1959· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6059 By Mr. MINSHALL: By Mr. HOLTZMAN: . . oil from nations friendly disppsed toward H.R. 6428. A bill to amend title 14, United H.R. 6437. A bill to authorize appropria­ the United States, which was referred to the States Code, in order to correct certain in­ tions for the Federal-aid primary system of Committee on Ways and Means. equities in the computation of service in the highways for the purpose J of equitably re­ Coast Guard Women's Reserve; to the Com-· imbursing the States for certain free and mittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. toll roads on the National System of Inter­ PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS By Mr. MULTER: state and Defense Highways, and for other H.R. 6429. A bill to provide for disaster purposes; to the Committee on Public Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private loans to small business concerns which suffer Works. bills and resolutions were introduced economic injury due to federally aided high­ By Mr. MULTER: and severally referred as follows: way construction programs; to the Com­ H.R. 6438. A bill to authorize appropria­ By Mr. CRAMER: mittee on Banking and Currency. tions for the Federal-aid primary system of H.R. 6440. A bill for the relief of the es­ By Mr. RIVERS of Alaska: highways for the purpose of equitably re­ tate of Samuel Grier, Jr., deceased; to the H.R. 6430. A bill to provide for the grant­ imbursing the States for certain free and toll Committee on the Judiciary. ing of mineral rights in certain homestead roads on the National System of Interstate By Mr. FOGARTY: lauds in the State of Alaska; to the Commit­ and Defense Highways, and for other pur­ H.R. 6441. A bill for the relief of Arsene tee on Interior and Insular Affairs. poses; to the Committee on Public Works. Kavoukdjian (Arsene Kavookjian); to the By Mrs. SULLIVAN: By Mr. ROONEY: Committee on the Judiciary. H.R. 6431. A bill to amend section ~(a) of H.R. 6439. A bill to authorize appropria­ By Mr. FOLEY: the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, tions for the Federal-aid primary system of H.R. 6442. A bill for the relief of Vincent to provide for the regulation of futures highways for the purpose of equitably re­ J. Reilly; to the Committee on the Judiciary. trading in coffee; to the Committee on imbursing the States for certain free and toll By Mr. GUBSER: Agriculture. roads on the National System of Interstate H.R. 6443. A bill for the relief of Donald By Mr. TEAGUE of Texas (by re­ and Defense Highways, and for other pur­ P. Sevrens and W. A. Busch; to the Com­ quest): poses; to the Committee on Public Works. mittee on the Judiciary. H.R. 6432. A bill to modernize the pension By Mr. BURNS or Hawaii: H.R. 6444. A bill for the relief of Lee Ee programs for certain veterans and their de­ H.J. Res. 339. Joint resolution to authorize Ai; to the Committee on the Judiciary. pendents; to the Committee on Veterans' the Secretary of Commerce to sell certain By Mr. IRWIN: Affairs. war-built vessels; to the Committee on Mer­ H.R. 6445. A bill for the relief of Miss By Mr. THOMSON of Wyoming: chant Marine and Fisheries. Anna Gentile; to the Committee on the H.R. 6433. A bill to plaee in trust status Judiciary. certain lands on the Wind River Indian By Mr. FOGARTY: H.J. Res. 340. Joint resolution requesting H.R. 6446. A bill for the relief of Luciano Reservation in Wyoming; to the Committee Soto y Carballal; to the Committee on the on Interior and Insular Affairs. the President to proclaim the month of Au­ gust 15, 1959, to September 15, 1959, inclu­ Judiciary. By Mr. ALBERT: By Mr. LANE: H.R. 6434. A bill to amend · the Agricul­ sive, as National Allergy Month; to the Com­ mittee on Judiciary. H.R. 6447. A bill for the relief of Mrs. tural Act of 1949, as amended, the Agricul­ Maria Luisa D. Furtado; to the Committee tural Adjustment Act of 1938, as amended, By Mr. GEORGE P. MILLER: on the Judiciary. and Public Law 74, 77th Congress, as H.J. Res. 341. Joint resolution to authorize By Mr. MONAGAN: amended; to the Committee on Agriculture. the Secretary of Commerce to sell certain war-built vessels; to the Committee on Mer­ H.R. 6448. A bill for the relief of James By Mr. BURLESON: Joseph Shaker; to the Committee on the H.R. 6435. A bill to amend section 105 of chant Marine and Fisheries. Judiciary. By Mr. THOMPSON of Louisiana: the Legislative Appropriation Act, 1955, with By Mr. MOORE: respect to the disposition upon the death H.J. Res. 342. Joint resolution to authorize of a Member of the House of Represen ta-· the Secretary of Commerce to sell certain H.R. 6449. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Vir­ war-built vessels; to the Committee on Mer­ ginia Miles; to the Committee on the Judi­ tives of amounts held for him in the trust ciary. fund account in the office of the Sergeant chant Marine and Fisheries. at Arms, and of other amounts due such By Mr. PELLY: Member; to the Committee on House Ad­ H.R. 6450. A bill for the relief of Roland ministration. MEMORIALS Mishutani; to the Committee on the Ju­ By Mr. COOLEY: diciary. H.R. 6436. A bill to amend the Federal Under clause 3 of rule XXII, H.R. 6451. A bill for the relief of Mary Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act· Mr. LANE presented a memorial of the Miharu Takahashi; to the Committee on the so as to include nematocides, plant regula-· General Court of Massachusetts memorializ­ Judiciary. tors, defoliants, and desiccants, and for ing the President and the Congress of the By Mr. SISK: other purposes; to the Committee on Ag­ United States to enact no legislation re­ H.R. 6452. A bill for the relief of Antonino riculture. stricting the .further importation of residual Catania; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

EXTENSIONS ·OF REMARKS

Business in the 86th Congress needed at less c~t and in less time. He interferences that may come from extra­ also has illustrated what needs to be neous issues, and the delays in enacting legis­ done in furtherance of this purpose. lation that may result. Or I might discuss EXTENSION OF REMARKS what business can expect from the 86th Con­ OF There is a nationwide demand for gress-what laws we will pass with reference water, and there is no one better quali­ to income taxes, life insurance, trucking, HON. CARL HAYDEN fied than the Senator from New Mexico water development, atomic energy, and al­ OF ARIZONA to state, as he did in his address, the lied subjects. Finally, in view of the great IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES progress which has been made toward number of investigations already under way meeting this imperative demand. or about to be authorized, my theme might· Wednesday, April15, 1959 All the Senator from New Mexico said well be "Who Gets the Business, Why, and Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, the Where." in Phoenix was informative, and to make Naturally I will have a little trouble re­ Senator from New Mexico [Mr. ANDER­ his remarks available to a wider audience straining myself on my favorite theme. soN J, a good neighbor of Arizona, de­ I ask unanimous consent that they be. Rather steadily these past few months, I livered an address to the Western High­ printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. have been talking and wl"iting about the way Institute convention in Phoenix, There being- no objection, the address atom, its place in the home, its role in in­ Ariz., on April 6, which is recommended was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, dustry, its effect upon our laws and our law­ t·eading for anyone who wants informa­ as follows: yers, and the general problem of fallout; tion as to the march of population and BUSINESS IN THE 86TH CONGRESS and today I could try to tune you in on what industry in the great Southwest. Your program committee gave me an easy I regard as one of the most fascinating sub­ In it is an accurate summary of what topic for this noontime talk: "Business in the jects now before the people of the earth. the Congress has done to develop a high­ 86th Congress"-easy because it admits of Perhaps I might better start with a few way system which has for its objective many different treatments. I might confine words about what the 86th Congress has been the movement of persons and things my talk solely to the way the 86th Congress doing these first 3 months, particularly as from where they are to where they are is likely to conduct its own business, the its actions relate to business. 6060 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - · HOUSE April 15 Of first importance is the passage of the . "What's going on?" they want to know. Maybe I am a pessimist, but I do not look Hawaiian statehood bill, the addition of a "Is Khrushchev bluffing? What will happen f_or any quick and easy" relii~f frotn the ten­ 50th star to the fiag. Today we are in the i.n May? If my children go to Europe this sions that now grip ·the world. Today it is State which gave the 48th star to the fiag summer, will they be caught in a nuclear ~erlin; yesterday it was Lebanon, and the and for 47 years held the distinction of be­ disaster? If war starts, how long will it day before that it wa·s Quemoy. Last week ing the last State admitted to the Union. last?" it wa.s Korea; tomorrow, God knows. Wher­ For nearly half a century, when a new Rep­ If you find someone with exact answers ever the force of worldwide communism resentative of Arizona came into the Con­ to all these questions, send him to the miss­ can reach, even into the sacred temples of gress, he took the bottom of each commit­ ing persons section of the State Department; Tibet, the drive will be on. You and I and tee list because committee assignments go we have needed him a long time. But exact our children must be prepared to adjust our by seniority and if seniority is equal, then answers may not be required. What the lives to it, to stand firm against it, and as by the order in which the States were ad­ Russians do may be influenced by what the Senator FULBRIGHT has suggested, to "chip mitted to the Union. Many times I've heard free world does. Maybe I can give you one away relentlessly at the encrusted Commu­ your Arizona people remark how they went m an 's opinion. nist mixture of dogma, braggadocio, and fear to the absolute foot of the totem pole. Now A united front by the United States and that contributes so much to keeping world come Alaska and Hawaii to move Arizona her allies is essential if we are to deal suc­ peace in a recurring state of serious and New Mexico up a couple of notches, and cessfully with the recurring world crises. jeopardy." we join with you in pleasure at our new More important is unity among U.S. lead­ World tension, then, is part of the task prominence. ers, and the stand taken by the country's of the 86th Congress and part of the re­ The Senate has passed a housing bill which leaders must be understood and supported sponsibility the Congress feels toward busi­ provides $2.7 billion; has extended the Draft by the people. Businessmen like you must ness. Our world, which was once so large Act for 4 years in the pattern that the Presi­ make a serious effort to be and remain in­ that it defied man's imagination, is now so dent requested; has passed an airport bill formed on the problems facing your Nation's small that we live neighbor to all creation. providing $465 million over a 4-year period; Government. Instead of going around the world in 80 has added $48 million to the funds avail­ The U.S. position on Berlin is united. days-an unbelievable feat in the time of able to the new Space Agency to advance Democrats and Republicans alike are in Jules Verne-we can travel by jet around Project Mercury-the man in spac~r-and agreement with the sentiments expressed on the world in 80 hours. A missile or space­ to develop and test a new rocket engine. the floor of the Senate last month by Sen­ ship with a man aboard will soon be making And finally, because it relates directly to ator FULBRIGHT, new chairman of the Senate the circuit in 80 minutes. Photon propul­ business, it has passed a depressed area bill Foreign Relations Committee. sion may sail us from Venus to Mars, and involving $390 million. Democrats thought Senator FULBRIGHT listed three points on nuclear retrorockets may guarantee safe the sum a minimum. Most Republicans which there is complete unity in this coun­ landing on the farthest planet. I'm no thought it too large. One party's meat is try: pessimist on space travel. the other party's poison. We learned that The United States will make no separate But the world is being shrunk by means again when we extended some special unem­ deals with the Soviet Union. other than jets and missiles and commu­ ployment compensation benefits, which we It will not be driven or enticed from Berlin nications. One of the biggest problems did in the final closing hours before the or West Germany. which we will have to face in the future will Easter recess. It will not accept, even tacitly, any prop­ be the shrinking of the world's available Here in Arizona, I surely should ment ion ositions designed to formalize the subjuga­ living space by a population growth which the fact that the Senate Committee on Fi­ tion of the once-free satellite peoples. has properly been termed an explosion. nance has been busy with hearings on a new Berlin is the world's most important For Old Mother Earth is in the midst of proposal to change the basis for the taxation symbol of freedom. Because of this, more her greatest baby boom. The United Na­ of life insurance companies. That deserves than because of its value as a city, it must tions population commission now estimates mention in Arizona because in 1950 there be protected. It is an island of freedom in that in 16 years the earth will contain a were two life insurance companies domiciled a sea of communism, and it must remain billion people more than it does today. It in New Mexico and three in Arizona. Today free. believes that the rate of population in-. there are still 2 in New Mexico and 81 in Once the Russians understand that, and crease during the second half of the present Arizona. This State chartered more new life respect it, then there may be points that can century will be twice that of the first half. insurance companies than any State in the be negotiated. In numbers, the U.N. predicts by the year Union except Texas and if you add the State This is one audience that may be interest.ed 1976 a world population of 3,830 million; by of Texas, Arizona and Texas started about more than most others in the Berlin crisis, the year 2000, a population of 6,280 million. as many new life insurance companies as because here we have a problem that re­ And there is reason to believe that the U.N. all the rest of the Nation put together. I volves around the highway-the highway forecasts are conservative. don't know what makes life insurance sud­ which connects the island of West Berlin to The population explosion creates new denly so attractive for Arizona and Texas the Bonn Government which in turn is tied pressures and new problelllS. companies, but perhaps an examination of to the rest of Western Europe. Remember It is creating an irrepressible demand for the tax-free income possibilities could sup­ that the United States, France, and Britain elbow room, for more space, for new land ply you with an answer. have their own zones and spheres of influence for overcrowded nations. It is creating the The Senate has authorized the Joint Eco­ in Western Germany, and they are attempt­ same types of pressures which have his­ nomic Committee to make an economic in­ _ing to keep open their lines to Berlin. Over torically led to the world's great wars. ventory of the United States. There is a the highway which connects West Berlin The problelllS are magnified by the fact background for that. The Senate Finance ·with Bonn, roll constant thousands of trucks that the greatest population increase is com­ Committee on which I serve has made a supplying the city. It was the blocking of ing in the lesser developed countries­ long study on the financial condition of the highway which precipitated the first· brought about by a spectacular decline in the United States, has filled 1,606 pages Berlin crisis in 1948. Now the East Germans death rates coupled with little change in of printed testimony 'With theories, explana­ are threatening once again to cut off the traditionally high birth rates. The popula­ tions and comment on what has been going highway which is the lifeline of the new tion is growing so fast in countries like on in our financial world. You and I will city. China and India that they are unable to de:. not need 1,600 pages to understand it. We We need to keep constantly in mind the velop their economies. They are hard­ know that if we deposited $100 in a bank fact that it is not distances but distinctions pressed to maintain even their present low 2 years ago, never wrote a check against it, which cause a fair share of this trouble. standards of living. Naturally they are just allowed it to lie in the bank, subject The end of World War I saw the establish­ looking around at other countries, rich in­ to the erosion of the dollar now going on, ment of the Polish corridor through Ger­ dustrial countries with high standards of that $100 is worth $93 today. Inflation did many. It was a narrow strip of land, but it living. Their leaders are coveting their that. And when there is that much infla­ had high significance. After World War I, neighbor's riches. · tion in the United States, whether creeping I talked with a distinguished statesman of China by 1975 will have a population of or galloping, interest rates will go up, true a European nation. I asked him why that more than 900 million, according to U.N. values will go down, businessmen will be little strip of land disturbed him so. His estimates-more than a quarter of the total affected, and people will want to see what reply was that the Polish corridor was not wo:ld population, nearly 4 times the popu­ Congress can leM"n about inflation as it wide, but it was wide enough to bar forever latlOn of the United States. China's popu­ sweeps across the land. the guarantee of peace for Europe as long· lation by 1975 will be more than twice the as it existed. combined· population of the United States So that's a part of what the 86th Con­ Now again another little strip of land, the and Russia. · China is regarded as a satellite gress has been doing so far this year that little highway that leads into West Berlin of Russia, but by 1975 the satellite, three might be of direct interest to business. from West Germany, may embrace scant times as big as its Communist brother, may But my mail would indicate that busi­ acreage, but may be sufficient to promise become the star. nessmen are not concerned alone with taxes, that a Berlin crisis or something similar to it, China today has too many people to re­ inflation and unemployment. Through all can fret us constantly as long as you live alize her economic or military potential. the rather dull pattern of these inquiries and as long as our children may live. It is But she is apparently bent on converting her there is woven in like a red thread the a tiny highway but it could be the path over weakness into strength by revolutionary eco­ question of Berlin. which we could travel to world war III. nomic methods. She is outcommunizing 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6061 Russia. By the tightest of controls she is Federal and Indian lanc1 ownership in Have you an idea . for your metropolis? directing her masses into productive chan­ Arizona. account for 69 percent of its total Last week a Texas multimillionaire who had nels, trying to avoid the dissipation of li:md area. The Federal Government owns just made a. big investment in the future of scarce capital which would result if these 44.6 percent, or 32,414,635 acres, of the State's 4}buquerque predicted that that city's pres­ masses were allowed to live on more than a total area of 72,688,200 acres. In addition ent population of around 200,000 would reach bare subsistence level. She is transforming. t 'here are 19,344,971 acres of Indian land. 2 million by the year 1970. her excess people into economic betterment None of this acreage is on the tax roll. I! Can you imagine a population of that by vast schemes of public construction. Uncle Sam did not help to build roads in order of magnitude in my home town? If China's population and economic Arizona, the task with modern transporta­ Can you dream up a plan to serve downtown growth continue at their present rates, she tion standards would be impossible. Albuquerque in that day and generation? obviously will soon become the strongest In Nevada, the total area is 70,264,960 acres. Can you foresee the strain on such narrow contender for world leadership. Such a The Federal Government owns 61,644,005 streets as Copper, Gold, Silver, and Lead, mass of humans, equipped with modern acres, or approximately 87.7 percent of the whose very names remind us of our almost­ arms and disciplined by a dictatorship, total land area. In addition to this, there forgotten mining history? I say it will be would prove difficult to contain if it were are 1,149,700 acres of Indian lands not on a problem to convert the traffic lanes of bent on conquest at any cost. the tax roll. the old cowtown to the freeways of a metro­ John King Fairbank, professor of history In comparison to these Western States, politan area of even a half million people, and at Harvard, in his book, "The United States New York has a total land area of 30,684,160 it can only be done with the help of the and China," says: "As the earth shrinks and acres. The total Federal land area is 258,519 Federal Government. We simply cannot the peoples proliferate, we will soon be liv­ acres, or 0.8 percent. Iowa, for instance, has find money fast enough to match the growth ing on the same planet with a billion a total area of 3.5,868,800 with the total Fed­ that we know is ahead. The task of find­ Chinese. We have something to think eral holding of 122,244, or a 0.3 percent ing it is upon the 86th and succeeding about." Federal acreage. Congresses. So you can see to what crises the world's Fortunately, the problem was recognized And the school problem is like unto that, population explosion might lead. These are long ago and a man who helped develop-if where the Government owns large tracts of the types of world problems which must be he did