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Pregnant Pause: Delayed Motherhood and Its Connection to Individual and Collective Complexes

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Pregnant Pause: Delayed Motherhood and Its Connection to Individual and Collective Complexes Pregnant Pause: Delayed Motherhood and its Connection to Individual And Collective Complexes A Doctoral Thesis As part of a study toward a PhD Cardiff University, School of Social Sciences 2016 Maryann Barone-Chapman, MSc. ii To remain a child too long is childish, but it is just as childish to move away and then assume that childhood no longer exists because we do not see it. But if we return to the “children’s land” we succumb to the fear of becoming childish, because we do not understand that everything of psychic origin has a double face. One face looks forward, the other back. It is ambivalent and therefore symbolic, like all living reality. ~ C.G.Jung, 1944, para. 74. iii ABSTRACT This research views the problem of delayed motherhood as a complexity of time: firstly, within the life trajectory of the child/adolescent/young woman/mid-life adult, and secondly, in relation to inherited factors that came before her entry into this life, threatening to continue after it. The thesis argues, from an advocacy perspective, for a period of mid-life that we could call a Pregnant Pause, which, as the research demonstrates, points to an early rupture in nurturing and relating. The research follows 8 women who have become pregnant in mid life. Using interviews, dream diaries and the Word Association Test, the thesis identifies those factors within personal, cultural and collective complexes influencing onset of late procreative desire. These are discussed in relation to causation and teleological continua. The empirical work yielded data rich in presentations of difficulties with the maternal parent, while the paternal parent remained marginalized. In parallel, the presence of a male sibling was found to have a significant effect on how women unconsciously organized their lives into two parts, “first Adam, then Eve”, insofar as identities around work and the maternal were concerned. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the interconnection between the individuating woman and the culture in which she is born, arguing that delayed motherhood is both an act of rebellion and redemption. Identification of a Pregnant Pause within these life trajectories clarifies three phases of delayed motherhood: before a baby, desperate for a baby, and after the baby. The implications of this research are discussed in parallel as dissociation from trauma, facing into earlier trauma with renewed determination, and transformations inspired by the Trickster archetype. The implications of this research range from, how not to raise a daughter, through iv to raising awareness on how the mother-daughter relationship impacts delayed motherhood and thus society, ultimately to address the need to re- imagine a national health service that values the personal and social impact on women who have lived their lives in two parts. This research aims to serve women who have no other means of redeeming their lost years except to find support for a reproductive identity through the NHS. v Dedicated to colleagues, supervisors, patients, and participants, for their cumulative contributions to the observation of the Pregnant Pause phenomena as felt experience. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i C.G. Jung contextual quote ii Summary iii Dedication v Statements vi Table of Contents vii-x PART ONE Chapter 1. Introduction to the Study 1 • Background To A Pregnant Pause 3 • The Search for Meaning and Purpose in Delayed Motherhood 6 • Motherhood, Identity & Cultural Complexes 8 • Aims of the Study 12 • Frame of the Study 13 • Summary 16 • Thesis Outline 16 • Chapter References 18 Chapter 2. A Critical Literature Review of Late Motherhood 22 • Introduction 22 • Overview 22 • Literature 24 • 1. The Archetypal-Developmental Mother-Daughter Dyad 24 • 2. Modern Psychoanalytically Informed Literature 27 • 3. Socially Inspired Perspectives 34 • 4. Peer Reviewed Studies 40 • 5. Late to Motherhood 46 • 6. Kinship Studies 49 • 7. Media Presentations on Late Motherhood 53 • Summary 56 • Chapter References 58 Chapter 3. Gender Legacies of Jung and Freud as Epistemology in 68 Emergent Feminist Research on Late Motherhood • Introduction 68 • Discovery Process 69 • Feminine Riddles Into Myths 70 • The Feminine and Feminism 76 • Defining Problems 79 • Confounding Gender 84 • The Complexity of Time 85 • Queer and The Feminine Hero 88 • Discussion 92 • Summary 98 • Chapter References 100 viii PART TWO Chapter 4. Developing a Suitable Methodology to Research the 108 Unconscious • Introduction 108 • Research Objectives & Questions 115 • Research Question 118 • Background 119 • The Method 121 • Research Components 123 • Participants 123 • Ethical Issues 131 • Data Collection 