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European Union Foreign Affairs Journal European Union Foreign Affairs Journal eQuarterly for European Foreign, Foreign Trade, Development, Security Policy, EU-Third Country Relations and Regional Integration (EUFAJ) N° 01 – 2014 ISSN 2190-6122 Contents Editorial ......................................................................................................................................... 3 The EU Internal Market in 10 Years Perspective from Accession of Ten Central and Eastern European Countries in 2004 - Lessons Learned for Eastern Partnership Partner States Ofelya Sargsyan & Hans-Jürgen Zahorka.................................................................................... 4 Russia under Putin and the Eurasian Union: An Impossible Possibility? Hans Jürgen Zahorka.................................................................................................................. 25 Belarusian Identity: The Impact of Lukashenka’s Rule Vadzim Smok ............................................................................................................................... 28 The Commonwealth of Independent States in Sequence of the Former USSR: A Tool for the Formation of the Eurasian Union? Tsoghik Khachatryan .................................................................................................................. 47 Forming a New Energy Security Alliance in North-Eastern Europe Katerina Nosova ......................................................................................................................... 54 Transitioning from a Fossil-Fuel to a Green Economy: Government Policy for Private Sector Participation in Trinidad and Tobago Alan Cooper ................................................................................................................................ 60 The Right to Development and Rights-Based Approach to Development: Two Mutually Reinforcing Concepts? Anush Hayrapetyan ..................................................................................................................... 96 Stabilizing the Dynamics in the Global Socio-Economic System: Categorial Clarification for Exhaustive Transparency and Sustainability Alec Schaerer ............................................................................................................................ 135 Reviews ..................................................................................................................................... 164 European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1 – 2014 www.eufaj.eu, [email protected] 1 European Union Foreign Affairs Journal (abbreviated: EUFAJ) eQuarterly for European Foreign, Foreign Trade, Development, Security Policy, EU-Third Country Relations and Regional Integration ISSN 2190-6122 Published by: LIBERTAS – Europäisches Institut GmbH, Lindenweg 37, 72414 Rangendingen, Germany Phone +49 7471 984996-0, fax +49 7471 984996-19, e-mail: [email protected] Managing Director: Ute Hirschburger Registered at AG Stuttgart, HRB 243253, USt ID no.: DE811240129, Tax no.: 53 093 05327 Internet: www.eufaj.eu, www.libertas-institut.eu Subscription rate: zero. EUFAJ issues can be downloaded free of charge in the Internet; see www.eufaj.eu. * * * Chief Editor: Hans-Jürgen Zahorka Editor: Frederic Labarre Junior Editor: Ofelya Sargsyan Editorial Advisory Board: Židas Daskalovski, Ph.D., CRPM Skopje, University of Bitola, Macedonia Sergey Metelev, prof., Russian State University for Economy, Omsk, Russia Martin Pontzen, Dr. rer. pol., Bundesbank Director, German Federal Bank, Frankfurt/Main, Germany Olivier Védrine, Continental University, Kiev, Ukraine Viktor Yengibaryan, President of European Movement Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia Assistant Editors: Eka Meskhrikadze, Tbilisi, Georgia Meerim Oboskanova, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic Tamara Vatsadze, Tbilisi, Georgia All authors are responsible for their published texts. If no author is mentioned, the Chief Editor is responsible. All texts published under a name do not necessarily represent the view of the editors or Advisory Board members. EUFAJ is committed to European and international integration and to pluralism, different views and a public discussion. * * * Copyright: Copyright requests are welcome. Reprints of certain contributions are free of charge, for others a license fee may have to be negotiated. Please ask the publisher for copyright permission. Proposal/example for quotation: EUFAJ [or: European Union Foreign Affairs Journal] 1/2-2013, then number of page (e.g. EUFAJ, 2-2010, 32) Papers, articles, reports, contributions: They should be sent to the Chief Editor by e-mail and as attachment in Word format (not in PDF). EUFAJ follows a generous policy towards authors, who may decide themselves if they write a scientific