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Ornamental Fish Industry in Sri Lanka: Present Status and Future Trends

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Ornamental Fish Industry in Sri Lanka: Present Status and Future Trends See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226586204 Ornamental Fish Industry in Sri Lanka: Present Status and Future Trends Article in Aquarium Science and Conservation · December 2001 DOI: 10.1023/A:1013154407298 CITATIONS READS 23 11,281 2 authors, including: Amararatne Yakupitiyage Asian Institute of Technology 77 PUBLICATIONS 1,210 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Immunostimulant View project Working on nutritional modelling of bioflocs systems View project All content following this page was uploaded by Amararatne Yakupitiyage on 15 June 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Ornamental fish industry in Sri Lanka: present status and future trends R.G.S. WIJESEKARA1 and A. YAKUPITIYAGE2 1National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), Crow Island, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka; 2Agricultural and Aquatic System Management Program, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand Acccepted 15 May 2000 Key words: ornamental fish, exports, Sri Lanka ABSTRACT The aquarium fish industry in Sri Lanka has become a valuable foreign exchange earner during the past few years, earning Rs. 530 million in 1998. Sri Lankan ornamental fish exports for the international market include locally wild caught marine, brackish-water and freshwater species as well as captive bred freshwater fish. Presently, there are about 18 registered aquarium fish exporters and together they currently contribute approximately 1% of the world’s demand for ornamental fish. Of the freshwater fish species exported from Sri Lanka, the guppy ranks the highest (67% by number), followed by swordtails, angels, platies and various species of tetras. This study aims to assess the present status and future trends in the ornamental fish industry in Sri Lanka; to overview the present fish production system which caters for the international market; and to identify present constraints within the industry. INTRODUCTION The ornamental fish industry in Sri Lanka has a long history, which began with small-scale outlets in some houses within the cities. In the early 1930’s there were several small-scale importers, breeders and hobbyists. The aquarium fish industry in Sri Lanka initiated around the commercial capital, Colombo, as a result of the establishment of a zoological garden in Dehiwala and the first public aquarium was established in 1952 in Colombo (Jonklaas, 1989). The industry was commercialized by a few entrepreneurs about 50 years ago and has now developed into a thriving industry with an export market, affording profit and employment to many people (Kuruppu, 1998). As a result of overcrowding, high labor costs and lack of land for fish outgrowing facilities, the large-scale growers started to move out to rural areas of the dry zone within the country. Presently, the ornamental fish outgrowing systems are distributed in the north- central, north-western and central provinces of Sri Lanka (Weerakoon, 1997). Sri Lanka presently earns about US$ 8 million per year from the exportation of ornamental fish and plants to over 52 countries (EDB, 1999). Approximately 70 exporters engage in exporting fish and aquatic plants but of these only about six can be considered as large-scale exporters. The export of aquarium fish has grown sig- nificantly from Rs. 96 million in 1990 to Rs. 530 million in 1998, however Sri Lanka contributes only one percent of the international market demand (EDB,1998). The major fish producers are the contract growers. Exporters assist the contract growers by supplying fish fry, feed, chemicals and basic technology for culturing Aquarium Sciences and Conservation 3: 241–252, 2001. © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 242 R.G.S. WIJESEKARA AND A.YAKUPITIYAGE aquarium species, and they practice a ‘buy back’ system when the fish are ready for the export market. Ornamental fish breeding, fry raising and growing-on tech- nologies are dealt with by the commercial growers and the aquarium fish market is presently controlled by just a few exporters. In this industry the independent small- scale growers are dependent in terms of technology and market on the commercial growers and exporters. The expansion of this industry among the low income work- force is an important contributory factor to the economy of Sri Lanka. This is due to its ability to generate considerable income per unit area, with high export earnings, as well as its potential for raising the living standards among rural communities and providing income opportunities for house-holders. The success of such an expansion depends on the availability of appropriate resources, technology, and local and international market demand, plus an institutional framework within the country. Given the present outlook it is important to analyze these various elements in order to expand the industry to rural level. This study aims to assess the present status and future trends in the ornamental fish industry in Sri Lanka; to provide an overview of the