132 - Phase 1 – Clinically Informed IPA 134 - The Analysis – Clinically Informed IPA 137 - Phase 2 – The Word Association Test 139 - The Analysis – Word Association Test 143 - Phase 3 – Dream Journals 146 - Experiential and Reflexive Researcher 147 • Summary 148 • Chapter References 149 Chapter 5. The Development of A Maternal Self - Research Findings 153 • Introduction 153 • The Search For A Maternal Self – Two Participants Speak 156 • Mrs Anyer (aka Mrs An) 156 • The Maternal Self 159 • Mrs Sydney (aka Mrs S) 160 • The Maternal Self 161 • The Night Sea Journey – Longitudinal Change for Two 164 Participants • Mrs Carter (aka Mrs C) 166 • The Opposing Maternal Self 169 • Mrs Luke (aka Mrs L) 171 • The Maternal Self As A Quiet Rebellion 172 • A Complex View of Mother & Eros 174 • Locating The Paternal 182 • Summary 187 • Chapter References 189 PART THREE Chapter 6. Trickster, Trauma and Transformation – Research Results 193 • Introduction 193 • Unconscious Processes of Late Motherhood 194 • Case Study 1 – The First Meeting – Mrs Anyer 196 • Jung’s Word Association Test & Mrs Anyer 199 - Figure 1: Beginning of a Perseveration 200 - Figure 2: Perseveration Continued 201 ix • Narrative Poetic Interpretation 202 - Figure 3: Circuambulation of a Complex 203 • Fast and Slow Numbers Parallel High Feeling-Toned Dreams 203 - Figure 4: More High Numbers 204 • Dreaming Into An Emerging Pattern 205 • Case Study 2 - In Between Meetings – Mrs Sidney 207 • Jung’s Word Association Test & Mrs Sidney 216 - Figure 5: Early Perseveration Through Repetition 217 - Figure 6: Waves of Fears and Tears 219 - Figure 7: Circuamabulation of A Complex 221 • Prosaic Narrative Interpretation 222 • Dream Pattern 223 • Case Study 3 – Longitudinal Insight: Complexio Oppositorum 226 • First Meeting 8 years later – Mrs Carter 226 • Jung’s Word Association Test & Mrs Carter 233 - Figure 8: Trilateral Affects 235 • Imaginal, Confessional Narrative 236 • Dream Pattern 240 • Case Study 4 – Longitudinal Insight: Complexio Oppositorum 243 • First Meeting 8 Years Later – Mrs Luke 243 • Jung’s Word Association Test & Mrs Luke 248 - Figure 9: Pattern of Despair 250 • Thanatos Narrative Interpretation 250 - Figure 10: Correctly Recalled Words Above 32 252 - Figure 11: Incorrectly Recalled Words Above 32 253 • Dream Pattern 254 • Case Studies Summary 256 - Figure 12: All Phase 2 Research Participants 256 • Other Similarities and Differences 257 • Chapter References 260 Chapter 7. The Many Faces of Trauma & Transformation 262 - Super-Ordinate Themes • Introduction 262 • Super-Ordinate Themes 263 - Figure 13: Super-Ordinate Themes 265 • The Wounding 265 - Super-ordinate Theme 1 – the better mother 266 - Super-ordinate Theme 2 – the un-mothered child 269 - Super-ordinate Theme 3 – maternal gender bias 271 - Super-ordinate Theme 4 – partnering with a younger man 273 - Super-ordinate Theme 5 – the too much mother 273 - Super-ordinate Theme 6 – absent father 275 - Super-ordinate Theme 7 – primordial shame 277 - Super-ordinate Theme 8 – money troubles 278 - Super-ordinate Theme 9 – ‘First Adam Then Eve’ 279 - Super-ordinate Theme 10 –Enantiodromia, C. Oppositorum 280 - Super-ordinate Theme 11 –The Negative Mother 281 x - Super-ordinate Theme 12 - The Negative Mother 287 experience inside and outside of class - Super-ordinate Theme 13 – Redemption and Reparation 294 • Summary 297 • Chapter References 302 Chapter 8. Through A Mother- Monster - Concluding Thoughts 307 • Introduction 307 • Summary of Major Findings 311 - Reprise, Research Question 311 - Findings 311 - Complex Qualities 312 - Complex Categories Demonstrated In The Research 312 • Policy and Further Research Implications 315 • A Phenomenological View 317 • Discussion: Creation and Destruction 320 • Epilogue 329 • Chapter References 332 A Complete List of Jung End References 337 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Phase 1 Research 341 1.1 Ethical Committee Application 341 1.2 Data Collection: Semi-Structured Interview Schedule, Phase 1 344 1.3 Sample Initial Confirmation Letter to Participants 345 Appendix 2: Phase 2 Research 346 2.1 Ethics Committee Expanded Application Detail 346 Recruitment Procedures 347 Consent Procedures 348 Data Protection 349 Expanded Application 349 2.2 METHOD 352 Dreams 354 Ethical Issues 353 2.3 Reply to SOCSI Research Ethics Committee 357 2.4 Sample Invitation to participate in Phase 2 Research 358 Appendix 3: Jung’s 100 words in the WAT see Appendix Method 2.2 352 Appendix 4: Mrs Sidney’s Word Association Test 360-1 Appendix 5: Abstract of my MSc. 362 Appendix 6: Glossary of Terms 362 Appendix 7: Research Time Line 371 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study “Jung would sometimes speak of the ‘return to the mothers’ which is a metaphorical way of saying that when ego development climaxes at midlife there is no further meaning in continuing to pursue the same old goals…The task now becomes to unify
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