Development, Social Psychology, and Personality

Review Sheet #3 Chapters 9, 10 and 14 Development, Social Psychology, and Personality

The role of GENETICS: Chromosomes: 23 pair (one from the sperm and one from the egg for each) The 23rd pair determines the child’s gender (Father’s X = girl, Y = boy) DNA – strand of chain on each chromosome. The sex hormones for males and females

Evolutionary psychology Twin studies Rats in enriched environments Social norms Androgyny, gender identity, social learning vs. gender schema theories

Prenatal stages: zygote, embryo, fetus Fetal alcohol syndrome

Infancy: - Imprinting - Rooting reflex - Critical period - Habituation studies of infants - Plasticity - Temperament - Attachment studies (Harry Harlow, Mary Ainsworth) Piaget: - Schemas, assimilation, accommodation - Sensorimotor - Concrete operations - Pre-operational - Formal operations - Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive parenting styles Kohlberg – Moral Ladder: - Pre-conventional - Conventional - Post-Conventional Erikson – Social Development: - Trust v. Mistrust - Autonomy v. Doubt - Initiative v. Guilt - Competence v. Inferiority - Identity v. Role Confusion - Intimacy v. Isolation - Generativity v. Stagnation - Integrity v. Despair Alzheimer’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease Cross-sectional v. Longitudinal Fluid v. Crystallized Intelligence

Social Psychology: - Individualism v. Collectivism - Attribution Theory, Fundamental Attribution Error - “Foot-in-the-Door” Phenomenon - Cognitive Dissonance - Self-fulfilling prophecy - Frustration-Aggression Theory - Group Polarization and Groupthink - Social Facilitation, De-individuation, and Social Loafing - Social-Exchange Theory - Bystander Effect - Normative and informational social influence - Prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination - Self-fulfilling prophecy - Factors that affect attractiveness, mere exposure effect - Scapegoat Theory - Passionate v. Companionate Love - Attraction - Asch Line Experiment - Milgram Experiment

Personality and Perspectives - Psychoanalytic o Free Association o Dream interpretation o Id, Ego, Superego o Development stages (oral, anal, phallic – Oedipus complex – latency period, genital stage) o Defense mechanisms – to cope with anxiety (repression, reaction formation, projection, displacement, sublimation) o Projective tests (TAT, Rorschach) o Neo-Freudians . Horney (disputed penis envy) Adler (inferiority/superiority complex), Jung (collective unconscious) - Trait o Type A v. Type B o Body types (ectomorphs, endomorphs, and mesomorphs) o Personality Factors (the big 5) o Myers-Briggs, MMPI - Humanistic o Maslow (hierarchy of needs) o Rogers (unconditional positive regard) o Positive Psychology - Socio-Cognitive o Bandura o Reciprocal determinism o Internal v. external locus of control  Learned helplessness