81, 90, 93, 116, 141, 178 61, 91, 98–9, 102–3, 106, 108, sovereign debt crisis 30, 74, 161, 112, 136–40, 145–6, 171, 178 176, 182 gain 13, 42, 60, 63, 103, 10 Haarder, Bertel 139 lose of 2, 11, 15, 19, 39, 42–3, 102, Habermas, Jürgen 55, 86, 181 106, 111, 144, 154, 176, 184 habitus 53–7, 63, 69–70, 72, 181–2, trade-off autonomy 15, 39–40, 145, 206–7 150, 153 definition 53 in-group 71, 210 European(ized) 53, 159 in-group alignment. See stigma rejection hard-bargaining game 40, 54–5, 90, insider. 23–4, 37, 75, 93, 100–1, 107, 162 112, 124, 137, 139, 143, 182, 185, Heartfield, James 166 189. See also euro-outsider; heterodoxy 87–8, 108, 123 outsider hierarchy 76, 85, 150, 198 constructive 112, 139 complex 62 euro- 94, 96–7, 100, 103, 112–3 formal 52, 112 near-core insiders 145, 153

248 Index

interest 53, 55–8 late sovereign diplomacy. See diplomacy clash of national 55, 145–7, 179 Lawson, Nigel 77 national 4, 13, 16–17, 23, 35–7, 41, lawyers 13, 26–7, 37, 120, 126 43–5, 47, 51–2, 56, 63, 88–91, EU 2, 28 103, 106–9, 111, 122–3, 131–3, legal order 13, 26, 28–9, 31–2, 45, 123, 137, 141, 144, 158–60, 165–7, 146, 153 172–3, 176, 179–80, 182, 184 unified 27–8, 143 utilitarian 53 legislation 29, 102, 118, 127–9, intergovernmental 17, 26, 30, 35–9, 41, 136–7, 142, 145–7, 175, 186, 52, 116–7, 130, 136, 142, 164, 200 186, 200. See also liberal EU 15, 97, 115, 127, 136, 140, 160, intergovernmentalism 168, 170 intergovernmental bargaining. See hard 53, 127, 150 interstate bargaining national 126–7, 140 internal market 116, 129, 170, 187 new 15, 47, 84, 140, 145, 151, 154, internationalisation 33 157, 160, 167, 171 International Monetary Fund 74 secondary 6, 157 international soft 53 co-operation 36, 42, 115, 177, 189 legitimacy 24, 26, 34, 45, 59, 62, 67, law 27, 157 165, 167–8, 173, 185 negotiations 50, 53–4, 59 deficit 24, 34, 174, 189 order 172 gap 167 organisations 25, 38, 44, 48, 57, 63, Lewis, Jeffrey 56–7 71, 157, 164 liberal intergovernmentalism 4, 13, politics 12, 177 36–37, 41, 179 relations (IR) 3, 17–18, 24, 26, Lindberg, Hans 157 32n5, 35–6, 47–50, 55, 64, 174, lira (Italian currency) 78 177 Lisbon strategy 85, 96, 102 trade 33 logic of appropriateness 48, 55. See also interstate bargaining 3, 17, 36, 130, norms 137 logic of arguing. See deliberation interview techniques 201 logic of categorisation 65 interview guide logic of practice 55 IR. See international relations London 23, 44, 79, 108, 112, 121, Iraq 31 127 Ireland 9, 10n6, 12, 22, 43, 74, 93, 116, loyalty 61, 159 126, 128–9, 133, 139, 151 dual 17, 44, 51–2, 54, 102 transfer of 54, 157, JHA. See Freedom, Security and Justice Luxembourg 22, 89, 93, 95, 97, 108 joint problem-solving 53, 145, 153 Junker, Jean-Claude 93, 95, 105 Maastricht crisis. See crisis Justice and Home Affairs. See Freedom, Majone, Giandomenico 179 Security and Justice Major, John 25, 116, 198 Malta 9, 93, 109, 122 Katzenstein, Peter 67 marginalisation 3, 13, 19, 40, 73, 90, Kölliker, Alkuin 37–8, 182 102, 112–3, 145, 176–7, 181 krone (Danish currency) 80 camp 75 Maroni, Roberto 114 late sovereignty 33 media 2, 16, 65, 76, 114, 116, 121, 129, definition 33n8 137, 181, 200