not invent-modern policy is still land but moves in huge numbers of peo­ reckoned with by every individual. Arizona's senior U.S. Senator, CARL HAYDEN. ple whose families include children of But the baby boom has meaning at home. This is to be no historical survey: suffice to school age, the problem is now greater than The population of the United States today say that the original Shackleford proposal the community can bear. Hence the Con­ is 176 million, but by 1967-only a few years recognized the need to apportion Federal aid gress responded to the situation by passing away-it is expected to reach 250 million. to highways on the threefold basis of popula­ in 1951 Public Law 815 to provide assistance Where will these new · people be going? tion, area, and mileage of post roads. Such in construction of facilities in these areas Where will they live? And how? a bill was enacted·in 1916, providing a total and Public Law 874 to pay part of the oper­ Every time God skims the milk of civiliza­ of $75 million for the next 5 years. That ating expenses-laws which have been ex­ tion, He pours the cream over the western sum, of course, was utterly inadequate and tended from time to time and are now effec­ side of the bowl. As a region the West, par­ more money was pumped in. tive until 1962. ticularly the Far West and those southwest­ The act itself was amended first to include Between 1951 and 1958 under Public Law ern areas that we refer to fondly as the a larger percentage for areas of unappropri­ 815, 24 school districts in New Mexico re­ Spanish borderlands, are growing faster than ated public lands in the public land States ceived $26,720,587. In all, 98 building proj­ the rest of the country. Take a look at some ­ and then by Senator HAYDEN to consider as ects were finished containing 986 classrooms figures: well untaxed Indian lands. That raised the for 27,608 children. During the same years, The 'Bureau of the Census reports that Federal participation in Arizona from a 50-50 Arizona received $21,886,553. Nationwide between 1950 and 1958, population in the 11 basis to a 72-28 basis, and it helped New for this fiscal year $50 million is to be spent Western States increased 27.6 percent, while Mexico and other States as well. for school construction and $150 million for growth for the United States as a whole was That was primary Federal aid. In the maintenance and operation of schools in im­ 15 percent. Nev3.da led the national parade Hayden-Cartwright Act of 1934, aid to sec­ pacted areas under these laws-and there is with a growth of 66.7 percent. Florida had ondary roads was specifically earmarked. still need for vast additional sums for Fed­ 60.3 percent, and Delaware and Maryland More recently we have moved into the more eral aid to education. Senators and Repre­ were in the first 10; but for the West, Ari­ publicized Interstate Highway program where sentatives must try to do this badly needed zona had 52.1 percent, California 35.4 per­ Senator GoRE prepared a liberal bill and re­ job in the 86th Congress. But that fight cent, Colorado 29.1 percent, Utah 25.5 per­ ported it from the Senate Public Works Com­ is always a tough one. What will we do cent, and New Mexico 23.6 percent. Texas, mittee of which the senior Senator from my when the tidal wave of population finally I am happy to report, ran a little behind State, DENNIS CHAVEZ, is chairman. So the reaches us? New Mexico. Washington and Oregon were West continues its interest in roads and its Schools, roads, and then houses. In Los just above the national ?. verage. reliance on the Federal Government for a Angeles County alone building permits is­ As with the States, so with the cities. large share of funds to do the needed work. sued have exceeded a billion dollars a year Los Angeles has been adding population at I am sure that you have already heard­ since 1950. But the new homes create a the rate of 16,000 per month, adding every or will hear from succeeding speakers-all long list of necessities-shopping centers, of­ year about the equivalent of a city the size you want to know about roads, but it seems fice buildings, drive-in banks, doctors' offices, of Des Moines, Iowa, or Hartford, Conn., or­ appropriate to suggest that the rising tide of golf courses and other recreational facilities. to stick with the West-of Spokane, Tucson, population plus the factor of more rapid The trucking business is bound to be good El Paso, or Albuquerque. growth in the Western States may make all with all the materials that the new cities This stupendous growth is amazing arith­ our present plans and standards inadequate. will require. metically, but brings problems that seem to We have learned that lesson in our Amer­ Congress keeps on responding: a highway increase in geometric proportion. In Los ican cities. In 1850 only 15 percent of our act for roads, aid to education to provide Angeles alone enough dwelling units were population lived in our metropolitan areas; and maintain schools, housing and home fi­ built between 1946 and 1956 to house the but 65 percent lived there by 1950, and that nance for new residences, airport assistance combined populations of Philadelphia and is where most of our future growth will take so we can travel and land at jet age speeds, Boston, or if you would rather keep your place. I have mentioned what it meant to and Hill-Burton money to build hospitals thoughts farther west, enough new houses housing in Los Angeles, but there isn't a city when we become ill. No field of expanded to take care of the combined populations in the fast-growing West that will not feel endeavor seems able to keep with the pace of Houston, Dallas, Denver, and St. Louis. the pinch in its transportation problems. unless it has aid from the Central Govern­ Naturally the 86th Congress has to keep Who knows what road system you will ment. looking at population growth and try to need through and around your cities? Will Most of the new projects require water­ determine the problems posed to business you be forced to cut off from traffic the heart as do our new habits of living. Recently an and all segments of our economy by this of your cities? Or can you plan now to make eastern newspaper carried a picture of a growth. It needs to ask and answer what them usable? southwestern residence development with a must be done to meet them. Fort Worth has a plan. It now has a. swimming pool behind every home. That's First of all in your interests are roads. population of about half a million, but ex­ a new demand for water and it is growing We live in an area of magnificent distances, pects to double that by 1970. What to do? fast. Air conditioning is another claimant. and when we turn to the trail, it's a long,_ Someone had an idea. That is why the Interior and Insular Affairs long trail that winds from Seattle to San The Fort Worth plan would set aside 15 Committees of Congress have before them Diego or from the Columbia River to the city blocks !or central shopping and install so many bills which include domestic water Rio Grande. Through the years we have there stores, shops, banks, restaurants, and supplies, such as the Arkansas-Fryingpan been learning that if the road job is to ·be t,heaters. There wouldn't be a single car or project of Colorado. Water may be the most done, the Federal Government must be a · truck on the surface of that area. Giant difficult to supply of all the new needs of partner to the State, the county and even to parking garages would be developed at lower the growing West. the city. levels and moving stairways would bring So you might be interested to know that . That is due not alone to our distances but shoppers to the surface. The idea seems to about 10 days ago, the Senate Committee on to the share of land publicly owned within be to keep ears and trucks out so that people Interior and Insular Affairs reported out the borders of each of the 11 Western States. may come in. Senate Resolution 43 which contemplates an 6062 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 15 exhaustive study of water conditions Dam which ultimately might add substan­ located in Cincinnati, Ohio, has main­ throughout the United States. We did not tially to the water supply of southern Cali­ tained the largest staff, of any veterans' concern ourselves with any shortage of water fornia cities. This is truly the subject of my organization, of full-time trained na­ that there might be in the Colorado River talk, "Business and the 86th Congress," be­ tional service officers, 138 of them, who and thus bother with a problem that is tied cause business is dependent for its develop· into the lawsuit of Arizona v. California or ment and continued growth on the avail· are located in the 63 regional and 3 dis­ in any way involves the claims of the lower ability of funds and programs th.at mean trict offices of the U.S. Veterans' Admin­ b asin States against the upper basin States new homes, schools, roads, hospitals, air· istration, and in its central office in in the Colorado River. We know that under ports and an adequate supply of water. Washington, D.C. present circumstances there is not enough As a closing word, may I suggest that the They there have ready access to the water in the Colorado River to supply all ability of Congress to meet and solve these official claim records of those claimants the people who want to use it, but we also problems may be somewhat dependent on who have given them their powers of know the problem 20 years from now is to business itself. Many groups associate be even more formidable. themselves with political endeavor. Busi· attorney. All of them being war-handi­ Does the 86th Congress merely fold its ness, in my experience, has remained a little capped veterans themselves, these serv­ hands and express its regrets? Not at all. aloof. Do you think you should? Do you ice officers are sympathetic and alert to There are several rays of sunshine-and we deeply care who goes to Washington? Do the problems of other less well-informed intend to pursue them all. you get pleasure or pain when you see and claimants. First, there is the intriguing promise of visit with the man you have helped send to • DAV SERVICES IN VmGINIA atomic energy. We raise water to high tem­ the Senate or the House? peratures when it is used as a coolant in Businessmen can worry less about the The DAV maintains a fulltime na­ creating electric current from uranium. We tasks of the 86th and succeeding Congress, tional service officer in Virginia. He is need to raise sea water to high temperatures when-if I may steal a business slogan from Mr. Richard Frazee and his office is lo­ if it is to be made free of salt. Somewhere, my greeting card friend Joyce Hall-"When cated in the VA Regional Office, 211 somehow we may learn to coordinate the you care enough to send the very best." West Campbell Avenue, Roanoke. The two processes and obtain an abundant sup· . department commander is Charles M. ply of both products. Nightingale, 4301 South Eighth Street, Second, there is the general program of Arlington, and the department adjutant desalinization of salty and brackish waters, DAV Services in Virginia and I was happy to be the author of the is Arnold H. Sells, 819 South Irving bill under which the construction of five Street, Arlington. large plants can now move ahead. The EXTENSION OF REMARKS There are three VA hospitals in Vir­ first site is soon to be selected, and there a OF ginia in each of which the DAV has a plant to remove salt from sea water will be nationally authorized VA voluntary built. It offers much to the West. It could HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL service representative. They are as fol­ remove from many cities the ceiling on OF VmGINIA population which limited water supplies now lows: Dr. Peter Leginus at the 2,000 bed threaten to impose. It could in time assure IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES neuropsychiatric hospital at Roanoke; expanding-almost explOding-Los Angeles Wednesday, April15, 1959 Mr. Garland H. Branch of Ellerson, Va., an unlimited and eternal supply of good at the 1,100 bed general and medical water from the Pacific Ocean. Such a reali· Mr. BROYHILL. Mr. Speaker, an ex­ hospital at Richmond; and, Mr. Tyler zation might remove California from the ceptional record of vital rehabilitation Hatchell of Portsmouth, Va., at the 2,225 more active candidates for water from the services freely extended to thousands of Colorado River, could then assure a pleasing Virginia citizens has recently come to bed VA center at Kecoughtan. outcome of the suit between Arizona and my attention. These splendid humani­ During the last fiscal year, the VA California, and as a final byproduct, let tarian services are not sufficiently appre­ paid out $95,396,000 for its veteran pro­ Arizona, California, and Nevada tell the ciated by those who have benefited gram in Virginia, including $24,270,430 upper Colorado River Basin States that the disability compensation to its 26,687 days of fighting over the water of that river thereby, directly and indirectly. Among the several congressionally service disabled veterans. These Fed­ might someday be at an end. eral expenditures in Virginia furnish sub­ Third, there is the possibility of weather chartered veterans' organizations, which control through the seeding of clouds. Con­ have State departments and local chap­ stantial purchasing power in all com­ gressman CRAIG HOSMER has been a leader in ters in Virginia, is the Disabled Ameri­ munities. Only about 8 percent, 1,935, the current program to establish a cloud­ can Veterans. The DAVis the only such are members of the 36 DAV chapters in seeding project that might add a million organization composed exclusively of Virginia. acre-feet of water to the Colorado River, and SERVICE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE DAV thereby relieve the shortage in the flow of those Americans who have been either the river below the estimates upon which wounded, gassed, injured or disabled by This 8 percent record is strange, in the Colorado River compact was based. reason of active service in the Armed view of the very outstanding record of Considerable quantities of water are still Forces of the United States, or of some personalized service activities and ac­ available in the West to meet its needs for country allied with it, dw·ing time of complishments of the DAV national several years to come. However, there may war. service officers in behalf of Virginia vet­ be a rearrangement of priorities now as· DAV SETUP erans and dependents during the last 10 signed to water use. Edward A. Ackerman, a scientist and Formed in 1920, under the leadership fiscal years, as revealed by the following water authority attached to the Carnegie of Judge Robert S. Marx, DAV legisla­ statistics: Institution in Washington, in January de­ tive activities have very substantially Claimants contacted ( esti- benefited every compensated disabled livered a paper to a symposium on cloud mated) ------40,793 modification and water resources. In it, he veteran. Its present national com­ Claims folders reviewed ______33, .994 . wrote: mander is another judge, David B. Wil­ Appearancesboards ______before rating _ "Past western irrigation development liams of Concord, Mass. Its national 15,671 usually was undertaken in the absence of adjutant is John E. Feighner of Cincin· Compensationtained ______increases ob- _ other seriously competing demands for nati, Ohio. Its national legislative di­ 1,894 water • • • there are signs that this sltua· Service connections obtained __ _ 694 rector is Elmer M. Freudenberger, its Nonservice pensions ______tion is changing." national director of claims, Cicero F. 457 Mr. Ackerman concludes that there are Death benefits obtained ______69 population and industrial demands upon Hogan, and its national director of em­ Total monetary benefits ob- the West's water supply which may reduce ployment relations, John W. Burris-all. tained------$984,997.17 the priority of development of water for located at the DAV National Service irrigation. Domestic and industrial uses Headquarters at 1701 18th Street NW., The above figures do not include the may become first and second priorities, and Washington, D.C. accomplishments of other national serv­ irrigation may be third. Inasmuch as less than 10 percent of ice officers on duty in the Central Office However, the 86th Congress again must ow· country's war veterans are receiving of the Veterans' Administration, han­ move ahead with weather control, with monthly disability compensation pay­ dling appeals and reviews, or in its three money for the desalinization plants, includ· district offices, handling death and in­ ing one for the arid region of the Southwest, ments for service-connected disabili­ with funds for the Atomic Energy Commis· ties-some 2 million-the DAV can never surance cases. Over the last 10 years, sion which has already had a "feeler" from aspire to become the largest of the sev­ they reported 83,611 claims handled in California on a possible test plant to com­ eral veterans' organizations. Neverthe­ such district offices, resulting in mone­ bine salinity control with electric power, less, since shortly after its formation in tary benefits of $20,850,335.32, and in the with approval of projects like the San Luis 1920, the DAV National Headquarters, central office they handled 58,282 re- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6063 views and appeals, resulting in monetary of those claims, which have been pre­ Every eligible veteran, by becoming a benefits of $5,337,389.05. Proportionate pared and presented with the aid of a. DAV member, and by explaining these additional benefits were thereby obtained DAV national service officer, are eventu­ factors to fellow citizens, can help the for Virginia veterans, their dependents ally favorably acted upon than is the DAV to procure such much needed pub­ and their survivors. case as to those claimants who have not lic support as will enable it to maintain SERVICES BEYOND STATISTICS given their powers of attorney to any its invaluable nationwide service setup These figures fail properly to paint the such special advocate. on a more adequate basis. So much picture of the extent and value of the LOSSES BY REVIEWS more could be accomplished for dis­ individualized advice, counsel and as­ Another fact not generally known is tressed disabled veterans, if the DA v sistance extended to all of the claimants that under the overall review of claims, could be enabled, financially, to main­ who have contacted DAV national serv­ inaugurated by the VA some 4 years ago, tain an expert service officer in every one ice officers in person, by telephone and the disability compensation payments of of the 173 VA hospitals. by letter. about 37,200 veterans have been discon­ MEMORIAL HONOR ROLL Pertinent advice was furnished to all tinued, and reduced as to about 27,300 During the last 10 years, the DAV has disabled veterans-only about 10 percent others, at an aggregate loss to them of also relied on appropriations from its of whom were DAV members-their de­ more than $28 million per year. About separately incorporated trustee, the DAV pendents, and others, in response to 1 percent of such discontinuances and Service Foundation, aggregating $3,300,- their varied claims for service connec­ reductions have probably occurred as to 000 exclusively for salaries to its na­ tion, disability compensation, medical disabled veterans in Virginia with a con­ tional service officers. Its reserves hav­ treatment, hospitalization, prosthetic sequent loss of about $28,000 per year. ing thus been nearly exhausted, the DAV appliances, vocational training, insur­ Most of these unfortunate claimants Service Foundation is therefore very ance, death compensation or pension, VA were not represented by the DAV or by much in need of the generous support of guaranty loans for homes, farms and any other veteran organization. Judg­ all "serviced" claimants, DAV members businesses, etc. Helpful advice was also ing by the past, such unfavorable ad­ and other social-minded Americans-by given as to counseling and placement judication will occur as to an additional direct donations, by designations in in­ into suitable useful employment-to equal number or more during the next surance policies, by bequests in wills, by utilize their remaining abilities-civil 3 years before such review is completed. assignments of stocks and bonds and by service examinations, appointments, re­ I urge every disabled veteran in Vir­ establishing special types of trust funds. tentions, retirement benefits, and multi­ ginia to give his power of attorney to A special type of memorial trust fund farious other problems. the national service officer of the DAV, originated about 3 years ago with con­ Every claim presents different prob­ or of some other veteran organization, cerned disabled veteran members of the lems. Too few Americans fully realize or of the American Red Cross, just as a DAV chapter in Butte, Mont., which that governmental benefits are not au­ protective measure. established the first Perpetual Rehabili­ tomatically awarded to disabled veter­ The average claimant who receives tation Fund of $1,000 with the DAV ans-not given on a silver platter. Fre­ helpful advice probably does not realize Service Foundation to which it recently quently, because of lack of official the background of training and experi­ added another $100. Since then, every records, death or disappearance of ence of a competent and expert national DAV unit in that State has established former buddies and associates, lapse of service officer. such a special memorial trust fund, memory with the passage of time, lack COST OF DAV SERVICES ranging from $100 to $1,100, equivalent of information and experience, proof of Measured by the DAV's overall costs to about $4 per DAV member-an ex­ the legal service-connection of a dis­ of about $12,197,600 during a 10-year cellent objective for all other States. ability becomes extremely difficult-too period, one would find that it has ex­ Benefactors from 29 States have, up to many times impossible. pended about $3.50 for ea.ch claim folder this time, become enrolled on the me­ . A VA Claims and Rating Board can reviewed, or about $8.80 for each rating morial honor roll . obviously not grant favorable action board appearance, or, again, about $22.70 Inasmuch as only the interest earnings merely based on the opinions, impres­ for each favorable award obtained, or from special ·donations will be available