present fish production system which caters for the international market; and to identify present constraints within the industry. METHODS The study was carried out between December 1997 and May 1998. Most of the ornamental fish breeding, grow-out and export activities are established around Colombo. For this reason the Colombo district was selected as the most suit- able area for data collection. However, the industry is now expanding to other cities and rural areas of the country and the technology, marketing procedure, economics and constraints faced by the rural-based industry may be different to that of the developed areas. Therefore the study was extended to some rural areas of Colombo district as well as rural parts of the Gampaha, Kurunegala and Anuradhapura districts. The overall method of data collection for this study consisted of information gathering from various ornamental fish programs (on-site fish farm surveys). Various documents, such as databases, reports, manuscripts and articles, were used to collect information. Discussions were also conducted with government and non-government personnel relevant to the ornamental fish industry using a standard questionnaire format. Personal observations were also made as part of the information gathering. Further data was collected from various government and non-government organizations. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Legal status of ornamental fish industry in Sri Lanka The laws and regulations covering aquatic resources conservation and the management and sustainable utilization of aquatic resources rely on the effective ORNAMENTAL FISH INDUSTRY IN SRI LANKA 243 implementation of national rules and regulations. Several rules and regulations have been developed to conserve the aquatic fauna and flora, especially those species that are endemic to Sri Lanka. National legislation also deals with the prevention of diseases and unwanted species from coming into the country, and with the pro- tection of aquatic resources. The various Sri Lankan acts and relevant institutes responsible for their implementation are given in Table 1. Of these, the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act has specific objectives for the protection, regulation, and sustainable utilization of aquatic resources. Regulations have been finalized to prohibit the export, or restrict the export, of certain live fish species (Tables 2 and 3), as well as prohibiting the import of certain other species (Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No 2 1996). Sri Lankan freshwater fishes that are red-listed by the IUCN (1997) are listed in Table 4. Some fish species are completely prohibited from being exported in live form, whereas those species that are categorized as ‘restricted’ may be exported under the permits issued by the Department of Fisheries. In order to export restricted species the exporters must obtain a certificate from the Department of Fisheries in Sri Lanka; the exporters are allowed to export a limited number of such fish under the permit. With regard to marine fishes, as a result of over-exploitation of wild stocks and the lack of technologies available for commercially spawning the vast majority of species, the number of marine fish that are currently wild caught may be reduced in the future. This may lead to further restrictions being imposed on the trade in marine fish species. It is therefore necessary to develop techniques to breed marine fish in captivity in order to satisfy international market demands. In addition to those species listed in Table 4, a further 18 exotic freshwater fish species, belonging to families Ictaluridae and Characidae are prohibited for Table 1. Acts related to aquatic resources management in Sri Lanka Name of Act Responsible institution 1. Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance Department of Wild Life (Act. No 1 of 1970) 2. Fauna and Flora Amendment Act Department of Wild Life (Act. No 49 of 1993) 3. Coast Conservation Act Coastal Conservation Department (Act. No 57 of 1981) 4. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act Ministry of Fisheries (Act. No 2 of 1998) 5. National Aquatic Resources Research and National Aquatic Resources Research Development Act (Act. No 54 of 1981 and and Development Agency amendment No 32 of 1996) 6.Water Resources Board Act Water Resource Board (No 29 of 1963) 7.National Environment Act Central Environmental Authority (No 47 of 1981) 8. Custom Ordinance Sri Lanka Customs (No 17 of 1965) 244 R.G.S. WIJESEKARA AND A.YAKUPITIYAGE Table 2. Sri Lankan freshwater fish species that are prohibited or restricted from export under law Prohibited freshwater fish species Restricted freshwater fish species Scientific name Sinhala name English name Scientific name Sinhala name English name Labeo fisheri Gadeya Mountain Labeo Danio pathirana L. porcellus Hiri Kanaya Orange Fin Labeo Puntius cumingii Pothaya Cuming’s Barb Puntius asoka Ashoka Pethiya Ashoka Barb Puntius nigrofasciatus Bulath Hapaya Black Ruby Barb P. martenstyni Dunbara Pethiya Martenstyn’s Barb Puntius titteya Lay Tittaya Cherry Barb P. srilankensis Dankudu Pethiya Blotched Filamented Rasbora vaterifloris Halmal Dandiya Golden Rasbora Barb P.
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