Index 249

Mercosur 164 following 55 Merkel, Angela 1, 74, 162 informal 17, 20, 53–4, 56–7, methods, 198–217 60n8, 63, 70, 151, 161, 164, 185, methodology 198 215 microlevel 11, 47, 72, 154, 181, 182, 199 perception of normality 48, 64–8, 71, micro-sociology 50, 66, 182. See 153, 176–77, 208 symbolic interactionism rejection of social 49 migration 3, 11, 51, 53, 114–15, norm-guided behaviour. See logic of 120, 127, 136, 145, 151, 155, appropriateness 174, 183 Norway 10, 22, 39n10, 117–8, 170–1 Mittérand, Francois 77 monetary policy 11, 30, 33, 77, 85, 88, opt-in 126–8, 143, 146, 169 92, 94, 158 decision 131–3 moral order 73, 189 possibility 11m 139, 169–70, 183, Moravcsik, Andrew 4, 36–7, 159, 179 185 multi-layered 25 protocol 118, 126–8 multi-speed 25, 38 opt-out 5–15, 26–44, 174–7. See also multi-level governance 4, 16, 41–2, 179 diplomacy of opting out analytical approach to 198–210 National Changeover Plan 104, de facto 2, 10, National Compromise DK. See deﬁnition of 2–3, 45–6, 62, 71–3, 148 Edinburgh Decision formal 10, 44 national security 123 management of 3, 15–16, 19–21, 23, NATO 31, 48 26, 54, 98, 111, 112, 124–6, negotiation. See diplomatic; diplomacy 136–8, 140, 144, 149–51, 166, neoclassical realists 153 172, 181–4 neofunctionalism 16, 35, 157 optare 15, 188 neomedievalism 14, 32–3, 32n5 permanent 9, 143, 203 model 33 politically controlled 168 Netherlands 22, 93, 134 Schengen 6, 29–30, 43, network 37, 38, 55, 82, 179 117–19, 123–4, 135–6, 146, effect 38 151, 183 Neumann, Iver B. 48, 53, 155, 159 stigma of 3, 13, 47, 63–5, 69, 91–2, NGO. See non-governmental 122–3, 150. See also stigma organisations orthodoxy 87–8, 110, 122–3, 143, 146, Nicolaïdis, Kalypso 34 163–4, 177, 185, 187, 189 non-governmental organisations 52, 120 unorthodox 3, 212 non-hierarchical structure. See Osborne, George 104 hierarchical structure out-group 71, 210 Nordic Passport Union 118 out-group alignment. See stigma normality 64, 66, 112, 153, 176–7, 187 recognition normative 14, 26–9, 31, 58, 69, 162, outsider 20, 24–5, 37, 63, 92–3, 100–1, 178–9 104, 107, 114, 124, 149, 171. See integration through law 58 also euro-outsider; insider pro-normative behaviour 49 norms 15, 27, 48–50, 55, 68, 83, 154, 188 Parliament. See also European breach of 43, 133 Parliament breaker 176 national 1, 6–7, 16, 20, 55, 78–9, deviate from 48 117n2, 123, 131, 134–5, 137, 159, environment 69–70 167–8, 173

250 Index

parallel agreement 141, 175 method 202, 204, 207–11 Pen, Marine Le 74, 165 theory 50, 54–5, 59, 62, 70–2 Permanent Representation 21–3, 60, turn 3, 17n11, 48 157, 159, 199 Presidency, of the Council of the permissive consensus 7 European Union 23, 41, 52, 99, pilot study 133, 139–40, 161, 198 players 3, 16, 43–4, 83, 145 Presidency, of the European Central pluralist constitutional order 33 Bank 93, 96, 105 Poland 1, 10, 22, 93, 119 Presidency, of the European police and security co-operation 30, 53, Commission 81, 101, 134, 160 115, 118–20, 125, 127, 136, 142, Prodi, Romano 81, 101 143, 146. See also Freedom, proposal 38, 83, 86, 96, 101, 115, Security and Justice 124–5, 128–30, 132–3, 139, 151, policy 9, 11, 37–40, 182 160, 200 environment 82, 96 constructive 17 policy-making process 12, 15, 27, 37, obstructive 17 103, 124, 168 public 6–8, 104, 120, 127, 143, 162–3, political 169, 174, 185 authority 4, 8, 33n8, 39, 115, choice theory 41 capital 61 debate 1, 43, 46 influence 2 opinion 12, 16 leaders 19, 25, 34, 161, 186 Puetter, Uwe 54, 86, 162 order 3, 26–7, 35, 45, 152, 159, 178 project 2, 25, QMV. See qualified majority voting scientists 2, 13, 26–7, 32, qualified majority voting 17, 57, 119, 185 sensitive 11, 115, 125, 200, 212 quiet revolution, a 24, 117–19 union 76–7 vision 31–2 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh 8, 81 political sociology 3–4, 17–18, 46–71, Rasmussen, Poul Nyrup 81 166, 175, 177, 180–2 rationalism 26, 35, 37–8, 40, 45, 49, 53, politicisation 39, 108, 167, 173 55, 129, 145 polycentric entity 32–3 Realpolitik 165 polity-constructing technocrats 160 reason 63, 165, 200 Portugal 74, 93, 101, 107, 178 following 55 post-modern 14, 186 referendum 152, 167, 181, 186, 189 post-sovereignty 4, 13, 31, 181 UK ‘in or out’ 152. See also Danish post-structuralism 48 referendum Pouliot, Vincent 17n11, 48, 203n5 reflectivism 26 pound, UK 75, 78, 104, 108 regulative 53, 187–8 power. See also influence and capital of behaviour 58 concentration of 34 Ruggie, John 32 conceptualising 17–18, 26, 50–2, rules 2, 4, 10, 15, 19, 40, 45, 48, 50, 58–62 52–3, 55–8, 61, 70, 72,83–6, 89, epistemic 40 99, 114, 119, 129–30, 133–4, 142, relations 3, 88, 161, 178–81, 211 146, 151, 155, 157, 161, 168, 171, struggle 47, 90 174, 177–8, 185, 211 symbolic 50, 185 adoption of 53, 57, 188 practice 4, 11–12, 15, 18–19, 23, 109, 127, 138, 150, 157–9, 172, 174, sanction 63, 67, 83, 85, 101, 150, 177, 185–6, 181–2, 204, 206–7, 211 153, 177 logic of 55, 62, 202 Sarkozy, Nicolas 96