sions or conclusions of persons who sub­ about $123 for each service connection for appropriation to the DAV for its use mit notarized affidavits. Specific, de­ obtained, or about $54 for each compen­ in maintaining its National Service Of­ tailed, pertinent facts are essential: sation increase obtained, and has ob­ ficer program in the State of residence of The VA, which acts as judge and jury, tained about $14.10 of direct monetary each such benefactor, this is an excellent cannot properly prosecute claims against benefits for claimants for each dollar objective also for Virginia. Each such itself. As the defendant, in effect, the expended by the DAV for its national special benefactor is enrolled on a per­ U.S. Veterans' Administration must service officer setup. Moreover, such manent memorial honor roll which, up­ award the benefits, provided under the benefits will generally continue for many dated, is then included in the annual re­ laws administered by it, only under cer­ years. port of the DAV and of its incorporated tain conditions. trustee, the DA V Service Foundation, to A DAV national service officer can and METHODS OF PROVIDING SERVICES the U.S. Congress. does advise a claimant precisely why his Evidently, most claimants are not Each claimant who has received any claims may previously have been denied aware of the fact that the DAV receives such free rehabilitation service can help and then specifies what additional evi­ no Government subsidy whatsoever. The to make it possible for the DAV to con­ dence is essential. The claimant must DAV is enabled to maintain its nation­ tinue this excellent rehabilitation serv­ necessarily bear the burden of obtaining wide staff of expert national service of­ ice for other distressed disabled veterans such fact-giving affidavit evidence. The ficers primarily because of income from and their dependents in Virginia by experienced national service ofiicer, will, membership dues collected by its local sending in donations to the DAV Service of course, advise him as to its possible chapters and from the net income of its Foundation, 631 Pennsylvania Avenue improvement, before presenting same to Idento-Tag-miniature automobile li­ NW., Washington, D.C. Every such the ajudication agency, in the light of cense tags-project, owned by the DAV serviced claimant who is eligible can and all of the circumstances and facts, and and operated by its employees, most of should also become a DAV member, of the pertinent laws, precedents, Regu­ whom are disabled veterans, their wives, preferably a life member, for which the lations and Schedule of Disability Rat­ total fee is $100-$50 to those born be­ ings, No DAV national service officer, or their widows, or other handicapped fore January 1, 1902, or World War I I feel certain, ever uses his skill, except Americans-a rehabilitation project in veterans-payable in installments within in behalf of worthy claimants with jus­ thus furnishing them with useful em­ 2 full fiscal year periods. tifiable claims. ployment. Incidentally, without check­ Every American can help to make our - The VA has denied more claims than ing as to whether they had previously Government more representative by be­ it has allowed-because most claims are made a donation, more than 1,400,000 ing a supporting member of at least one not properly prepared. It is very sig­ owners of sets of lost keys have received organization which re:tlects his interests nificant, as pointed out by the DAV act­ them back from the DAV's Idento-Tag and viewpoints-labor unions, trade as­ ing national director of claims, Chester department, 8,571 of whom during the sociations and various religious, frater­ A. Cash, that a much higher percentage last 8 years were Virginia residents. nal, and civic associations. All of 6064 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE April 15 America's veterans ought to be members - sion, Brig. Gen. Eugene Cushing, will inence with those of the five major railroads of one or more of the patriotic, service­ bring 200 men to tackle the job as a serving the city. training exercise. General Cushing is The Zooline, a strikingly uncommon car­ giving veterans' organizations. All of rier that's an exception to almost every con­ America's disabled defenders, who are arranging for division chaplains to con­ temporary railroad rule, currently traverses receiving disability compensation, have duct Catholic and Protestant services to half a mile of realistic 30-inch gage track in greatly benefited by their own official be held at the centennial rail track site the new municipal zoo at Portland. More voice-the DAV. I consider it a privi­ Sunday, April 19. roadbed and rolling stock are soon to come. lege and an honor to belong to the Dis­ Advising and assisting the soldiers in OPPOSITES abled American Veterans. the track laying will be executives of the It sounds slightly Lilliputian, yet in its railroads serving Portland: The Southern own small way the Zooline represents an Pacific, Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, achievement to make the harried brass of Great Northern, Spokane, Portland & the class I roads take note. Community Enterprise at Grassroots Seattle Railway, Northern Pacific Ter­ While most railroads are disconsolately Builds Portland, Oreg., Zoo Railway minal Co., and Portland Traction Co. dropping runs or ripping up track altogether, These rail men will be led by John H. the Zooline is aggressively laying new iron and ordering new equipment, to add to a Jones, manager of the Northern Pacific system that first went into operation only EXTENSION OF REMARKS Terminal and president of the Portland OF last June. Zoo Railway. Against an earnings picture of the most HON. RICHARD L. NEUBERGER Assisting also will be members of the unmitigated gloom on the grownup roads, OF OREGON Construction and General Laborers' the Zooline figured 1958 revenues at $9.70 a mile, though its accounting procedures IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Union, Local 320, and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way, AFL-CIO. might not pass muster with an ICC auditor. Wednesday, April15, 1959 While more and more of the rails adver­ Approximately 3,000 crossties have tise "freight service only," the Portland Zoo­ Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, been donated to the Portland Zoo Rail­ line is designed exclusively for the delight of many of us in the Federal Government way by the Templeton Lumber Co. of passengers. are continually encouraging action at Portland, of which Herbert A. Temple­ PITCHING IN the grassroots level to combat juvenile ton is the president and moving spirit. The effort that went into creating Port­ delinquency, to provide healthful recrea­ This was arranged by Bert Thomas, vice land's Zoo Railway had all the community tion, and to stimulate interest in scien­ president of the Valsetz Lumber Co., a di­ participation of an oldtime small town tific and technical devlopments. vision of the Templeton lumber holdings. quilting bee, though Portland, at 404,000 All three of these goals have been at­ They will be loaded in freight cars and population within the city limits alone, is far out of the quilting bee class. Business­ tained. by my home community of Port­ hauled without charge to Independence, men donated cash and time, industrialists land, Oreg., in its construction and ex­ Oreg. From that point the Portland Zoo contributed facilities and manpower, and pansion of the Portland Zoo Railway, Railway will bring them to Portland. ordinary citizens even doubled as "gandy which will be the most elaborate and The Oregon Building Congress, a dancers" to pound spikes _and set rails. farfiung recreation railroad ever built group of contractors, suppliers, labor The ~arne spirit is continuing as the line in our land. leaders, architects, engineers, and others expands and as it ties in with next summer's The city government, business firms, interested in the building industry have celebration of the O~;egon Centennial, the labor unions, schools, and civic organ­ voted to join with the Portland Zoo Rail­ 100th anniversary of statehood. izations all have cooperated to launch way in designing and building a 250-foot HOW IT BEGAN this undertaking. In addition, some trestle bridge over a scenic ravine north At the outset, the railroad was only an in­ 20,000 local people have purchased shares of the new bear grottoes. This bridge, cidental feature of the plans for Portland's of stock in the enterprise; many of these supported by two large wood arches, will new zoo, for which the city's voters approved be 40 feet above a series of pools housing a $4 million bond issue in May 1954. The are children, making an investment for new zoo was to replace a cramped, moth-eat­ the first time in their lives. waterfowl. The bridge will provide a en layout, and mainly because the sponsoring Business Week magazine for March 28, truly beautiful and spectacular feature Portland Zoological Society included one or 1959, has published a most comprehen­ of the Portland Zoo Railway route. two rail buffs, the budget included $25,000 sive and thorough description of the his­ Completion of the bridge, a part of the for a recreational railroad. tory of the Portland Zoo Railway. Fur­ Washington Park line, is slated for From the beginning, perhaps the prime thermore, I myself wrote an article about August 1, 1959. mover has been 53-year-old Edward M. this extraordinary project for the issue I have cited all these accomplishments Miller, assistant managing editor of the of Railway Progress magazine of Jan­ Oregonian, Portland daily.., and a quietly and donations, Mr. President, because ardent aficionado of the rails. uary 1958, under the title "Portland they demonstrate what can be attained Miller's first step was to arrange a study Builds a Railroad." The Business Week at the local level by public-spirited of recreational railroads in operation all article is entitled "A Railroad So Popular people, whether they are in industry and around the country-from Seattle to Spar­ It Must Expand." management or in the ranks of trade tanburg, S.C., Sunbury, Pa., and St. Louis. Indeed, expansion has occurred even unions and organized labor. The findings: Most lines were both popular since the Business Week article w.as So that a record may be compiled of and profitable especially those elaborate printed. The vast Weyerhaeuser Timber the unselfish and altruistic community enough to appeal to adults as well as chil­ Corp. has agreed to build a fire train for interest in the Portland Zoo Railway, I dren. the Portland Zoo Railroad system, which ask unanimous consent to have printed WIDENING PLANS traverses magnificent stands of fir and This report contributed to the decision in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the article that a $25,000 toy train such as usually cedar forests. The Portland Trust Bank· published in Business Week of March 28, featured in zoos just wouldn't do for Port­ has loaned $20,000 to the Portland Zo­ 1959, on this unique project and my own land. Anyway, Miller and cronies felt a ological Society for enlargement of the article published approximately 1 year bigger layout would be more suitable for railway, and no security was demanded. earlier in the pages of Railway Progress . the hilly, fir-studded terrain on which the Charles Francis Adams, president of the · on the same general subject. zoo was to be built. bank, has described the action as wel­ There being no objection, the articles About this time, Miller cautioned the zoo come because his institution desires loans were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, architects that eventually they would be de­ which are good for the customer, good signing the zoo to fit the railroad, rather as follows: than vice versa. "They laughed when we for the community and good for the [From Business Week, Mar. 28, 1959] first warned them about that," recalls Mil­ bank. _ A loan to the Zoo Railway is in ler, "but they soon stopped." that category. A RAILROAD So POPULAR IT MUST EXPAND The 104th Infantry Division, of the From the Aberdeen & Rockfish to the Zug BABY AEROTRAIN U.S. Army Reserves, has agreed to con­ Island Road, it takes 14 columns of-fine print After a design competition among Port­ to index all the transportation lines whose land architects and engineering firms, rail struct two-thirds of a mile of track for vital statistics appear in the fat monthly planners selected a proposal from Northwest the Zoo Railway at the Oregon Centen­ Official Guide of the Railways. Nowhere in Marine Iron Works, a maker of sawmill and nial Exhibition and Trade Fairgrounds, the list, t~ough, is the Portland Zoo Railway, heavy machinery and heavy marine engines. for this is a prime feature of our State's despite the fact that in the Portland, Oreg., Northwest Marine's staff included a mechani­ lOOth year. The commander of the divi- union station, its emblem enjoys equal prom- cal engineer, John Flaschner, with experi- · 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6065 . ence in rail equipment manufacturing in his when the extension was complete. Bar­ esque home-sized railroad yet planned any­ native Hungary. Flaschner worked up draw­ tenders in all of Portland's taverns wore en­ where in the United Sta,tes. It will be part ings for train roughly half the size of an gineer's caps and peddled the stock to of a brand-new zoo in the city's fir-mantled ordinary passenger train, to run on 30-in.­ patrons; schoolchildren canvassed neighbor­ hills, so our system is officially known as the gage track (standard gage: 56V2 in.). hoods. Portland Zoo Railway Co. The diesel locomotive was a scaled-down FREE BALLAST No railroad, large or small, was ever more version of General Motors' experimental The Cinder Hill Co., of Prineville, Oreg., of a community project. Leading citizens Aerotrain, and it was to trail four passenger gave 2,500 yards of ballast, which the rail­ are raising funds for its completion. Rail­ cars topped with clear plastic for unob­ roads hauled to Portland free in cars loaded road management and labor in the Portland structed views. Inside, there would be room by Prineville and neighboring Redmond chil­ area are contributing both work and mate­ for 99 adults or 132 children. dren. In return, every youngster in grade rials, as well as general operating wisdom and To go along with the train, the zoo archi­ schools of the two cities got a free share of know-how. Manufacturing firms are pro­ tects shuffled bear pits and monkey houses Zooline stock. ducing the motive power and rolling stock to provide room ultimately for 6,460 feet of With all this help the Zooline finished the at cost. This spontaneous voluntary effort right-of-way through the grounds, with right-of-way and laid almost 3,~00 feet. of has been necessary because Portland, a city tunnels, trestles, stations, a shop, and sid­ track on the extension before wmter rams of 400,000 residents, is constructing a zoo ings. All told, train and track, the system halted work. rail route far more elaborate than that ever would cost $280,000. CENTENNIAL TRAIN attempted by metropolitan centers with 10 or 12 times Portland's population. HELP WANTED The next scheme was a train for the 100- To begin with, the 30-inch gage is no toy. Northwest Marine agreed to build the day Oregon Centennial next summer. At Railway Progress has reported that jungle the celebration it would bring revenue to train at cost; and a Portland fabricator, products of India. and Ceylon are hau~ed on Hirschberger Sheet Metal Co., went to work the Zooline; later, the rolling stock could be some 2,000 miles of actual operating railroads making the locomotive and car bodies. used on the Washington Park route. of this slender width. Furthermore, the 2 Yz It was an ambitious program, considering For this train, George Burton, a service­ miles of Portland Zoo trackage, while no that originally only $25,000 had been allo­ repair supervisor in a Portland radio, TV, threat to the Pennsylvania or Santa Fe in cated for the Zooline. But Miller and Stew­ and music store and a leader of rail-fan length, will actually outdistance the only art H. Holbrook, Portland author, already groups, is building a replica of a classic old other two major recreational systems in the steam locomotive from authentic drawings. had a plan. Forming the Portland Zoo Ra~l­ country which might be considered its ri­ way Co., they invited brass of regional rail­ Fellow rail buffs are helping in the labor, vals-Disneyland, near Los Angeles, and the roads to lunch and made their pitch. and all of Portland's foundries are contrib­ Detroit Zoo railroad. "Railroads are becoming more and more a uting parts. Five cars similar to those on The first stage of the Portland Zoo Railway legend in the popular mind, less and less a the first Zooliner are under construction at is now nearing completion. This is 1 Y-l miles living reality," said Miller. "Why not help Northwest Marine Iron Works and Hirsch­ of track looping around the new zoo, plus us build in Portland a recreational railroad berger. a sweep to be added through primitive forests for children which they will never forget?" To cope with an expected flood of passen­ of· conifer trees and up the ramparts of a Railroad executives are traditionally con­ gers, the Zooline plans to put still another wooded canyon. As income is collected at servative, but the Portland group was train on its home track by summer-this one the ticket office, another 1 Y-l miles will be moved by Miller's plea. To work with the built around the Casey Pioneer work loco­ thrust into the most densely timbered soli­ Zooline, they tapped Jack H. Jones, man­ motive. Hirschberger is doing the job for tudes which stockade the city limits of any ager of Northern Pacific Terminal Co., $6,000-"cash when he catches us," says community in the United States. jointly owned by Northern Pacific, Southern Miller. The train penetrating these scenic sur­ BONANZA Pacific, and Union Pacific, which runs Port­ roundings will be of substantial proportions. land's passenger station and surrounding Miller is still sketchy about where all the The locomotive, patterned generally after yards. money will come from, but he exudes confi­ General Motors' Aerotrain, will haul three MAN OF ACTION dence nonetheless-as well he might, from streamlined coaches and a club car in which the results of the original Zooliner's first 80 Jones took over as president of the Zoo soft drinks and ice cream can be served. Railway. At the time, there was doubt days of operation last summer. Each car will have a capacity of 24 adults or whether the initial stretch of track-half a The figures are such as few professional 32 children. Length of the entire train will mile with loops at each end, to make a one­ railroaders ever see: in 80 days 107,000 pay­ be 112 feet, 9 inches. The 24-foot locomo­ half ride--could be finished in time for the ing passengers and a net profit of $5.61 per tive will weigh 12,000 pounds and develop proposed opening in June 1958. . mile on revenues of $21,339. Even though 140 ·horsepower. It will be held by a gov­ The Terminal Co. shops turned out two this doesn't take into account capital costs, ernor to a maximum speed of 15 miles an 30-inch-gage cars for a work train. Miller depreciation, or all the free services,. it still hour, because some of the track will go over and Jones found a 30-inch-gage diesel log­ gives the Zooline every reason to belleve its high viaducts or along the sides of steep ging engine rusting in the yard of Port­ passenger business is here to stay. ravines. Dead-man controls will bring the land Machinery Co. With a new cab and a train to an automatic stop in the event of coat of red pail:h, the diesel became "Casey (From Railway Progress, January 1958] sudden emergencies. Pioneer" and started hauling the work train. PORTLAND BUILDS A RAILROAD Perhaps because children all over the State of Oregon are thrilled with the pros­ Then Jones organized "Gandy Dancer (By RICHARD L. NEUBERGER) Day," with hundreds of Portlanders volun­ pective completion of their railroad, high­ teering to help lay track. The pace still In hls recent autobiography, Bernard M. priced talent has been put at the disposal wasn't fast enough; so crews of real-life Baruch adviser to Presidents, has told how of the Portland Zoo Railway Co. on either gandy dancers quietly appeared. the sight of expresses and fast freights high­ a volunteer or at-cost basis. Jones also recruited other railroad brass balling through his native Camden, S.C:·· in­ Certain unusual aspects of this extraor­ to the Zooline. Frank Landsburg, an ICC variably instilled in him a youthful desire to dinary little railroad have required that inspector, became safety director-and, be the owner of the Southern Railway. the train be built locally. Portland's damp thanks to his official Government inspection, My own boyhood ambitions followed a more climate, refreshed with rainstorms from brought a big reduction in liability insur­ modest scale. Watching Union Pacific, the Aleutians, called for cars with glass ance rates. Other volunteer executives Southern Pacific, and Great Northern Mallets roofs of the vista-dome variety rather than ftocked to the Zooline from the Southern coping with our rugged Oregon mountain the open-type coaches in vogue at Cali­ Pacific, Union Pacific, Northern Pacific, grades, I decided that sometime I might fornia's sunny amusement parks. The spec­ Great Northern, and Spokane, Portland & qualify to be a brakeman, conductor, or even tacular but hazardous right-of-way dictated Seattle. an engineer. a gage wide enough to eliminate dangerous MORE TRACK These yearnings, alas, always remained un­ spills. Interviews with small fry ruled out requited. For one reason or another, I never locomotives which looked like steamers. No sooner was the Zooliner first in oper­ became a railroader. Now, however, there is "We want diesel streamliners," said they ation than attention turned to an exten­ to be some belated measure of compensation. and it was evident from their tones that sion through virgin timber along steep At the ripe old age of 44, I have been invited ...anything less would have an adverse in­ slopes, with spectacular views, to the city's to serve on the board of directors of a rail­ Washil).gton Park, which adjoins the new fluence upon patronage. road. Even though it is of only 30-inch gage, . So the zoo train is being constructed in zoo tract. There wasn't any money to pay the blare of air horns trills in my