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Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Mercury Data Report

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Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Mercury Data Report Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Mercury Data Report February 2004 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office (G-17J) 77 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604 EPA 905 R-01-012 Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Mercury Data Report Prepared for: US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office 77 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago, Illinois 60604 Prepared by: Harry B. McCarty, Ph.D., Ken Miller, Robert N. Brent, Ph.D., and Judy Schofield DynCorp (a CSC Company) 6101 Stevenson Avenue Alexandria, Virginia 22304 and Ronald Rossmann, Ph.D. US EPA Office of Research and Development Large Lakes Research Station 9311 Groh Road Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138 February 2004 Acknowledgments This report was prepared under the direction of Glenn Warren, Project Officer, USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office; and Louis Blume, Work Assignment Manager and Quality Assurance Officer, USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office (GLNPO). The report was prepared by Harry B. McCarty, Ken Miller, Robert N. Brent, and Judy Schofield, with DynCorp’s Science and Engineering Programs, and Ronald Rossmann, USEPA Large Lakes Research Station, with significant contributions from the LMMB Principal Investigators for mercury and Molly Middlebrook, of DynCorp. GLNPO thanks these investigators and their associates for their technical support in project development and implementation. Ronald Rossmann wishes to thank Theresa Uscinowicz for assistance with collection, preparation, and analysis of the samples; special thanks to staff of the NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Great Lakes Water Institute Center for Great Lakes Studies, USEPA Great Lakes National Program, and USEPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division for collection of the samples. GLNPO also thanks the following reviewers of the draft report for their comments and observations: Barbara Carney, U.S. Department of Energy; Dr. Malcolm Meaburn, NOAA/Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory; Dr. Carl Watras, Environmental Research and Consulting; and Frank Anscombe and Alexis Cain, EPA Region 5. The information in this document has been funded wholly (or in part) by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. LMMB Principal Investigators for Mercury Gerald Keeler, Ph.D. (atmosphere) Ronald Rossmann, Ph.D. (sediment) School of Public Health Environmental Health Large Lakes Research Station Sciences USEPA University of Michigan Grosse Ile, Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan James Hurley, Ph.D. (tributary) Edward Nater, Ph.D. (plankton) Bureau of Research Department of Soil, Water, and Climate Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources University of Minnesota Monona Wisconsin, and St. Paul, Minnesota Water Science and Engineering Laboratory University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin Robert Mason, Ph.D. (open lake) Jerome Nriagu, Ph.D. (fish) Chesapeake Biological Laboratory School of Public Health University of Maryland Department of Environmental Health Sciences Center for Environmental Science University of Michigan Solomons, Maryland Ann Arbor, Michigan i Table of Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................... i Executive S ummary ............................................................... ES-1 Chapter 1 Project O verview .........................................................1-1 1.1 Background ..........................................................1-1 1.2 Description ...........................................................1-1 1.3 Scope ...............................................................1-2 1.3.1 Modeled P ollutants................................................1-2 1.3.1.1Polychlorinated B iphenyls ....................................1-2 1.3.1.2trans-Nonachlor ............................................1-3 1.3.1.3Atrazine ................................................... 1-4 1.3.1.4Mercury ..................................................1-4 1.3.2 Other Measured Parameters .........................................1-6 1.3.3 Measured Compartments ...........................................1-7 1.4 Objectives ...........................................................1-9 1.5 Design ..............................................................1-9 1.5.1 Organization .....................................................1-9 1.5.2 Study P articipants ................................................1-9 1.5.3 Workgroups ....................................................1-10 1.5.4 Information M anagement ..........................................1-11 1.5.4.1Data R eporting ............................................1-11 1.5.4.2Great L akes E nvironmental M onitoring D atabase ................. 1-11 1.5.4.3Public Access to LMMB Data ................................1-12 1.5.5 Quality Assurance Program ........................................1-14 1.6 Project Documents and Products .........................................1-15 Chapter 2 Mercury S tudy O verview ...................................................2-1 2.1 Mercury Introduction ...................................................2-1 2.1.1 Physical/Chemical P roperties ........................................2-1 2.1.2 Mercury Production, Uses, and Releases ...............................2-1 2.1.3 Regulatory Background ............................................2-3 2.1.4 Fate a nd E ffects ..................................................2-4 2.1.5 Biological T ransformations .........................................2-5 2.1.6 Toxicity ........................................................2-5 2.2 Study D esign .........................................................2-6 2.2.1 Description ......................................................2-6 2.2.2 Scope ..........................................................2-7 2.2.3 Organization/Management ..........................................2-7 2.3 Sampling L ocations ....................................................2-7 2.3.1 Atmospheric Components ..........................................2-7 2.3.2 Tributaries ......................................................2-8 2.3.3 Open L ake .....................................................2-11 2.3.4 Sediment .......................................................2-11 2.3.5 Lower Pelagic Food Web Organisms .................................2-14 2.3.6 Fish ...........................................................2-14 2.4 Sampling Methods ....................................................2-15 2.4.1 Atmospheric Components .........................................2-15 2.4.1.1Vapor F raction ............................................2-15 2.4.1.2Particulate F raction .........................................2-15 2.4.1.3Precipitation F raction .......................................2-16 iii Results of the LMMB Study: Mercury Data Report 2.4.2 Tributaries .....................................................2-16 2.4.3 Open L ake .....................................................2-16 2.4.4 Sediment .......................................................2-16 2.4.5 Lower Pelagic Food Web Organisms .................................2-17 2.4.6 Fish ...........................................................2-17 2.5 Analytical Methods ...................................................2-17 2.5.1 Atmospheric Components .........................................2-18 2.5.1.1Vapor F raction ............................................2-18 2.5.1.2Particulate F raction .........................................2-18 2.5.1.3Precipitation F raction .......................................2-18 2.5.2 Tributaries .....................................................2-18 2.5.3 Open L ake W ater ................................................2-18 2.5.4 Sediment .......................................................2-18 2.5.5 Lower Pelagic Food Web Organisms .................................2-19 2.5.6 Fish ...........................................................2-19 2.6 Quality Implementation and Assessment ...................................2-19 Chapter 3 Mercury in Atmospheric Components .........................................3-1 3.1 Results ..............................................................3-1 3.1.1 Vapor F raction ...................................................3-1 3.1.1.1Geographical V ariation ....................................... 3-2 3.1.1.2Seasonal V ariation ..........................................3-2 3.1.2 Particulate F raction ...............................................3-4 3.1.2.1Geographical V ariation ....................................... 3-4 3.1.2.2Seasonal V ariation ..........................................3-5 3.1.3 Precipitation F raction ..............................................3-6 3.1.3.1Geographical V ariation ....................................... 3-6 3.1.3.2Seasonal V ariation ..........................................3-8 3.2 Quality Implementation and Assessment ....................................3-9 3.3 Data I nterpretation ....................................................3-12 3.3.1 Atmospheric S ources .............................................3-12 3.3.2 Seasonal C onsiderations ...........................................3-12 3.3.3 Regional C onsiderations ..........................................3-13 Chapter 4 Mercury i n T ributaries .....................................................4-1 4.1 Results ..............................................................4-1
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