Index 251

shame 148, 149, 175. See international 68 embarrassment stability 64 shaming 49, 85, 148–9, 175 soft law 150, 157 Scharpf, Fritz 168–70 solidarity 9, 13, 26–7, 30–1, 45, 58, Schengen 5–6, 9–12, 29–30, 34, 38, 43, 73–4, 81, 96–7, 106, 112–13, 122, 114–19, 132–6, 143, 146, 151, 124, 147, 150, 177, 187 171, 183, 185 Soros, George 30 agreement 6, 11, 116, 118, 125, sovereignty 18, 46, 131, 174, 186 134–5 claims to 3–4, 8, 10–11, 13–15, 26, acquis 29–30, 117, 125, 135, 185 43, 188 Danish approach to 116–18, de- 76 133–6, 146 divided 13–14, 33–4 UK approach to 116, 124–33, 146 late 4, 24, 33, 45, 147–8, 155–61, security community 160 163–7, 175 self-censorship 109, 200 liberal intergovernmentalism and self-perception 6, 12, 28, 154 36–7 sens pratique 47, 98, 157–9 monetary 76, 110, 113 Shaw, Jo 29–30 national 1–3, 6–9, 24, 45–6, 76, single currency. See euro 115, 117, 120, 131–2, 174, Slovenia 93, 109, 115 188–9 social as practice 18 chapter 5 statehood 12, 76, 110, 145, 172 codes of conduct 55, 67, 83, 160 Spain 22, 74, 93, 178 constructivism. See constructivism specialisation 41, 120 context 27, 45, 51, 169–70, 185 Stability and Growth Pact 81, 84–5, dynamics 17, 64, 68, 138, 176 100, 102, 105, 107–9 field. See field state game 50, 56 behaviour 48–9, 66, 71, 176–8, hierarchy 18, 47, 49, 52, 55, 62, 65, 186 70, 72, 181, 207 big 112 interaction 18, 49, 51–2, 54, 56–7, deviant 66, 70–2, 149, 177–8 157, 180 nation 4, 12, 16–17, 131, 147, 158, order 48–9, 59, 62, 65, 69, 153, 175, 160, 165, 174–5 177 new member 43, 60, 63, 92–3, 97, psychology 64 123, 164, 187, 198 punishment 49, 172 normal 48, 66, 71, 125, 136, reward 18, 49 146, 149, 151, 153, 177–8, setting 15, 149 184, 208 structure (and social action) 17, 48–9, post-sovereign 181 55–6, 59, 70, 72, 121, 175, 207 small 12, 38, 112, 182, 191, 209 socialisation 28, 42–5, 48, 50, 55, 57, stigmatisation of deviant 65–6, 153, 180 70–2, 149 elite 157 unitary actor 12, 36, 46, 179 intense socialisation of national stigma 3, 23–4, 47, 64–5, 75–6 representatives 148, 172, 176, 185 analysis 18, 22, 69–73, 209 socialised 54, 154 conceptualisation of 63–4 sociology 3–4, 17–18, 47–71, 166, 175, continuous cycle of 68 177, 180–2, 201–3 discrimination 64–7, 91, 123, society 51, 66–7, 155, 165 177 French 206 fight stigmatisation 65, 68, 76, 94, heterogeneous 64 135, 153, 182