ears and Portland, according to these and other spe­ for it, but the Southern Pacific donated 40 the smell of diesel fumes twitches my nos­ engineering man-days to map a route. Then cial stipulations. An iron works and a sheet­ trils. Despite the railroad's projected total metal company are combining to handle the Spokane, Portland & Seattle provided a length of a mere 2V2 miles, I already feel the the job on a nonprofit basis. Cost to the detailed engineering study worth $5,000. earth quavering to the rumble of its locomo­ James Yost, Inc., general contractors, vol­ zoo fund will be approximately $60,000. It tives. Perhaps the personal satisfaction is the train were manufactured by Northwest unteered to do the work for just the cost so great because this railroad will ca.rry the Marine Iron Works ·and Hirschberger Sheet of labor. most precious cargo of all--children. Metal along conventional fiscal lines, the To begin meeting Yost's weekly payroll, My home city of Portland, Oreg., where I expenditure would amount to at least $100,- the Zooline started issuing stock-at $1 a was born and raised, is undertaking to build 000. Locomotive and cars have been de­ share, offering as dividend two free rides and operate the most elaborate and pictur- signed by a rail enthusiast named John 6066 CONGRESSIONAL" RECORD- HOUSE April 15 Flaschner, who fled to America from the the zoo-'s tents. He also persuaded the Spo­ The celebration of the 200th anniver­ tyrants and barbarians invading his native kane, Portland & Seattle Railway to haul sary of Handel's death evokes many Hungary. In Budapest he had worked as an to the fair the first car fabricated for the memories, and recalls historic events in engineer for a firm building trains for the zoo train. German history, but we can hardly for­ export market. Rolling stock which took Another railroad celebrity whom Ed Miller shape on Flaschner's drafting board is still has recruited for the forested zoo system is get the importance of current interna­ in service on South American and African Stewart H. Holbrook, the noted Oregon author tional events connected with Germany. railroad lines. who specializes in books about Americans Indeed, the Berlin situation, the even With such men as Flaschner placing their and American folklore. One of his most larger issue of German unification, and talents at the disposal of the little zoo rail­ heralded volumes, "The Story of American the matter of strengthening the Western road, help began to come from other sources. Railroads," has been a persistent seller democracies in their fight against Soviet L. R. Smith, Portland superintendent of the ever since it was first published in 1946. totalitarianism, are issues that the West Southern Pacific's extensive operations in Holbrook, who will he chairman of the board Oregon, put one of his regular survey crews of the railroad, contemplates an imposing cannot hope to solve without the whole­ to work locating the right of way for the list of officials, ranging from general super­ hearted cooperation of the German extension through the stately forests sur­ intendent to chief of redcaps. These will people. On this 200th anniversary of rounding the zoo. This spared the fund of stem predominantly from the ranks of rail­ Handel's death let us preserve the free­ the children's railroad at least $1,500. A way management and labor in Oregon. dom of West Berlin in a manner demon­ manufacturing firm in distant Los Angeles Although all of these individuals long ago strated by President Truman in 1948-49, agreed to fabricate the switch frogs for the grew to manhood, they are deriving great let us work for a united, free, and demo­ entire system without any payment at all, nostalgia at present from seeking a name for cratic Germany, and let us work for which represented a saving of $1,000. Brick­ the zoo train and an official medallion for the layers from the building trades unions put zoo railroad. Designer Flaschner favors closer cooperation among all freedom­ trowel and mortar to thousands of bricks Bluebird for the domeliner which will swoop loving peoples of Western democracies. at the zoo while foregoing their wages, and through the fir glades. The first medallion much of the building material was presented featured a jolly elephant in an engineer's as a gift by local suppliers. visored cap. This drew some frowns from Two men have been principally respon­ the Democrats on the board of directors, so a sible for organizing this kind of participa­ frolicking Bengal tiger was substituted in­ Steps Toward World Order tion. One is J. H. (Jack) Jones, manager of stead. "Anyway," rationalized one of the the Northern Pacific .Terminal Co., who Democrats defensively, "tigers are cousins of serves as president of the Zoo Railway. The cougars, which are indigenous to Oregon, EXTENSION OF REMARKS other is Edward M. Miller, assistant manag­ while elephants don't have a solitary kin OF ing editor of the Portland Oregonian, the among the wildlife of our State." newspaper which recently won a Pulitzer On June 1, 1958, the most lovingly-created HON. JOHN A. CARROLL prize for exposing alleged criminal elements zoo train ever to operate in America will make OF COLORADO the inaugural pilgrimage over a recreational in certain labor unions. Mi-ller, one of the IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES mayor's civic appointees to the Portland Zoo route without scenic counterpart anywhere Commission, is a zealous railfan who would in our Nation. Youthful passengers in the Wednesday, April15, 1959 rather travel by train than via Cinderella's club car of the Bluebird will order their first coach-and-four. Before the first bulldozer root beers and Eskimo pies. Saine lucky Mr. CARROLL. Mr. President, I ask ever had cleared ground for a bear pit ·or youngster will ride the fireman's strategic unanimous consent to have printed in tiger grotto, he decided that the majestic seat--at an extra cost of $1 from dad's wal­ the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an address terrain was ideal for America's finest recre­ let. Small young faces will dot the glass­ on the subject "Steps Toward World ation railway. To make this possible in enclosed vistadomes as the hillsides and Order," delivered by the senior Senator spite of the limited population and financial evergreens fleet past. But the real fun will be enjoyed by all of from Minnesota [Mr. HUMPHREY] before resources of the community, Miller had to the University of Virginia Law School, enlist an immense quantity of volunteer us aqults who watch proudly from the station skills and equipment. platform. at Charlottesville, Va., on March 12, 1959. The newspaper executive rallied to his There being no objection, the address cause Jack Jones and other local railroaders was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, by stressing one theme consistently. "Look," Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Death as follows: Miller would tell them, "fewer people every STEPS TOWARD WORLD ORDER year have direct contact with railroads, as of George Frederick Handel travel by airplane and private automobile (Speech by Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY increases. This means railroads are becom-· before the University of Virginia Law EXTENSION OF REMARKS School, Charlottesville, Va., March 12, lng more and more of a legend in the popular OF mind, less and less a living reality. Yet 1959) trains have great dramatic impact on people. HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND In these dark times when crisis is piled· Why not help us build in Portland a rec­ upon crisis, it is easy to lose heart, to give reational railroad for children which they OF MASSACHUSETI'S up hope. The Berlin crisis is bristling with will never forget? It not only will have a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES complex and knotty problems. It is perhaps profound effect in our own State of Oregon, Wednesday, April 15,1959 the most serious situation we have faced which is an important source of raw mate­ since V-J Day. The Formosan crisis has rials to be hauled eastward, but its fame will Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, German· quieted down, but has not disappeared. And radiate throughout the land. And the chil­ contribution to modern civilization has there is always a crisis of one kind or an­ dren thus thrilled and entertained will some been great, and innumerable Germans other in the turbulent Middle East. day be the shippers of this country's have added immensely to what is com­ With every crisis there are dangers and freight. • • •" risks. · But there are also opportunities and "I decided Ed Miller was about 200 percent monly called Western civilization. Ger­ responsibilities. I have not lost hope for right," said Jack Jones, "and that's why I mans have been particularly outstanding a more enduring peace, and I believe the agreed to become president of the Zoo Rail­ in the sciences, but no less distinguished American people have not lost hope. We way. 1: also decided that, if I were the head have they been in the arts, especially in must keep hope alive. ·Genuine hope. Not of a big system myself, I would endow chil­ music. And Handel is one of the giants hope based upon wishful thinking, but dren's lines in zoos and parks all over the in the world of music. tempered with a realistic understanding of United States, with the colors and emblems George Frederick Handel, who died the world we live in. of my own particular system very much in exactly 200 years ago at the ripe age of A few months ago I was in Moscow and evidence. What better way to make an im­ Berlin. It was an unforgettable experience. pression on the next generation of Ameri­ 74, was the son of a barber-surgeon in I have a firsthand knowledge of some of the cans?" Halle, Lower Saxony, who by his unusual vexing problems we face. · But I have not As head o! the Northern Pacific Terminal talents and through ceaseless industry surrendered the gift of hope which gives Co., Jones would have to feature a chame­ gained immortal renown as a composer. men the courage to press on, the vision to leon's multiple colors to please all his bosses. At the age of 20 he produced his first see beyond the encircling gloom a better The system, which operates 100 miles of track opera, "Almira," one of a series of great world. in or near Portland's Union Station, is owned operas culminating in the "Messiah" and Genuine hope does not permit us to escape jointly by the Union Pacific, Southern Pa­ the present into some utopian ru·ture of our cific, and Northern Pacific Railroads. When "Israel in Egypt" which together have dreams. Genuine hope helps us to come the Portland Zoo picked up $4,000 at the long placed him among the foremost of to grips with the present in the name of the Oregon State Fair in Salem with an exhibi­ great composers of hjs time. Even today future and out of respect for the values of tion, Jones provided one of his railroad­ be is considered one of the greatest com- . the past. Evil triumphs when good men section gang crews to erect and dismantle posers of all time. fail to act. 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 6067 Tonight I want to talk about some steps the world. She carried her power with re­ and the London capital market which pro­ we can take toward greater peace and order s_traint and with a sense of moral responsi­ vided development funds in many areas in the world. I say steps, plural, not one bility. She did not seek to enslave or to throughout the world . . The International giant step. This may disappoint some of make the world over in her image. I am not Monetary. Fund and GATT (the General you, but I am convinced that new institu­ suggesting that her Britannic Majesty was a Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) are in a tions and laws are not achieved in one giant paragon of virtue, but I am suggesting that real sense the counterpart to the gold stand­ step. Great preparation and even suffering Great Britain exercised her decisive power ard. The International Bank for Recon­ precedes the birth of new forms, new ways with wisdom and restraint. struction (World Bank), the point 4 program, of doing things. History teaches not to ex­ The mantle of world leadership which the Columbo plan, and other similar instru­ pect drastic changes overnigbt. . Britain wore in the 19th century has in this ments are the counterpart to the London The pace of history does not discourage me. century fallen upon our shoulders. The key capital market. If the goal is clear and if we take genuine to peace and order in our century, insofar as In the military sphere NATO and other steps in the right direction, I am confident we have control over the situation, is the free world alliances are the counterpart to that our efforts will be rewarded. wise and responsible exercise of U.S. power. the balance achieved by British naval power. The many-faceted challenge of com­ I a.m not suggesting for a moment a new im­ I merely mention the economic and mili­ munism today demands bold action to meet perialism, and American century, but rather tary aspects in passing. the economic, political, and military threat a recognition that we should have a sense of I thought I would like to confine my re­ of the Soviet Union and Red China. Only responsibility commensurate with our wealth marks to the political sphere. In the politi­ bold steps will be equal to the challenge of and power. This responsibility, in our inter­ cal sphere we can take three positive steps: the "revolution of rising expectations" in dependent world, must be widely shared, 1. Work for effective arms control with Asia and Africa. Timidity is the counsel of through instruments such as the United Na­ inspection. despair. tions, NATO, and other multilateral arrange­ 2. Strengthen the United Na.tions and THE HUNDRED YEARS OF PEACE: 1815-1914 ments in the political, economic, and mili­ world law. Before I suggest some specific steps toward tary spheres. 3. Make fuller use of the World Court. greater world order, I would like to say a The destiny of Western civilization and the 1. Work for effective arms control with in­ word about a remarkable period of modern peace of the world may well depend upon spection: Peace and a .more stable world or­ history, a period which may hold some les­ Americas' ability to use her wealth and power der can scarcely be attained if nations are sons for us today. I refer to the century not only to defend herself, but to create a constantly developing postures of hostility spanned by the end of the War of 1812 to the world of greater peace and justice for all men. toward each other. Demands by one great outbreak of World War I, which some his­ Second, we must believe that peace is pos­ power that another great power surrender torians have referred to as "the hundred sible. If we believe that peace is not possi­ some valuable position, loud and repeated years of peace." More accurately, it was a ble, we would be among the most miserable threats of annihilation if demands are not century when there were no general wars of men. Although we are tOday challenged met, all backed up by a feverish race to con­ and a considerable degree of world order pre­ by a powerful, committed, and relentless foe coct new weapons and amass them in ever vailed. The balance · of power among the and the specter of nuclear destruction hangs growing stockpiles-these developments do European states made a measure of stability menacingly over our heads, I still believe not create an atmosphere conducive to a possible. No sip.gle European power could we can avoid war and that peace is possible. more just and peaceful international order. aspire to world domination. Great Britain, I have .worked and I will continue to work on This is why steps toward disarmament with its firm control of the seas, acted as a this belief. now are so important to mankind's hopes for check on the ambitions of any of the Euro­ - Third, peace must be planned, worked for, peace. We must act, ·even if only a small pean landpowers. sacrificed for. Peace is not .an accident, a step is possible. The fa.ilure to act is to act England was neither strong enough, nor did gift from the gods or a happenstance. Peace negatively. she aspire to dominate the European con­ is a difficult goal, an elusive goal. Peace For years the United States and its allies tinent. She acted as· a balance wheel. must be waged. We must work for peace planned and worked for disarmament with Through this delicate balance stability was even as we keep up our defensive shield. grandiose plans which covered the whole maintained for an entire century. Waging peace is no substitute for an ade­ range of military defense and that envisaged On the economic side, this century of peace quate defense posture. Nor is an adequate comprehensive machinery of administration was a great periOd of industrial development defense posture a substitute for waging and control. We learned gradually the futil­ in many parts of the world~ International peace. The world of 1959 does not confer ity of this approach. We lowered our sights trade was stimulated by the acceptance of upon us the luxury of choosing between to more realistic goals, and we have now ar­ the gold standard. And the London capital waging peace and maintaining our defensive rived at a point where we are seeking to market provided the funds through which sprength. We must do both, and we must conclude a first-stage or a partial disarma­ large portions of the world, including these do each task with as much imagination, ment agreement. Complete disarmament United States, were developed. creativity and wisdom as we can muster. all at one stroke need not and cannot be The principles of Anglo-Saxon law and THREE STEPS WE CAN TAKE NOW obtained. What we should have, and must political institutions, based upon the con­ have, is a limited agreement, that will help cept of public responsibility, spread to the There is no magic key-no easy way­ deflect the world from its present hazardous far corners of the earth. Everywhere people to world order, no master plan that will course. Once course has been changed, were beginning to learn, at least theoretically, assure us of peace in our time. Perhaps I there will be ample time and opportunity the meaning of the democratic principle of should amend this statement by saying there to pursue the larger goals toward which we government by the consent of the governed. is no ·· master plan which lies within the aspire. · During this remarkable century wars were realm of the politically possible. Bismarck once said that "politics is the art of the possi­ The conclusion of an agreement to suspend limited both geographically and in their nuclear weapons tests with inspection, or to political objectives. In this country we had ble." He was right, although there is room for disagreement on what is in fact possible. install an inspection system to prevent sur­ a tragic Civil War. But there was no general prise attack in some region of the world war. And no tyrant rose to conquer the You will recan·that in one of the Federalist Papers, the writer (I believe it was Madison) would be a small, first-step agreement of world or even any large portion of it. great value for initiating a new trend in World War I shattered the hundred years said that if all men were angels, then we would not need the checks and balances world affairs. Either one of these agree­ of peace and economic development, and de­ ments would slow down or perhaps even halt stroyed the fragile and .elementary forms of which the Founding Fathers regarded as essential to sound government. But since the forward momentum of the arms race. world order created in the 19th century. This Once the fever of competition has been low­ order was never really reestablished in the men are men and not angels, said Madison, we need the checks and balances which pre­ ered, sanity and reason can then operate long weekend between Versailles and Pearl more freely in our quest for peace with jus­ Harbor. vent one interest or one branch of govern­ ment from taking over. tice. What can we learn from this century of Within the past year progress has been peace? Is it too different from our present Given a world of imperfect 111en and na. tions, I maintain there is no master plan made toward conclusion of a first-stage century to teach us anything? Our times agreement. Negotiations for a ban on nu­ are different, in some ways vastly different. that will end conflicts of interest and erase all hostility. Nevertheless, there are steps, clear weapons tests have advanced to an ex­ Yet, I believe there are three very important tent scarcely hoped for this time a year things we can learn from the 100 years of important steps we can take which will move us along on the path to a more secure and ago. peace: Last summer the Soviet Union suddenly ac­ 1. Power must be exercised with responsl· peaceful world. These steps will help to bility. accomplish in this century the stability and cepted our Government's invitation to hold 2. Peace is possible. order which was achieved in the 19th a technical conference on devising methods 3. Peace must be planned. century. of inspection in order to guarantee fulfill­ First, power must be exercised _with re­ Some of the greatest opportunities lie in ment of any international agreement for sponsibility. The key to the 100 years of the economic realm, especially in the areas of suspending nuclear weapons tests. This stability was the responsib~e exercise of international trade and economic develop­ conference of scientific experts from the British power. Britain held the balance in ment. We need present-day counterparts to Communist bloc and the prinicipal Western Europe and through her navy throughout the gold standard which facilitated trade Powers was convened at Geneva. By the end 6068 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 15 of last August it issued conclusions con•. tionals of the country wherein . they are. abused, or ignored 'by its. member states, curred in by both sides. This was an un· located." Communist Russians would be and it would not be difficult to cite ex­ precedented step in the history of postwar checking up on Communist Russians, ac. amples of these three attitudes toward it. disarmament negotiations. For the first cording to this plan, and it is not difficult to · I believe the U.N. can be strengthened t ime Soviet and Western representatives had see that Americans will not stake their se-· through