or more practical article, or with or without footnotes (please no end notes). We reserve the right of adding annotations and commenting shortly. No guarantee for unsolicited articles which, however, may remain in our archive. All contributions are requested in English language; abstracts in other languages are possible. EUFAJ is published in English. European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1 – 2014 www.eufaj.eu, [email protected] 2 Editorial Dear readers, from this issue of EUFAJ we welcome Frederic Labarre as new editor. He is a seasoned security policy expert from Ottawa/Canada, with a lot of experience in European countries and in NATO Partnership for Peace. In addition, we are happy to welcome Ofelya Sargsyan, too, who after her second M.A. degree at Flensburg University/Germany entered LIBERTAS - European Institute GmbH as Political Analyst and Junior Editor for EUFAJ where she will contribute significantly to this journal. This underlines also that we are aware that and how the South Caucasus region - where she comes from Yerevan/Armenia - will be in the focus of EU foreign policy in the next years. Both new colleagues are portrayed shortly on www.eufaj.eu. The topical events around the Eastern Partnership and Ukraine in particular justify that we dedicate one of our accents of this issue to the Russian government and the Eurasian Union, and another one to development policy. While the latter should not be lost "in routine", the Eurasian Union would be, in general, a legitimate objective as a regional integration. However, successful integrations have always been launched on a voluntary basis. And for conflict management and development policy it should be mentioned, that we in this number publish a new approach for conflict management (or conflict prevention) by the Swiss author Alec Schaerer, a road map for introducing a Green Economy - at the example of Trinidad and Tobago - and a contribution on the rights-based approach in development. With best regards, Hans-Jürgen Zahorka European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1 – 2014 www.eufaj.eu, [email protected] 3 The EU Internal Market in 10 Years Perspective from Accession of Ten Central and Eastern European Countries in 2004 - Lessons Learned for Eastern Partnership Partner States1 Ofelya Sargsyan and Hans-Jürgen Zahorka List of Abbreviations CEEC Central and Eastern European Countries CET Common External Tariff CU Customs Union EMU European Monetary Union EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product ICT Information and communication technologies IM Internal Market MS Member State SM Single Market SGP Stability and Growth Pact Introduction The EU and its Member States (MS) have always been engaged with the market integration process and the abolishment of barriers between the MS’ markets. The keystone in the process was the Single Market Program2, aimed at establishing an integrated market for goods and 1 This article has been written in the context with a conference in Prague on 27.2.2014 by AMO - Asociace pro mezinárodní otázky - Association for International Affairs, www.amo.cz, and the Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung; Hans-Jürgen Zahorka was invited at this conference on the subject. 2 The single market or internal market is an EU project aimed at establishing free trade and a single economy within the EU. It encompasses the European Custom Union (CU), the single currency, the Schengen Agreement and various other rules and regulations seeking to integrate the different European national economies into one specter (James Wil, The Single Market, CIVITAS Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 04.2012, p.1, http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/download/EC.1.Single%20Market.pdf) European Union Foreign Affairs Journal – N° 1 – 2014 www.eufaj.eu, [email protected] 4 services which would bring economies of scale, efficiency gains, and increased level of inducement for the European producers, wider choice and lower prices for the consumers3. Hence, the Single Market (SM) is a continuing procedure rather than a static phenomenon. While the evaluation of its past performance and achievements can be helpful, the extent it will go further and have the capacity to resolve the on-going economic demands and difficulties is the challenge. As a matter of fact, it has been largely affected by the globalization and enlargement. As such, while the 2004 enlargement made the EU more heterogeneous, it has also brought certain impediments for the adequate and identical fulfilment of the Single market. Hence, the Single Market is to improve and foster economic changes, be easily applied, managed and updated, should enable diversity within the EU and be enriched with efficient social policies4. Jacques Delors used to say “Nobody can fall
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