252 Index

stigma (cont.) Sweden 9–10, 22, 42, 74, 81–2, 91, imposition 23, 65–6, 71, 149, 153, 93n24, 97, 99, 103, 106, 118, 176 140, 170 labelling 3, 5, 66, 91–2, 99, 123, Switzerland 39, 106, 117, 170 149–50 symbolic interactionism 18, 56 management 18, 67, 69–72, 93, symbolic violence 59 97–113, 144, 145, 153–5, 176–7, 182–4, 209 technocrats 159–60 of opting-out 3, 13, 47, 63–5, 69, technocratic 41, 86, 149–50, 165 91–2, 122–3, 150. See also opt-out teleological interpretation 148, 156–7 process of stigmatisation 65, 175 telos 29, 155 recognition 67–8, 68n11, 154 territorial 32–4, 41, 116, 118, 179 rejection 67–8, 154 authority 8, 33, 163 separation 66, 91, 93–6, 123 exclusivity 4, 172 status loss 66, 68, 91, 96, 111, 144, TEU. See Treaty of European Union 184 Thatcher, Margaret 14, 77, 116 stereotyping 91–2, 123 Thorning-Schmidt, Helle 134 theory 18, 47–9, 63–9, 177, 187 top-down 15, 47, 177 strategic 38, 50, 55–6, 60 transnational ﬁeld. See ﬁeld action 18, 63–5 transparency 27, 29–30, 34, 120, 167, interest 107, 212 212 Straw, Jack (State Secretary UK) 8, 129 Treaty of Amsterdam 6, 117–18, 135, 142 structural constructivism. See Treaty of European Union 6, 19, 58, 82 constructivism Treaty of Lisbon 1, 10, 95, 100, structuralism 18, 26, 49 119–20, 130, 142–3, 163, structuration theory. See Giddens, 185–6, 200 Anthony Treaty of Maastricht 2, 5–7, 13, 27, 77, structure 10–11, 18, 33–4, 41, 50–2, 55, 80–1, 85, 116–18, 137, 168, 198 57, 69–73, 158, 177, 181–2 Treaty of Nice 119, 186 authority 167 Treaty of Rome 9, 19, 28, 58, 147, 156, constitutional 163 175 development 180 Trichet, Jean-Claude 93, 105 mental 49 Tunisia 114 pillar 116 two-level game 130, 159, 166 policy 106 two-speed Europe 14, 25 reform 96 two-tier Europe. See Two-speed Europe relationships 56, 66 social 17, 48–9, 55–6, 59, 70, 72, UK. See United Kingdom 121, 175, 207 United Kingdom 1–3, 5–6, 8–14, 19, 21, supranational 7, 54, 134–5, 159, 161, 25, 27, 36, 38–9, 42–3, 60, 163, 167, 179 148–55, 161, 168–72, funding structures 141 174–8, 181–5, 187–9, institutions 4, 17, 41–2, 162, 165, 200–1, 214 171 euro-outsiderness 74, 76–82, 88, law 116–19, 142, 164 91–3, 97–100, 102–12 supranationalism (theory) 35, 39 Freedom, Security and Justice supreme authority 28–9, 31, 45, 163, 116–18, 121, 123–33, 136, 139, 174, 185 143–6

Index 253

United States 31, 60, 69, 82, 215 voting behaviour 6–7, 15, 17, 57, 81, United States of Europe 7, 77, 117 106, 117, 148, 163, 178, 185–6 unity vision 26–9, 32, 34, 58 rights 12, 40, 43, 60, 99, 113, 124, unspoken rules. See norms 135–6, 145, 169, 171 unwilling Europeans 25, 37, 42, 126 weights 60–3, 121, 160–1 US. See United States Wallace, Helen 15, 43–4, 54, 56–7 value 38, 40, 48, 68, 71–2, 109, 177, Walker, Neil 28–9, 33, 45–6, 174 206 Weiler, Joseph 6, 30 added tax 89 Westphalian model 33 adoption of 56 Wind, Marlene 32–3 informal 53 World Trade Organization 164–5 VAT rates. See Value-added tax WTO. See World Trade Organisation Verhofstadt, Guy 2, 189 veto 38, 75, 77, 79, 99, 128–30, 145, 161 Zielonka, Jan 33–4