a fuller use of its peacemaking and seen eye to eye, and had agreed on the tech· curity, or survival, on such paper promises. peacekeeping facilities. The member states n icial details of an international arms con· The United States and Britain, in .con· can make a contribution to greater world trol and inspection system. trast, have taken the position that stations order by participating -in the long-range eco­ It is necessary to recognize what· these should be manned by outside nationalities, nomic and humanitarian . activities of the Geneva conclusions we1·e and were not. so that the resulting surveillance is truly in­ U.N. which help to weave--the fabric of peace_ They were not in themselves an agreement ternational, mutual and reciprocal. These and· understanding. I refer to the Children's t o suspend nuclear weapons tests. They opposing views on inspection are responsible· Fund, the World Health Organization, were, however, an aid, a spur, and a neces· for the deadlock at the present moment. UNESCO, the U.N. technical assistance pro­ sary basis for any such future agreement. This is a point on which the Soviet Union· gram, FAO, and other essentially nonpolitical Last spring immediately after concluding must make a substantial concession if there activities carried on under the aegis of the a very intensive series of nuclear tests, which is to be an effective and dependable inspec­ world organization. shot a large barrage of radioactive debris into tion network. I favor the fullest possible cooperation of" the atmosphere encircling the globe, the Another crucial point of issue in the nego­ our Government with other nations in the U.S.S.R. announced to the world that she tiations is the amount of authority that great problem of assisting economically the was unilaterally suspending nuclear weap­ should be vested in the countries adminis­ less developed areas of the world. ons tests. She further announced that she tering the control commission. The Soviet . In the peacekeeping or political sphere, I would continue such a suspension provided Union insists that there should be unanim­ believe the present U.N. is capable of serv· the United States and Great Britain, the ity among the major powers on the control ing the cause of peace when the nations really other two nuclear powers, would do the authority to make major decisions. In other want to use it. But there is no way we can same. This was a clever maneuver, but it words, the Soviet· negotiators want a veto force the nations to utilize the U.N. Mrs. was not clever enough. over the control authority. The American Eleanor Roosevelt once said~ "The United The primary aim of this unilateral and and British position, however, is that at Nations is not a cure-an. It is only capable conditional suspension was to impress world least certain important decisions on the of effective action when its members have a opinion. To a degree it succeeded. But the t:unctioning of the control mechanism will to make it work." more perceptive people around the world should not be subject to a one-nation veto, In spite of the Soviet bloc's frequent use knew that the Soviet plan would have re­ but should be reached by a majority vote. of the veto in the Security Council and other sulted in a suspension of tests without effec· If, for example, the inspection stations obstructive tactics, the U.N. has a solid rec­ tive inspection. Such a suspension would recorded an event that might be an under­ ord of achievement even in the political have been worse than no suspension at all, ground nuclear test it would be necessary sphere. Through the U.N., aggression was because there would have been no guarantee to send inspectors immediately to the loca­ thrown back in Korea. Through the U.N., _ that one side was not cheating. Under such tion to investigate. "On the spot" inspec­ Soviet troops were forced to withdraw· from conditions, fear, suspicion, and tension ~ion of this type is very vital to the effective Iran. Through the U.N., fighting was would have increased and not abated. functioning of the entire control system, stopped in Greece, Indonesia, and the Mid· The United States wisely pressed ahead otherwise the purpose of inspection could dle East. with its endeavor to obtain an interna­ be frustrated and a violator of the agree· This suggests one possible immediate area tionally agreed termination of testing, ment might readily escape the consequences where we can strengthen the United Nations. backed up and safeguarded by an effective of his violation. I refer to the U.N. emergency police force inspection system. The United States says, "This kind of no~ deployed in the Gaza Strip between the Immediately after the close of the Geneva decision cannot be blocked by a veto." The Umted Arab Republic and Israel. This force conference of experts, the United States in­ Soviet Union says, "This kind of decision has limited functions and no one pretends vited the Soviet Union to a political con· must be subject to a veto, or it is a violation it is powerful enough to hold back a full­ ference. The purpose of the· second confer­ of sovereign rights." scale attack by either side. But it is a be­ ence was to work out a test ban which would Soviet intransigence is again responsible ginning, perhaps a symbol of a greater inter­ utilize the technical and scientific founda­ for the deadlock on this point. Unless the national force which one day may be used · tion reached at Geneva. The United States Moscow government modifies this position, to bring stability in trouble areas. said she would suspend her tests for 1 year it will be impossible to have an effective and It is difficult to foresee the time when a provided the Soviet Union would do the dependable inspection system. U.N. force could deal with a situation such same. This would allow time for the politi­ The issue of international inspection in as the present Berlin crisis in which the cal conference to hammer out an agreement. the Geneva disarmament negotiations high­ tw~ superpowers are so deeply involved. The conclusions of the Geneva conference lights one of the most significant potential This could not take place short of a radical of exJ?erts confined themselves strictly to contributions of disarmament to the cause change in the nation-state system in which scientific matters of a . politically nonsensi· of peace and harmony in the world today. states would have already surrendered their If I had to single out any one factor as the military establishments, the ultimate symbol tive nature. They indicated the number of of their sovereignty. inspection stations and the kinds of inspec­ main barrier to peace in the world today, tion instruments and procedures that should I would point my finger at the Iron Curtain, · But, even if a U.N. police force is not or in other words the barrier of secrecy and capable o~ dealing with the major security be adopted. for an effective control system, P.roblems m the world today, it is quite pos­ but they did not go into such controversial isolation which the Soviet Union has erected between its own people and the outside world . . sible that a mobile force dispatched to minor matters as to where the inspection stations trouble spots would be capable of putting should be located, who should man them, or International inspection for suspension of f!.Uclear weapons tests would pierce this out "brush fires" before they blazed into a what powers the control administration global conflagration. This would be emi­ should exercise. These were questions to be barrier in an unprecedented way. The po­ litical effect of getting an international au­ nently worth the relatively small investment thrashed out at the political conference. thority into the silent and secret land of the . ~ b~lie:ve we should also explore the possi~ The Geneva political conference on sus­ Soviets would be inestimable. bihty. of creating international rules and pending nuclear weapons tests has now I am dedicated to national security. I machmery for the regulation of outer space been at work for about 4 months. When Mr. believe our defenses should be strong in or­ ID; thi.s area the U.N. can also make a con~ George Kennan testified before the Senate der to back up our international negotiations tnbutwn. Subcommittee on Disarmament early this acnd commitments. We arm to parley, we de­ I have n? illusions. I know the U.N. can month, he stressed that one of the main v_elop strength in order to negotiate as well v:ork effectively on any major security ques­ obstacles in the way of an arms understand­ as to deter attack, limited or general. twn such as arms control, or regulating ing with the U.S.S.R. is its philosophy and We must arm and at the same time strive o~t~r space only when the Soviet Union is tradition of secrecy. This has been one of to turn back the tide of fear that is en­ V:Illmg to go along with the majority posi­ the main stumbling bloclts on the road to gendered by the mounting arms race. We twn. An.d we have no means of forcing the any reliable arms control agreement in the must make a start somewhere in tearing Commumst bloc to give in to the majority. postwar period, and it is one of the main down the veils of secrecy that breed mistrust But we can try, and in trying we can lay obstacles to success in the current Geneva and suspicion between the Communist and bare the btention of any nation which ob­ negotiations. free worlds. An agreement to end nuclear structs the plans of those nations which To be reliable, arms control inspection weapons tests, backed up by an effectively are genuinely working for greater order and must be genuinely international. National functioning inspection system within the peace. Even if the U.N. serves primarily as self-inspe.ction ~s not genuine inspection, participating nations, would be a significant ~mirror of our divided worlp., it is perform­ and self-mspectwn is essentially what the step in the direction of world peace and mg a valuable function. For without a clear Soviet Union has been insisting upon at Ge· order. picture of ·the world situation, we cannot neva. Control stations under the Geneva 2. Strengthen the United Nations. The act with political insight· or moral wisdom. e~~ert~ plan would be located in each par­ United Nations is a continuing conference S. We shoUld make full use of the Inter­ tlCipatmg country to check on its activities. of over 80 sovereign states. It is a limited national Court of Justice. But the Soviet has been saying, "These instrument. But it is a valuable instru­ One of the most -disappointing aspects of control stations must be manned by na- ment. The United Nations can be used, the work of the United Nations has been the 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6069 International Court of Justice. This Court, having the Court make such determination, - It is time that we in the u.s. Senate established as a forum whereby international -demonstrated a lack of confidence on our acted to remove the shackles which restrict disputes would be resolved by law,' has .had ·part in the competence and integrity of the the United Nations Court. I hope most all too little opportu~ity to f\llfill thi~ func­ .new Court. earnestly that prompt consideration will be tion. In the 13 years since it was estab­ Mr. Dean Acheson, who was then Under given to the resolution I intend to offer. lished, the International Court of Justice Secretary of State, in testifying on this reso­ CONCLUSION ·has in fact decided only 10 cases. I repeat, lution expressed the argument against any 10 cases in 13 years. · such reserve clause as follows: In conclusion, I return to where I started. By any standard, this is somewhat less · "The rule of law becomes effective to the I said we must have hop.e, hope Jn certain than an impressive record · of accomplish._ ·extent that states agree to submit them­ specific small steps we can take in the direc­ ment. Here is a court made up of 15 judges selves to the decision of the Court in all tion of greater world order. I believe peac~ who are each paid $20,000 a year, and yet cases involving questions of law. It cannot .is possible, and I believe we must work for -it has decided less than one case a year. become effective if States may reserve this it in the small and undramatic ways­ To me this is indeed tragic. For in thi~ decision to themselves, regardless of the de­ through painstaking arms control nego.:. .day and age the rule of law in international .'gree of good faith by which they govern tiations, in the day-by-day business of the affairs should be looked upon as one of the .their actions." United Nations, in all those daily acts of main ways of peacefully settling disputes The effect of such reserve clauses has been fidelity which help create a fabric of peace~ between nations. to seriously limit the role of the Interna­ justice, and understanding. The sorry record of the Court is due in ·tional Court of Justice in settling inter­ large measure to the U.S. refusal to give ·national disputes. As I have stated, the it full backing and suppo;rt. The damage Court has decided only 10 cases in 13 years. was done, I regret to say, by the U.S. Senate I hasten to add that this sorry record is Improving State Welfare PJ::ograms when in 1946 it added to the so-called Morse not due to any fault of the Court itself. The resolution, Senate Resolution 196, which de­ 15 judges are competent and qualified men. clared our acceptance of the compulsory ju­ The Court is ready and willing to aid in the EXTENSION OF REMARKS risdiction of the International Court of Jus­ settlement of international disputes. The OF tice, six words "as determined by the United reason· for the ineffectiveness of the Court States." · -lies principally in the various reservation HON. AIME J. FORAND In 1945, the United Nations Charter was ·clauses contained in the declarations of na­ . ~F ~HODE ISLAND approved. Chapter XIV of the charter pro­ tions which have accepted the jurisdiction vided for establishment of the International of the Court. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Court of Justice to replace the Permanent The United States, and in particular the Wednesday, April15, 1959 Court of International Justice. Under ar­ U.S. Senate, cannot escape responsibility for ticle 93 all members of the United Nations the Court's ineffectiveness. Mr. FORAND. Mr. Speaker, although are ipso facto parties to the statute of the The distinguished lawyer, Charles S. great improvement has been made in International Court of Justice. However, Rhyne, past president of the American Bar the welfare programs in this country no member nation is bound by compulsory -Association, and presently chairman of the .during the past quarter century, ex.: -jurisdiction of the Court without a . specifi9 Committee on World Peace Through Law of .perience has shown· that much more declaration accepting such jurisdiction. .the A:r;nerican Bar .As13ociation, in an address needs to be done, especially in the State · Less than half of the 81 member nations delivered only this pas:t Tuesday, March 10, ·programs. · .of the United Nations have by declaration .assessed the blame quite candidly when he · I am today introducirig a bill provid- accepted compulsory jurisdiction of the said: Court in ~;~pecified areas ()f !nternation~l law · "I am therefore firmly convinced that one ing for such improvements. .. stated in the statute of the Court. It is of ~of the _major cause~ for the empty court­ This bill, H.R. 6422, is designed to interest to note that none of the Com:. room of the United ·Nations Court is the alleviate the plight of those many fam­ munist nations in the United Nations-in­ Connally reservation which was created by ilies throughout the country who find cluding the Soviet Union-:-have accepted the U.S. Senate, is maintained by the U.S. themselves in need as a result of unem~ compulsory jurisdiction of the Cou~t, .Senate, and can be removed by 'the U.S. ployment and other factors beyond theit Senate Resolution 196, which gave the con:. Senate. • • • Every report I have seen by control and for whom no provision is sent of the Senate. to the United States ac;. .the many experts who have studied this situ­ cepting compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, ation agrees that the Connally reservation now made under Federal law. This bill, was introduced by the distinguished senior has emasculated the usefulness of the. Court which would authorize the Federal Gov­ Senator from Oregon [Mr. MoRSE], in No­ .and rendered it impotent as an instrument ernment to assist the States in meeting _vember of 1945; it .was cosponsored by 14 for world peace. The cancerous effect of the full range of needs now confronting other Senators from both parties. the Senate's action has spread as other na­ their public welfare ·agencies, is similar · · Hearings were held on Senate Resolution ·tio:ris have copied it; it has an ever-widening to bills I have introduced in previous 196 in July of 1946 by a subcommittee of the scope. The tremendous responsibility of the Congresses, but is given a new urgency Foreign Relations Committee. Not a single u.s. Senate for continuing through this res­ witness appeared before the subcommit'j;ee ervation to. stifle use of the United Nations by the persistence of unemployment cur­ to oppose the resolution. -Moreover, not a Court is a most serious one when one con­ rently affecting some 5 million American single letter or. telegram was received in op;. ' sider~ the value of and need for any mecha­ workers and their families. position to the resolution. · . nism which can aid in preventing war under This bill, entitled the "Public Welfare Against a backdrop of overwhelming pub­ -present world circumstances. The Connally 'Act," incorporates the recommendations lic support, the subcommittee decided to reservation is unsound in principle and ef­ .of leading national welfare organizations report the resolution favorably to the full .fect and should be eliminated." representing both public and voluntary 'Foreign Relations Committee with only one Th~s is a strong statement indeed. A agencies. Taken together with the bill, minor amendment. . On July 24, 1946, by .statment of a highly respected and learned a unanimous vote, the committee reported lawyer-a man not given to making reck­ H.R. 4700, previously introduced by me to the resolution to the Senate for favorable less or rash statements. Mr. Rhyne is a extend health benefits to beneficiaries action in exactly the form recommended by sound and realistic student of international .of the old-age, survivors, and disabil~ the subcommittee. affairs, and his views cannot be casually dis-:­ ity insurance program and the bill estab­ The resolution was considered by the Sen­ missed. Mr. Rhyne's forceful address indi­ lishing minimum benefit standards in ate on August 1 and 2; it was approved cates a realization of the peril we face in the unemployment insurance program August 2 by a vote of 62 to 2 and the Senate view of the lethal weapons of mass destruc­ which I am likewise supporting, this bill adjourned sine die some 2 hours later. n ·ur­ tion, and the absolute necessity, in the name rounds out the program of immediate ing consideration of the resolution three of self-preservation, that we bolster the improvements in our total social secu­ amendments were adopted. available means of settling disputes by law The most controversial amendment, offered rather than force. rity program urgently necessary to meet by Senator Connally, added to paragraph I believe that the time is long overdue for the most pressing needs today confront­ (b) the words "as determined by the United the Senate to remove this reserve clause in ing large segments of our population. States" to the language of the resolution the Morse resolution. It is my intention to As such, the basic provisions in the bill which excluded from cases on which com­ offer in the near future a resolution to have the support of the American Fed­ pulsory jurisdiction would be accepted "mat­ ·amend the Morse resolution by deleting from eration of Labor and Congress of Indus­ ters which are essentially within the do­ paragraph (b) the words "as determined by trial Organizations; the American Pub­ mestic jurisdiction of the United States." the United States." lic Welfare Association; the National This amendment was adopted by a vote of In the absence of action by the Senate, 51 to 12. I fear that the International Court of Jus­ Association of Social Workers, and other Many observers at the time felt that this 'tice will remain an ineffective instrument ·groups representing those affected by amendment, by reserving to the United 'ot world peace without authority to dispose ·our social security measures. States the right to decide whether or not a "of disputes between nations by way of peace­ We are rightfully proud of the steady -matter is essentially domestic, rather than ful judicial determination. growth in coverage and benefits under CV--384 6070 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 'April 15 the social insurance aspects of the so­ system, which has developed extensively more adaptable provisions relating to cial security program and the extent to as an instrument of public policy since eligibility, financing, and scope of serv­ which this has reduced dependence on 1933, is designed to combine the ad­ ice. In return for this greater flexi­ public assistance among the able-bodied vantages of decentralized administra­ bility, States are required to provide aged, surviving widows, and the older tion with the broader financial base of assistance for all persons who qualify disabled group. Last year improve­ the Federal Government and the need within their own standards of need ments were also made in the financing for basic national programs in areas of without arbitrary exclusions such as of public assistance and in the child national concern. My bill, following this those based on residence. The bill also welfare program. But pride in progress extremely successful principle, is de­ recognizes the importance of individual cannot be allowed to blind us to the signed to give the States the maximum determinations and service as an intrin­ areas of insecurity and hardship that latitude in adapting their own public sic element in all public welfare func­ still remain. Extensive and persistent welfare programs to changing needs. It tions thus making it possible to bring unemployment over the past year has does not affect the existing provisions of about a closer coordination of all wel­ served to remind us of the vulnerability titles I, IV, V, and XIV of the Social Se­ fare programs in a single public welfare of our working people to the hazards of cm·ity Act but rather offers the States agency. The advantage of such a sim­ the modern economy. We must move the option of combining all or part of plified approach to the person who needs toward a national policy which, first, re­ these specialized public welfare pro­ help, to the administrator, and to the duces the chances of any individual or grams for particular groups into a com­ public constitutes a major argument for family in the United States becoming prehensive program of aid for all needy giving early consideration to this pro­ needy but, second, provides its own built­ persons and of needed social services. posal. in assurance that if this contingency be­ The administrative and policy advan­ In the statement which follows a more falls, provision will be made to meet those tages of such a simplified plan are ob­ detailed explanation of the provisions of needs. This is the purpose of my bill. vious, especially to the individual in need this bill is given. Public welfare provides the ultimate of public welfare aid, who today often First. General: The bill provides a protection to individuals under our total finds himself bewildered by a variety of new title XVI for the Social Security system of social security. When all other agencies, eligibility standards, and re­ Act under which a State could submit a quirements. Many State welfare policy­ comprehensive public welfare plan for resources fail, it is to the State and local makers and administrators would wel­ public welfare agencies that an individ­ come the opportunity to move in this assistance to needy persons and welfare ual must turn for help. If a worker can­ direction but are today prevented by the services as defined in the bill. States not find a job, when his unemployment limitations of Federal law. On the other that wish to do so could continue to insurance rights and savings are ex­ hand, there is no compulsion upon the operate programs of assistance under hausted he becomes dependent upon States under my proposal to abandon the existing provisions to titles I, IV, X, public assistance. If a worker or farmer any specialized welfare program which and XIV but the new matching pro­ or small businessman becomes ill, he may is felt to be serving the best interests of visions described below are applicable find his savings quickly exhausted in a particular group. only to title XVI and the usual pro­ heavy medical and living expenses. The rapid growth in our social insur­ vision is made to preclude assistance Then he has no choice but to turn to ance programs has created a substan­ payments to any individual under more his State or local public welfare office. tial change in the character of the pub­ than one title of the act. For most But under the present assistance pro­ lic welfare function which has not yet States the scope, flexibility, and finan­ visions of the Social Security Act the been reflected in changes in Federal and cial provisions of title XVI would prob­ Federal Government takes no respon­ State law. Increasingly, public welfare ably prove an inducement to change, but sibility for assisting the public welfare is being called upon to meet the unusual the optional feature would ease the agencies in meeting the needs of people or unpredictable situation or to provide transitional process and make it possi­ who do not qualify under the four exist­ for needs which have not yet been pro­ ble for a State, which wished to retain ing categorical programs of old-age as­ vided for through social insurance or certain programs-as, for example, aid sistance, aid to dependent children, aid other preventive measures. Thus, the to the blind-on the present basis, to to the blind, and aid to the permanently nature of the public welfare task tends do so. and totally disabled. As a result, in most to change in emphasis. Today, for ex­ Second. Coverage for assistance: This States provision for the needy unem­ ample, many retired OASDI beneficiar­ bill makes it possible for a State to re­ ployed is miserably inadequate and even, ies are obliged to turn to public welfare ceive Federal aid for assistance to any in some localities, virtually nonexistent. for help when they become ill. But soon needy person, including those who are In other States with a heavy incidence it is hoped we can provide hospital and in need because of unemployment, and of unemployment, funds for the purpose related benefits for these people as a not exclusively for those over 65, blind, have been repeatedly exhausted despite part of the insurance program. No one permanently, and totally disabled, or every effort to make adequate provision. wants a large public welfare program, those meeting the restrictive definition It is self-evident that the States with but we do want one which is sufficiently for aid to dependent children-as at heavy and persistent unemployment not flexible and comprehensive to meet ac­ present. Administration by categorical only have a disproportionate need but tual need as it occurs. The only way to groups would, however, be optional with are in the worst fiscal position to meet do this is through legislation which pro­ the States, provided the basis for es­ that need from State and local resources. vides the machinery, the policies, and tablishing the categories was reasonable. Unemployment is an attribute of the the built-in financing provisions to meet Assistance could not, however, be paid national economy, and the development such needs whenever they arise. We do to persons residing in public institutions of policies to assure individual security not want to be confronted again with other than medical institutions nor to is a national responsibility. The Fed­ the need for emergency legislation as we patients in an institution for tubercu­ eral Government should not only take were in 1933-or even last year, or again losis or mental disease. steps to prevent unemployment and to this year, with our unemployment insur­ Third. Financial ceilings or the maxi­ assist depressed areas in making needed ance program. We want a strong insti­ mum average payments subject to Fed­ economic readjustments, but it should tutional structure that can be quickly eral aid would be increased to $75 a also assume its fair share of responsi­ adapted to actual needs whether they month for all adults and $50 for all chil­ bility in protecting all its people, where­ arise from economic factors, social dren. Present maxima in old age assist­ ever they may live, against its hazards. change, or disaster situations. ance, aid to the blind, and aid to the The first line of defense is through a The State public welfare agencies permanently and totally disabled are strengthened unemployment insurance have been handicapped in adapting based on an average of $65 a month; in program; the second is through a their own programs and in making the aid to dependent children the present strengthened program of public welfare best use of their own resources and per­ ceiling is an average of $30 for each which is the purpose of this bill. sonnel by the rigid ·compartmentaliza­ individual. Public welfare, under our Federal sys­ tion and restrictive scope of Federal aid. Fourth. A new and simplified system tem of government, is the primary re­ This bill proposes to remedy this situ­ of matching would replace the present sponsibility of the States and their po­ ation by providing the optional alterna­ formulas.· Under the proposed formula litical subdivision. The grant-in-aid tive of a single public welfare plan with the total of alf assistance payments- 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 6071 within the average ceUings as shown in by a single agency at each level of gov­ conducted by our Federal Government. 3 above-would receiv·e a 62 percent ernment. From the point of view of the Only last week I submitted from the Federal reimbursement in any State individual or family requiring help the Committee on Government Operations whose average per capita income was advantage of a single agency is obvious. a report, Senate Report No. 153, as pre­ the same a.s that of the United States Seventh. Availability of benefits: The pared by my subcommittee, entitled as a whole. For States above this aver­ bill makes it a condition of the broad­ "The Federal Government's Foreign age the percentage of Federal reim­ ened base of Federal financial assistance Language Training Programs." In the bursement would be proportionately de­ provided by this new title that its bene­ foreword to this report I stated: creased but would in no case fall below fits should be available to all qualified It is time we give full recognition to the 50 percent. For States with a lower persons without residence or citizenship indisputable fact that foreign language than average per capita income the per­ requirements. No public welfare pro­ training is indispensable to our military centage of Federal reimbursement gram can be considered to be fulfilling effort, to our overseas economic programs, would be proportionately increased but its function as the ultimate guarantee and, without question, the key. to our ability the maximum level of reimbursement against individual need if it arbitrarily to win friends throughout the world. It 1s would be 80 percent. Under this for­ excludes needy persons solely because of high time that we do something about it. mula the needy in both the high and their length of residence. The very I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi­ low income States would benefit: The factors that make it essential for the dent, that the thoughtful address of former by the higher reimbursable ceil­ Federal Government to share the broad Representative JoHN BRADEMAS, to which .ings and the latter by the higher rate of public welfare responsibilities of the I have referred, be printed in the RECORD. reimbursement. States make it equally essential that such There being no objection, the address Fifth. Welfare services provided by aid be available to all. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, the public welfare agency would be sub­ Eighth. The Virgin Islands and as follows: ject to the same rate of reimbursement Puerto Rico: This bill rights a long­ FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND THE . NATIONAL as assistance payments. Increasingly standing injustice toward our fellow INTEREST those persons turning to public welfare American citizens in the Virgin Islands (Text of an address by Representative JoHN agencies for aid are those with special and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico BRADEMAS, Third District, Indiana, at the needs requiring knowledgeable service by extending to these jurisdictions the annual spring meeting of the Indiana For­ for their solution. Such service can same program provisions as apply in the eign Language Teachers Association, Val­ often help speed the return of the in­ States and Territories. paraiso University, Valparaiso, Ind., April dividual to self-support, secure for him Ninth. Confidential assistance rec­ 11, 1959) the care he needs from other sources, Some years ago I spent several weeks in ords: This bill restores to all persons re­ Mexico where for the first time I had the prevent serious or long-term future ceiving assistance under this title the opportunity to try out my high school difficulties, and reduce the cost to the protection formerly required by all titles ·Spanish. · At one ·stage of a conversation, public of extended dependency. For that the facts concerning their receipt I groped for a phrase to indicate that I was, example: Many people needing medical of assistance be treated as confidential for any one of a number of reasons, em­ care or rehabilitative service do not information. barrassed. Not knowing the exact word, I know what provisions are available or Tenth. Personnel training: The bill reached for a cognate and confidently said how to go about applying for them: recognizes the serious shortages in to my Mexican friends, "Con toda franqueza, Many people are lingering in general or estoy embarazado." They shrieked with qualified public welfare personnel by laughter and amazement. mental hospitals simply because they providing special financial aid on a con­ For the non-Hispanists ·among you, "em­ have no other place to go-and no one tinuing basis for training such per­ barazado" in Spanish means "with child" to help them find such a place; many sonnel. and, I need hardly add, is an adjective con­ people living in areas where their fined to the feminine gender, i.e., "em­ former source of livelihood has ceased to barazada." . exist need help in moving to areas of .Foreign Languages and the National After an experienGe like that I require no new opportunity; many children might persuasion of the importance of under­ be saved from juvenile delinquency or Interest standing foreign languages. other forms of costly social maladjust­ CITES INTEREST IN LANGUAGES ment if their parents received helpful EXTENSION OF REMARKS I am honored by the opportunity to speak guidance at the crucial time or-in cases OF today at the annual spring meeting of the where substitute family care was neces­ Indiana Foreign Language Teachers Associa­ sary-the child welfare services of the HON. HUBERT H. HUMPHREY tion. There are several reasons I feel at public welfare agency could make OF MINNESOTA home with members of your organization. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES B~cause my father was born in Europe, early prompt and adequate provision for their in life I became aware that there were lan­ adoptive or foster-care placement. An Wednesday, April15, 1959 guages other than English, although, to my advantage of this bill to the child wel­ later regret, I did not trouble to take ad­ fare program is the fact that it permits Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, this ·vantage of the opportunity to learn his na­ child welfare workers to apply assistance past week Representative JoHN BRADE­ tive tongue, Greek. funds to the placement of needy· chil­ MAS of Indiana delivered an address at My own graduate studies in the modern dren requiring foster care. The grave Valparaiso University entitled "Foreign political history of Spain could not have Languages and the National Interest." been completed had I not been able to use injustice done to this neediest group of my knowledge of Spanish, somewhat im­ children under the present act, which The theme of this fine talk was that the proved from the visit to Mexico, to interview denies assistance to children not living lack in our country of adequate foreign Spaniards who had themselves participated with a close relative, was pointed out language training is hindering our at­ in the events I was seeking to analyze. by the welfare report of the Commission tempts to strengthen the free world and As your chairman has indicated, I have on Inter-Governmental Relations. combat the tyrannical aspirations of also been a college teacher and am therefore Sixth. Simplified administration, with Soviet communism. familiar with some of the problems you face. consequent benefits to those requiring I wish to commend Representative It happens, moreover, that I serve on the General Education Subcommittee of the public welfare aid as well as to those JOHN BRADEMAS for calling attention to Education and Labor Committee in the who do its work and pay its cost, is pro­ what he aptly describes as our language "House of Representatives and I am, there­ vided in this bill in several ways. gap. I concur completely with him in fore, directly concerned in my legislative Matching on the average of all pay­ advocating greater emphasis on lan­ duties with the field of education. ments, the optional elimination of cate­ guage training. This is a subject in The vastly increased interest which Amer­ gorical administration, and the pro­ which I have been very much interested. icans are now demonstrating in education at vision of · the same reimbursement As chairman of the Subcommittee on every level is, of course, a source of great formula for all types of aid would per­ encouragement to us- all. It is with respect Reorganization and International Or­ to one of the most significant areas in the mit reduction in paperwork with sub­ ganizations of the Committee on Gov­ field of education that I should like to speak sequent reduction in the cost of over­ ernment Operations, I have had the op­ today, the area of foreign languages. ' head administration. The bill also re­ portunity to study foreign language The United States has in the postwar world quires that the program be-administered training programs; in particular those assumed the awesome and troubling, but 6072 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 1~ nonetheless indispensable, burden of leader­ -of the significant relationship between for­ to sprea ·1 the gospel of communism. What ship of the free world against the tyrannical eign languages and the national interest. is true of the Russian doctor is also true aspirations. of Soviet communism. We have I do think it would be profitable for us of the Russian .engineer, agricultural expert, undertaken programs of political, military, to examine briefiy our deficiencies and then and scientist." and economic cooperation with our friends ask ourselves what to do about them. LANGUAGE GAP COMMANDS CONCERN and ailies throughout the entire world. Yet The language gap of which I speak is in we still pursue what I should describe as a large part of our own making. Beginning That the language gap· is beginning to semi-isolationist policy when it comes to with World War I, foreign language instruc­ command the concern of more and more per­ learning the languages essential to com­ tion was systematically discouraged in our sons in our country .is evidenced by three municating with our friends, understanding public schools, with 22 States passing laws random articles I have come upon in the the uncommitted peoples of the world, and forbidding the teaching of German and oth­ last few days. The Laporte Herald-Argus, evaluating the challenges posed by our er foreign languages. Some shortsighted published just a few miles from where we potential enemies. persons would likewise today impair our now meet, said in an editorial last month national security by insisting that we should that "the blithe insistence of Americans THE LANGUAGE GAP not provide for the teaching of Russian in doing their stretches of time in distant More than 3 million of our citizens are our public schools. lands on keeping aloof from the 'natives,' 1iving and working abroad as members of Although advances in aviation and com­ refusing to learn the language, appreciate the Armed Forces, the diplomatic corps, and munication in the period between World the customs, or participate as citizens-for­ various technical missions engaged in indus­ Wars I and II brought foreign lands closer a-time does us irreparable harm, and ex­ try. Yet comparatively few of these Amer­ and closer, Americans have held to the be­ plains a good deal of the anti-American icans can speak any language but their own lief that the time spent studying languages sentiment in many areas." with :fluency. It is a simple fact that we could be more profitably employed in The current issue of Women's Day, a maga­ are woefully ·behind the times in learning other academic endeavors. We are now zine sold in many supermarkets, contains a foreign languages. And there can be little tasting the fruits of this irresponsible atti:. stimulating article entitled, "Why Can't question that the interest of our country tude. Our Children Speak a Foreign Language?" suffers, and suffers seriously, because of what, John R. Walsh, education writer for the to paraphrase · another more controversial FEW U.S. HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS STUDY Louisville Times, in a recent report, de­ aspect of our national security system, might LANGUAGES scribes the sweeping plan of Catholic col­ be called our language gap. Today less than 15 percent of our total leges, high schools, and elementary schools public high school students are studying a U.S. DIPLOMATS LACK LANGUAGES in the Louisville area to coordinate language modern foreign language·. Of these, only teaching from top to bottom and to place - The problem of the language gap in Amer­ a handful are studying Russian, German, strong emphasis on the elementary level. ica is particularly acute in the one spot Portuguese, Italian or Chinese. None are where it should not be-our diplomatic corps. learning such strategic world languages as PRAISES PROF. WILLIAM RILEY PARKER An Ambassador or consul in a foreign capital Japanese, Arabic, Hindi, Malay, Bengali, or I am sure then that there is growing is perhaps an exception rather than the rule Ukrainian. recognition of the serious shortcoming of if he speaks the language of the country to Even if we decided right now to expand this country in the development of persons which he is assigned. Gen. Alfred M. substantially the language study opportuni­ skilled in modern languages and of the fact Gruenther declared a few weeks ago that, of ties for our young people, it would be im­ that this weakness is prejudicial to the best the 8,000 men and women who recently possible to find enough adequately trained interests of the United States. The next passed the academic requirements for the teachers. Two years ago the supply of new question is: What can we do about it? Foreign Service Institute of the Department high school language teachers was over 25 The natural resource which can most of State, only 300 had a language qualifica­ percent short of the demand, and I have quickly be utilized is the trained body of tion beyond English. Our embassies and no doubt that the current rise in interest language teachers now engaged in teaching. legations are forced to employ thousands of in language education has made the short­ Certainly no one would dispute the proposi­ foreign nationals as translators and office age of competent teachers still more serious. tion that all teachers would benefit by an staff largely because there are no Americans Today, partly because of the lack of quali­ opportunity to increase their knowledge ~f qualified for these jobs. fied teachers, less than one half of our public the subjects they teach. In a'n excellent I am glad to say that, thanks in part to schools are able to offer a course in any study for UNESCO, entitled "The National the criticisms of James Reston, the dis­ modern foreign language. A recent survey Interest and Foreign Languages," Prof. Wil­ tinguished correspondent of the New York .showed that only 24 percent of Indiana's liam Riley Parker of the University of In­ Times, the Foreign Service Institute has in schools offer instruction in a modern foreign diana, presently Chief of the Language De­ the last couple of years intensified its efforts language. velopment Program in the U.S. Office of Edu­ to train more of our Foreign Service officers RUSSIANS EMPHASIZE LANGUAGE TRAINING cation, cites the example of the language in foreign languages. But there is a long Our failings in this area are all the more teacher who has only the minimum train­ way to go before the United States does an tragic when they are compared with the ing required to teach languages and, as a re­ effective job, even for those who are the achievements of our cold war adversary. On sult, has reached the limits of his knowledge official representatives of our Government the primary and secondary school level, most after teaching a 2-year course. If we are to abroad, of bridging this language gap. Russian students begin language training give our students competent and extensive "THE UGLY AMERICAN" in the fifth grade and continue language training in languages, we must have teachers training for 6 years. Before completion who know the languages as thoroughly as In "The Ugly American," that disturbing possible. - and challenging novel about Americans sta­ of their high school studies they will have tioned abroad, Eugene Burdick and William spent 660 hours learning another language. Let me pause to pay a word of tribute to Those Soviet students who go on to col­ Dr. Parker for the splendid work he is doing J. Lederer provide a parable which drama­ to remedy the lag in languages we are dis­ tizes the link between foreign languages and lege are required to demonstrate foreign language competence in order to get into cussing. All of us in Indiana should be the national interest. In the mythical Asian college and must take at least 2 years of lan­ proud of his contributions, and I want to country of Sarkhan, the Russian Ambas­ guages while there. The Soviet Union has express the hope that all of you who have sador promises the natives thousands and also developed extensive language training not already done so will read Dr. Parker's thousands of tons of rice to stem a local first-class analysis of foreign languages and famine. The rice arrives but it is American programs for diplomats and for technical rice, on each bag of which Sarkhanese Com­ people sent abroad with their foreign assist­ the national interest. ance programs. HAILS NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT munists have stealthily stenciled in Sark­ U.S. Supreme Court Justice William 0. hanese for each citizen to see and read for Douglas warned only last month of "the I am very pleased to tell you of a sig­ himself: "This rice is a gift from Russia." fierce competition from the Russians who nificant effort now under way to attack the The Americans take pictures of the dis­ have made language one of their great basic problem in language development in tribution of the rice and the smiling faces specialities." the United States: the shortage of good lan­ of the now happy people. There is no com­ "Telugu"-and I am quoting Justice Doug­ guage teachers. The National Defense Edu­ ment from any of the Americans present. las-"is a language spoken by 33 million cation Act, passed by the 85th Congress, con­ None of them can read or understand Sark­ people in India. Yet we have not six people tains a number of provisions which are evi­ hanese, and they do not know what is hap­ who can read a Telugu newspaper. When dence of the awareness of Congress of our pening. the Soviet delegate arrives, however, not deplorable backwardness in· this field. In It would not be difficult to spend the only he but his staff are versed in Telugu. fact, the only one of the 10 titles of the act rest of my time here tOMichigan, linguists who, in turn, would be available to by the dead end ·of inadequate preparation. and Louisiana State. Because we in Congress train more students throughout the Nation. SUGGESTS FOREIGN-BORN AMERICANS last month voted a supplemental appropria­ The development of suitable materials would TEACH LANGUAGES provide insurance should we quickly need tion of $75 million· for the Defense Education I shall dare to make another suggestion. Act, six more institutes will be established large numbers of trained personnel in any specific language. There have been many cities and towns this summer. They will accommodate an ready and willing to begin language instruc­ additional 600 teachers. The institute pro­ You will be interested to know that the study conducted by the American Council of tion in the primary grades, but which were gram should, in its first year of operation, unable to find qualified teachers. This, in provide 8 weeks of training for 1,000 Learned Societies showed the languages most needed now by Americans are Arabic, Chi­ many cases, is not because we lack a sig­ teachers. nificant number of competent linguists in The need for this kind of program and the nese, French, German, Hindustani, Italian, enthusiastic response on the part of language Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish. this country, but rather because too few teachers is demonstrated by the fact that One or more area centers will be estab­ of these linguists meet State and local teach­ the first institute established-at the Uni­ lis,hed for all of these languages except ing certification requirements. versity of Colorado--has received applica­ French, German, Italian, and Spanish, which The suggestion I shall make is not a criti­ tions from every State in the Union at the are available at most colleges and uni- cism Of our certification requirementS, but is rate, as of last month, of 100 per day. versities. · rather a commonsense approach to the basic For those of you interested in the foreign problem: How can we enable more Ameri• NOTES STUDENT LOANS TO ENCOURAGE TEACHERS cans to learn foreign languages in the imme· language institutes, and I hope that includes The Defense Education Act also encourages everyone here, I might say that the program diate future? provides a $75 weekly stipend for public the college student to consider a language­ I would sugge& t that we make use of the teaching career by providing writeoffs on many educated immigrants and foreign na.. school teachers, plus $15 a week for each student loans, granted under the act, to dependent. tionals now living in the United States who Parenthetically, let me mention a con­ students who subsequently teach in the have· complete command· of their native versation I had in Washington a few days public schools. The student is allowed to tongue, who have the intelligence and back­ ago With Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, of write off 10 percent of his loan for each year ground to teach these languages, but who Minnesota, and Eugene Burdick, both of that he teaches up to a maximum of 5 years. may lack the necessary college credits to whom told me of the tragic fact that the The important place given to languages qualify as teachers. Army Language School at Monterey, Calif., a in the National Defense Education Act is, It would seem quite possible that evening first-class center for the teaching of lan­ I believe, a symbol of the growing realiza­ or summer courses could adequately prepare guages, is operating at less than half capacity. tion among the citizens of the United States these people to teach languages to primary of the contribution to our country of your students, especially since the language URG~ INCOME TAX DEDUCTION FOR LANGUAGE profession. The Indiana Foreign Language teacher could have the aid of the regular TEACHER TRAVEL Teachers Association is to be congratulated classroom teacher. Later these people could With the increasing emphasis on teaching for following the recommendation of the be replaced by regularly trained teachers, students to speak, as well as to read and Modern Language Association that each State or, if they wished, could take the courses write foreign languages, I think it might be establish a group to include all teachers of required by State laws to become fully quali­ wise to encourage teachers to increase their foreign languages in the State. State edu­ fied teachers. knowledge of the spoken language. The best cational officials will look to organizations In the meantime, they could be impart­ way to achieve this goal is to spend some like yours for advice and help in putting ing their knowledge of the correct pron~­ time living in a foreign country. the foreign-language provisions of the De­ ciation, tone, and infiection of their native I am sure that most of you would be fense Education Act into practice. language to the receptive minds of young happy indeed to travel abroad; but, as col­ PROPOSES NATIONAL LANGUAGE FOUNDATION students. These students would then be lege teachers, you are inhibited by the lack able to take full advantage of advanced of money. Because I am so deeply con­ Indeed, I would urge that your organiza­ courses on the high-school and college level. vinced of the value of such travel, I am tion and others like it consider seriously considering the introduction of legislation an effort to create an agency similar to the URGES IMMIGRANTS TO TEACH THEIR CHILDREN to permit language teachers a partial income National Science Foundation for the purpose NATIVE TONGUE tax deduction for the expenses of trips de­ of marshaling support for the study of for­ · Foreign-born Americans and foreign na­ signed to increase their knowledge of a for­ eign languages and cultures. Just as the tionals living in our country are an invalu­ eign language. National Science Foundation is a source of able resource whom we have too long neg­ CrrES AREA CENTERS FOR RARE LANGUAGES strength for scientific endeavor in our coun­ lected. In this connection, let me say that try, so, too, a National Language Foundation I believe it is a patriotic duty of American The summer institute program represents 9itizens of foreign birth to teach their chil­ a very promising start in our efforts· to pro­ could serve as a coordinating agency and rallying point to intensify interest in lan­ dren a second language. Im_migrants should vide this Nation with competent linguists, guage education. take pride in the fact that they can con­ but it does little to increase the number of tribute in this significant way to the secu­ trained language teachers or to provide It will be 2 or 3 years before we can see trained linguists, teachers, and teaching ma­ evidence of real progress from some of the rity and well-being of their adopted country. terials for the so-called exotic. languages, programs I have discussed. Meanwhile, all PRAISES CULVER ACADEMY RUSSIAN PROGRAM those which are rarely taught in this across the Nation parents, teachers, and Let me take this opportunity to point out country. school boards are displaying an awakened that here in Indiana there are many school interest in language education. Students, Our incompetence in the field of the ex­ systems which hav~ already started to im­ otic languages is demonstrated by a recent housewives, and factory workers are arising prove the teaching of foreign languages. survey made by the American Council of with the sun to take Russian on early morn­ Very near here, for example, the CUlver Mili­ Learned Societies which revealed that at i,ng television programs. PTA groups are tary Academy has only recently hired a least 50 languages-each of them spoken by asking schools to teach Russian or Japanese highly qualified language scholar to teach more than 2 million people, 14 of them to their first graders. Russian, to its students. spoken by between 10 and 42 million-are This new interest is a splendid example Maj. Gen. Delmar T. Spivey, superintendent not taught in any American college or uni­ of the capacity of the American people to of the academy, told me that the course was versity. respond to a challenge. There is, however, instituted because, "aside from the ques­ The National Defense Education Act does, a danger that these crash programs will col­ tions related to communism, when a country however, provide a means for attacking our lapse because of an inadequate ·foundation is as large in land mass and as populous as lack of proficiency in the exotic languages. and the lack of a continuing planned pro­ Russia is, the impact of its culture on West­ The act provides for the establishment of gram. ern civilization will be so great that it is language area centers for the development CALLS FOR LANGUAGE TRAINING FROM PRIMARY absolutely essential for our citizens to gain of facilities to teach these languages. Let a better understanding of this culture." me list the goals of the area center program: TO COLLEGE LEVEL (a) Intensive courses available frequently A good deal is said about the advantages General Spivey added that he had found and at geographically distributed locations. of teaching the fundamentals of a foreign it very difficult to find a person competent (b) The production of several complete language to young children who have the to teach the Russian courses. I might say sets of reliable and effective teaching ma­ ability to assimilate such knowledge without that I am glad to see that Saint Mary's Col­ terials. pain or embarrassment. I believe that we lege, where I taught for a time, has just (c) Adequate instruction in related area should do all we can to encourage the teach­ begun to offer courses in Russian. studies. ing of languages to children at the primary SPEAKING IN STRANGE TONGUES Some of these language area centers would level, provided that at the same time we Russian is but one of the many languages use existing facilities at colleges and uni­ prepare advanced training for these students in which this country is deficient. In a world versities. Others would be developed from at the _secondary and college level. that seexns to change overnight-every scratch. The centers would be financed These primary programs should be care­ night-those of us who believe deeply in through a system of matching grants. If we fully planned so that we do not disappoint democracy as the best pqlitic!'l-1 expression can put these centers into operation, we both the students and their parents by sta,rt- . of the dignity of the individual .must speak 6074 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 15. clearly to the peoples of the world, millions who had helped create the college of of ever :1igher priority in the judgment of of ·whom are now for the first time moving medicine, ~id: ·· · the American people and the Congress." to the stage of human history. The first of a series of these studies, under We must, if we are really to be understood In the world competition for better health the auspices of the Senate Committee on by these peoples and to understand them. facilities, more educational opportunities, Government Operations of which I am a speak to them in their own language. higher standards. of scientific achievement, member, is about to appear and I have been This is the fundamental reason we must we need fear no nation in the world. A free­ reading the galley proofs thereof. -one of the bridge the language gap. enterprise system that can give rise to insti­ encouraging facts cited in this report is that In the Acts of the Apostles we read of tutions like the Albert Einstein College of expenditures for national medical research those who were speaking in strange tongues. Medicine is its own proof of essential sound­ have risen from $88 million a decade ago to The future of free civilization wtll very ness and creativity. $330 million last year and that the Federal largely depend on how well we in America Medical advances in our golden age of Government's participation in the same can speak strange tongues and listen to them. science have paradoxically raised alarming period has risen from 32 percent of that total How well we speak and listen depe-nds in new problems in health. With the increase to 56 perqent; an increase by Uncle Sam turn on-how well you, the members of the in our population, particularly of the aged, from $28 million a decade ago to $184 mil­ foreign language profession, teach our young health and disease problems have arisen lion. There is no better test of the Govern­ people. which call for a far greater tempo in medical ments's interest in a project than its willing­ Yours is a high and noble calling and I education and the numbers of medical ness to appropr iate for such project. · Here, as am confident that you will respond with researchers, teachers, and physicians. in other :fields, actions speak louder than dedication to its challenges. words. So the Federal Government's interest Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ is tangible and demonstrable. sent that the address by the Senator In addition, in this, the 86th Congress, an­ from Alaska be printed in the RECORD. other highly important joint resolution, There being no objection, the address known as the International Health and Extension of Medical Resources was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Medical Research Act of 1959 is slated, I as follows: hope, for early action. It is sponsored by Senator LISTER HILL, of Alabama, chairman ADDRESS OF SENATOR ERNEST GRUENING, OF of the Senate Committee on Labor and Pub­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ALASKA, AT THE DEDICATION OF THE D. SAM­ OF lic Welfare-the committee whose jurisdic­ UEL GOTTESMAN LIBRARY, MARY AND KARL tion includes both education and health. ROBBINS AUDITORIUM, MAX L. AND SADIE Cosponsored by 58 Senators, of whom I am HON. JACOB K. JAVITS FRIEDMAN STUDENT FACULTY LOUNGE AT THE happy to be one, this measure is designed to OF NEW YORK ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE OF establish the procedures which can mobilize IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES YESHIVA UNIVERSITY, APRIL 5, 1959 the Nation's health· resources so that our [t is a privilege to participl:).te in. any cere­ scientists can participate effectively in a co­ Wednesday, April15, 1959 mony which further commemorates the operative effort with the scientists of other Mr. JAVITS. On April 5 the Honor­ name of Albert Einstein, though it is beyond countries against the still unconquered able ERNEST GRUENING, U.S. Senator from the power of_the living to enhance by words diseases that afflict all mankind. Alaska, officiated at the dedication of a the fame of that great man. No posthumous It is scarcely necessary to enumerate these tributes can add one cubit to his stature. diseases to this assemblage. In 1957 cancer new library, auditorium, and lounge at He belongs to the ages. In tbe roster of killed one American every 2 minutes. If we the Albert Einstein College of Medicine immortals who have signally advanced the project that figure into a rough approxima­ of Yeshiva University in New York City. frontiers ·of knowledge, and whose contri­ tion of its worldwide toll-although we do The facilities dedicated were the butions were milestones in the progress ·of not have statistics available for the world D. Samuel Gottesman Library, the mankind, only a very few in all recorded his­ population-we will discover approximately Mary and Karl Robbins Auditorium, tory may be deemed. comparable: Archime­ one cancer fatality every 10 seconds on this and the Max L. and Sadie Friedman des, Copernicus, Galilee, Newton, Pasteur, planet. Many of the fatalities occur in early Darwin. But Einstein was not only a great adulthood. It is among the premature student-faculty lounge, constructed on scientist, he was al'So a great humanitarian­ deaths, among the parents of the young, the campus of the college of medicine. a philanthropist in the generic sense of that among the breadwinners, among those still The units, embodying the most modern word, a lover of his fellow man. He deeply in the prime of life, that are found the great facilities for medical education, were a sensed _the philosophic import of his cosmic personal tragedies. medical library with provisions for 200,- discoveries in physical science. He was Last year diseases of the heart and cardio­ 000 volumes and periodicals; -an audi­ keenly aware of their epoch-making impact. vascular system accounted for approximately torium seating 838, equipped for closed­ So it is doubly significant and twice just one-half of the total deaths from disease in circuit color television; and a student­ that the college of medicine of Yeshiva Uni­ the United Stat es-some 800,000, and of versityJwas named after him. For a college these more than one-fifth had not reached faculty lounge, providing for informal of medicine combines, as no other institution get-togethers of students and faculty. the age of retirement. could, pure science, of a character which Mental illness which now affects over 10 Speakers at the ceremony, in addi­ directly benefit$ both tbe individual and million _Americans and appears .to be on the tion to Senator GRUENING, were Dr. society, and extension of those benefits with increase, is a vast field only beginning to be Samuel Belkin,. president of Yeshiva a total disregard of barriers of race, creed, explored. University, and former New York State or country. What institution could be nobler in purpose? Modern invention, the steadily accelerat­ Attorney General Nathaniel L. Goldstein, ing tempo of contemporary life, ironically, I am happy to be here with you at the bring new medical problems. Automobiles chairman of the board of overseers of dedication of three important additions to the college of medicine. on the faster throughways increase the acci­ this already great and prospectively greater dent rate and require emergency antishock Addressing the assemblage of leaders and enduring institution-the library, audi­ treatment and surgery which were not re­ in industry, community affairs, and edu­ torium, and a student and faculty lounge. quired in th-e horse and buggy age. Aviation cation, Dr. Belkin declared: It is a welcome assignment to bring you the medicinE?-to take care of the physiological Let there be a friendly rivalry among sci­ greetings of the 49th State, and as a Member concomitants of ra.refied atmosphere, rapidly entists of different lands for new discoveries of the U.S. Senate, where Alaska is repre­ changing atmospheric pressures, and other against cancer, heart disease, and other dread sented for the first time. Alaska's elevation implications of supersonic speeds into. killers. Let the libraries of the great cities from territorialism and the recent admission space-is u pon us. This is a field closely vie with one another on the size and quality of Hawaii, which followed more or less nat­ linked with n ational security and the pres­ of their book collections. Let the major uni­ urally after Alaska had, so to speak, broken ervation of the freedom we enjoy. the ice, are important steps forward in the versities of different nations compete in the Radi;ttion from atomic fallout has brought scope and daring of their educational pro..: application of that most basic of American principles, the principle of government by new grave perils, new medical time-bombs, grams. Let nations be judged on the merits consent of the governed. the full import and consequences of which of their medical training and research rather we are not yet wholly aware, except that than on the size of their warheads. The Senate is deeply concerned with the they present new challenges both to medi­ In a greater sense and larger measure, we problems which this ceremony today signal­ cine anct to statesmanship. are dedicating ourselves here to the spiritual izes-health, medical education, and research It is the objective of this legislation now and democratic concept of the infinite worth to promote that health. A Senate resolution before the. Con gress to sound a call· for world and sacredness of the human personality. of the 85th Congress adopted as recently as last August authorizing a complete study of cooperation in an organized onslaught Because human life is sacred, it is our moral against disease and ill health and the r-esolu­ duty to do everything in our power to pre­ all matters pertaining to international tion has been given an appropriate short: serve it. health, research, rehabilitation, and assist­ title, namely "Health for Peace Act." It asks ance programs, was based 011 the declared' for an appropriation of $50 million annually. General Goldstein, referring to the assumption that "mankind's efforts-for the Its passage by the Congress will serve notice teamwork of scientists and businessmen conquest of disease have become a m atter to all peoples that the United States desires 1959 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 6075 worldwide cooperation, not for war among in both, having been elected president of chamber of commerce and to challenge nations, not for mutua.J. destruction of our of two societies that, in his lifetime, dealt these derelict publishers in their hometown. fellow human beings, but for an all-out war with each, the American Ophthalmological It was a bombshell, but it achieved the de­ against the common enemy of man. Mod· Society and the American Otological Society. sired result. ern methods of communication and trans­ Since his day otology has expanded its do­ But, before I turn from these personal portation render such cooperations more main, laterally and vertically, has annexed recollections to the important and stimu­ feasible. As the world has shrunk through the nose and throat, or perhaps better said, lating aspects of this occasion, I want to the annihilation of distance and reduction has formed a tripartite union with rhinol­ add that my medical education enabled me of travel time, cooperative effort is not only ogy and laryngology. But in earlier days to help build and develop a school of trop­ facllitated but is rendered more obligatory nose and throat were considered somewhat ical medicine in Puerto Rico, securing for through the rapid spread of infectious dis­ apart from eye and ear. Fortunately medi­ it from the Federal Government substantial eases which can span continents with a cal disciplines, unlike some labor unions, sums which I was dispensing as adminis­ speed heretofore nonexistent. are not prone to jurisdictional disputes. trator of an agency known as the Puerto It is an interesting fact that Senator So I grew up in a medical atmosphere and, Rico Reconstruction Administration, and, LISTER HILL, who is responsible for so much even as a boy, became familiar with the in­ later, to have the school of tropical medi-. good legislation dealing with health, such as stitutions that _my father served: The New cine expanded into the School of Medicine the Hill-Burton Hospital Act, is the son of a York Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Mount of Puerto Rico. noted American surgeon, Dr. Luther Hill, Sinai Hospital, and the German Hospital, While in Alaska, my medical education who was the _first to perform a success~ul l·ater renamed the Lenox Hill Hospital, in enabled me to work more effectively to suture of the human heart. He had st).ldied which he successively passed through the create a full-time department of health and in London under the great Sir Joseph Lister, 'various echelons and ultimately became the to make a start in combating tuberculosis who introduced aseptic techniques into sur­ consulting surgeon in his specialities in these and other endemic diseases there, after a gery, and had given his son the name of hospitals. While still in school, I watched virtually total neglect of public health by LISTER. him perform a mastoid operation at Mount the Federal authorities whose responsibility Likewise I want to bring you the greetings Sinai and remove a cataract at Eye and Ear. this had been during the first three-quarters of Alaska, until a few days ago I could have My father was once asked what the definition of a century of American rule in Alaska. said our youngest State, whose citizens will of a consulting surgeon was. In a humorous But, as I have pointed out, Alaska still be keenly interested in this young medical vein he replied wryly that a consulting sur­ lacks much that it needs in the way of school. At present only 118 physicians are geon was one who was called in at the last medical care and health facilities. Within licensed to practice in Alaska, an area one­ minute to share the blame. this month, one of my medical friends from fifth as large as the 48 States. Vast areas The assumption was inevitable that, as Fairbanks was here in the East looking for in that great domain lack adequate medical the only son in the family, I would follow in practitioners for his clinic, and similar services. This unfortunate condition exists father's footsteps, and I did study medicine shortages exist elsewhere. We know that in all but 11 of our largest communities and and obtained my M.D. at Harvard Medical our medical schools are not graduating the in the immediate surroundings of certain School. However fascinating the pursuit of number of physicians who are needed. I am hospitals established by the U.S. Public medicine, a number of factors led me to the confident that the Einstein College of Medi­ Health Service. These hospitals are de­ belief that I would .be happier in attempting cine will make a major contribution to al· signed to take care of our native popula­ to diagnose and treat the ills of the body leviating that deficiency. tion-"native" being an Alaskan word for politic rather than the ailments of the I will not burden you with statistics, but people of aboriginal descent, that is, of In­ bodies corporal. So I decided to give up one that is striking is that the medical dian, Eskimo, or Aleut blood, but, by a curi­ medicine and entered newspaper work, educational facilities in the United States ous reverse racial discrimination which we starting as a cub reporter. It was a serious with 80-odd medical schools have been in­ are trying to rectify, these agencies will not blow to my father. But he became recon­ sufficient to take care of half the applicants treat whites. Large Alaskan regions, the . ciled, after I had become an editorial writer or anywhere near the need. The number of Yukon Basin, many areas both coastal and and he found that a number of my editorials these applicants may be expected to increase in the interior, are almost totally lacking in were being reprinted in the Journal of the and in relation to population growth and medical services, and many of their people American Medical Association and hailed by need the percentage of accepted students to live and die without benefit of therapy. its editor as welcome examples of seldom diminish.· Hence the great value a11d im­ Alaska's crucial needs are best illustrated encountered correct comment on medical portance of the Einstein College of Medicine. by giving you these tragic facts: matters in the daily press of the day. This college emphasizes as no other in­ We have in Alaska the highest recorded So my medical education proved of great stitution could the international character rate of eye, ear, nose, and throat infections value in journalism, as it did likewise later of science and particularly of medicine. and their complications, such as mastoiditis. in government. In fact, one of my collateral Located in the most cosmopolitan metrop­ Although our incidence of tuberculosis efforts, although I was on what was known olis on earth, with populations of ethnic has been greatly reduced in recent years from as the editorial side of newspapers-as re­ groups often numerically greater than in the shocking ratio of nine times what it porter, copy desk editor, rewrite man, edi­ the largest cities in the land of their origins, was in the 48 States 10 years ago, it is still torial writer, city editor and managing edi­ a magnet for the greatest talent, a recep­ a great and smoldering danger. tor-was to try to persuade the business office tiveness to that talent, regardless of race of the newspapers for which I worked to ban or creed, it furnishes, in this land of free­ Infant mortality is high in rural Alaska, medical advertising. mostly in children less than a year old, and dom, the ideal center of hospitality for the In those days, the first and second decades scientists of lands less free. this is largely due to nutritional and hygiene of the century, advertising of quack doctors factors. and of patent medicines that were guaran­ Such was Abraham Jacobi, who, impris­ Den tal disease in rural Alaska is extreme teed to cure cancer, tuberculosis, venereal oned in Germany for participating in the and exerts an inevitable adverse infiuence disease, "female troubles" and every known revolution of 1848, escaped and here in New on general health. Some communities have ailment, was carried almost universally in York established the first pediatric clinic never had dental care. Instead they have the daily press. The lucrative patent medi­ in America. Such was Albert Einstein and dental caries. cine business was exposed by Samuel Hop­ countless other physicians and scientists These conditions are the heritage of kins Adams, a great journalist, who died only driven from their homeland by the obscur­ nearly a century of colonialism. We have a few months ago at the age of 88, in a mem­ antism and racism of Hitler. Here were wel­ liquidated that colonialism on paper, orable series of articles in Collier's weekly, comed the refugees from Mussolini's Italy, through statehood, but the economic and labeled "The Great American Fraud," sub­ from Franco's Spain. Here are welcome and social consequences of those 92 years of sequently published in book form. The un­ will be welcomed whatever freedom-loving neglect and discrimination remain to be dis­ holy collusion between newspapers and this men and women have defected or will defect posed of. And here is a challenge for the fraudulent medical advertising he subse­ from the tyranny of Communist imperial­ forthcoming graduates of this and other quently unmasked in fiction form in a novel ism, or of any other police state. medical schools, as well as for our State and called "The Clarion," whose scene was laid In this age which has witnessed such a Federal authorities. in a New York up-State city where some resurgence of nationalism, has seen the erec­ I am not quite sure why I was so signally widely publicized patent medicines were tion of barriers to travel and intercourse honored with the opportunity to dedicate manufactured and indeed were one of that which a g:meration ago we believed had been these great new additions to the Einstein Col­ community's principal industries. "The forever outgrown, it is more than ever im­ lege of Medicine. Perhaps an explanation Clarion," in the novel, was the name of a portant to insist upon the international may be found in some personal references. locally published daily trying to free itself character of the profession of healing. In Medicine has played an important part in from that industry's control. no arena of human endeavor have the men my life. My father was a practicing physi­ Adam's crusading served to awaken the and women of so many nations contributed cian in New Yor-k. He was an oculist and public conscience and to mobilize public as they have to the advancement of medical an aurist, probably the last man to practice sentiment by making clear that, through science. both these specialties in Manhattan, where, the publication of these fraudulent nos­ Hippocr?.tes the Greek, father of medicine; prior to his death in 1914, these two impor­ trums, newspaper publishers were acces­ Galen the Roman; Avicenna the Persian were tant branches of medicine, as in other met­ sorles to the killing of innocent people. I among the pioneers in what was then the art ropolitan areas, had come to be separately found it helpful to get Samuel Hopkins of healing. We need but name a few of the practiced. My father attained distinction Adams to come to Boston to address its luminaries whose work advanced medicine 6076 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE April 15- into a science to make clear beyond pre­ This great Mary and Karl Robbins Audi­ families. Secretary Benson has done this adventure the international character o! torium, visually linked to vital points in in record amounts of food a.nd dollars to medicine. - the medical center with its closed-circuit a record number of Americans who are re­ Vesalius and Leeuwenhoek, from the Neth­ television, its modern equipment for audi­ sponding in record volume of -complaints erlands; Arrhenius the Scandinavian; Harvey, to-ry and visual oommunication, a center for about the quantity, quality, and variety. Jenner, Bright, and Lister, Englishmen; the dissemination of information to medical Next? Well, the trend of legislation in Pasteur, the Curies, Binet, Charcot, from and lay public alike on prevention and care the 86th Congress is to vest more a.nd more France; Casal, the Spaniard;_ Helmholtz, of disease and on the maintenance of health. authority in federalia. Specifically, 1t may Virchow, Graefe, Roentgen,' Koch, Ehrlich, This bright and cheerful lounge named for not be long before the Agriculture Secre­ Germans; Mendel and Freud, from Austria; Max L. and Sadie Friedman, which will serve tary not only assigns food to th._e needy, but Banting, from Canada; Metchnikoff and Pav­ as a meeting ground for faculty and students fetches it to the door. And pretty soon, as lov, from Russia; Noguchi and Takamine, and as a place for pleasurable relaxation and Congress broadens the definition of "needy," from Japan-these are only a few of a glor­ social contact. we can expect to find huge areas in the ious list before we come to the great con­ I would like, in conclusion, if it were not United States where people will learn to tributions of our fellow Americans with Jonas deemed inappropriate, to paraphrase and sing for then· supper while obliging bureauc­ Salk and his antipolio vaccine as the latest adapt the immortal words of Abraham Lin­ racies serve it up. bright star in the international galaxy. I coln: If this seems alien to the American tradi­ hesitate to venture into an enumeration of We cannot dedicate these great gifts for tion, the reason may be that our legislators the other stars in the American medical the welfare of mankind. The Jewish peo­ are turning to non-American models for firmament. That would constitute a major ple, in their unquenched idealism, in their social betterment. In a major speech in sup­ address all by itself. age-long martyrdom, in their unremitting port of his own area redevelopment bill, This vast medical center which has arisen devotion to freedom, in their unceasing quest which was recently passed by the Senate from a wasteland in six miraculously short for the higher and better life, have dedicated 49-46, Senator PAUL DOUGLAS told a Friday years, the buildings we are today dedicating, these facilities far beyond our poor power to afternoon Senate audience (about six or were born of a rare teamwork of business­ add or detract. The world will little note eight Senators when I was there) that the men and scientists, idealists all, yet practical nor long remember what is said here. But nearly $400 million measure for rebuilding men and women. These farsighted and pub­ uncounted tenz of thousands through the rural-urban slums "would not result in a lic spirited citizens were fired with the vision years to come wm. never forget what will radical new program which has never been of a Jewish-sponsored medical school-the be done here. tried." Was Mr. DouGLAS saying that Fed­ first in our Nation's history. It would, they eral factory-building was an old American knew, continue the age-old contributions of usage? Oh, no. "The countries of Western the Jewish people to the health and welfare Europe," he went on, "have had similar pro­ -of mankind. They helped build this city of Holmes, Sweet Holmes grams • * * the financing * • * made pos­ training, research, and healing that sur­ sible by U.S. foreign aid dollars." rounds us here. They gave freely of their Well, I thought I'd heard everything till thought, their time, and their money to EXTENSION OF REMARKS now. The DouGLAS line of reasoning is that achieve that great objective. OF the American communities are comparable They hoped, and their hope will be gen­ to the foreign lands which were laid to waste erously fulfilled, to emphasize by this crea­ HON. KEN HECHLER by war and then threatened by Communist tion that we are well into the golden era of OF WEST VIRGINIA overthrow. Great Britain actually went to the halfway house of national socialism and medicine, the rapidity of whose advances IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES must be consonant with the urgency of this Senator DouGLAS cited, with seeming ap­ age. They want to accelerate the great Wednesday, April15, 1959 proval, the British Distribution of Industry progress made in recent years-to spare the Act, passed in 1945 and extended last year. deaths and personal tragedies that came to Mr. HECHLER. Mr. Speaker, the fol­ Under this British law, any community many stricken by illnesses for which a few lowing syndicated column by Holmes having a high rate of unemployment which short years later a cure was found. They Alexander appeared in recent issues of is likely to persist would get preferential were aware that in the last 10 years, due the Parkersburg (W.Va.) News, Charles­ treatment by the Government. This is leg­ largely to the discovery of sulfa drugs and ton (W. Va.) Daily Mail, and many islation which flies in the face of Nature by antibiotics, the death rate has declined al­ newspapers through the country: promoting the preservation of unfit com.:. most 12 percent. This means that 1,700,000 munities. The only foreseeable result would Americans are alive today who but for med­ HECHLER PREACHES MUTINY ON THE BOUNTY be to perpetuate the obsolete sites where in­ ical research would be in their graves. BUT FINDS HE Is FLOGGING WRONG CULPRIT dustry and agriculture have failed, and to They knew that surgical techniques had (By Holmes Alexander) prevent the natural birth of new cities and advanced so far that the touch-me-nots of WASHINGTON, D.C.-Congressman KEN farm communities where the future wealth yesteryear now hopefully invite the newer HECHLER, who represents 10 West Virginia must be created, if at all. skills of surgeon and anesthetist, which save counties in the Ohio River Valley, was Thus Congressman HECHLER and Senator lives that but a few years ago would have preaching mutiny on the bounty. He was DouGLAS are double-teaming, the former to been doomed. telling the House Agriculture Committee pin down the population of our migratory They had seen the passing or great diminu­ that the free food for needy families in his race with drive-in restaurant service from. tion of the infectious diseases that a gen­ district was not enough and not what the the Federal granaries, the latter to invest in eration ago swept communities with epi­ needy people were demanding. ghost towns and to make it the business of demic virulence. They have seen the in­ Congressman HECHLER, born on Long Congress to prevent (although it won't cidence and fatality of diphtheria, typhoid Island and brought up in Missouri, is a work) the founding of new Detroits and fu­ fever, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, pneumonia, strolling New Dealer who recently came to ture Pittsburghs. poliomyelitis, and much else, greatly dimin­ West Virginia and won this seat last year There is no denying that the industrial ished. They have seen life -expectancy stead­ in the Democratic landslide. Now he was revolution has brought privation and hard ily increased. But they have also seen can­ laying into the Republican Secretary of luck to many Congressional Districts and cer and heart disease take their steady, per­ Agriculture with charges of ignorant indif­ States. But this is a modern problem, eve::1 haps increasing, toll. They have seen little ference to human suffering ("Let 'em eat futuristic. It won't be solved by imitating headway made against crippling arthritis. shrimp cocktails") and was tagging the Re­ the Phar,aohs and building pyramids with So they have deployed the laboratories, publican administration with spending bil­ gang labor in the unproductive desert sands. the classrooms, the operating rooms, the lions for defense and peanuts for tribula­ Mr. Speaker, I am tickled pink that therapeutic apparatus, the most m

and passion for the coronation of right­ And, as with his faith, we face the SENATE eousness and decency in international crisis of the coming days- affairs, across these critical years, have THURSDAY, APRIL 16, 1959 God be in our head, been a bulwark of our liberties and the And in our understanding;