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Sound and the Ear Chapter 2
© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter© Jones & Bartlett 2 Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sound and the Ear © Jones Karen &J. Kushla,Bartlett ScD, Learning, CCC-A, FAAA LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Lecturer NOT School FOR of SALE Communication OR DISTRIBUTION Disorders and Deafness NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Kean University © Jones & Bartlett Key Learning, Terms LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR Acceleration DISTRIBUTION Incus NOT FOR SALE OR Saccule DISTRIBUTION Acoustics Inertia Scala media Auditory labyrinth Inner hair cells Scala tympani Basilar membrane Linear scale Scala vestibuli Bel Logarithmic scale Semicircular canals Boyle’s law Malleus Sensorineural hearing loss Broca’s area © Jones & Bartlett Mass Learning, LLC Simple harmonic© Jones motion (SHM) & Bartlett Learning, LLC Brownian motion Membranous labyrinth Sound Cochlea NOT FOR SALE OR Mixed DISTRIBUTION hearing loss Stapedius muscleNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Compression Organ of Corti Stapes Condensation Osseous labyrinth Tectorial membrane Conductive hearing loss Ossicular chain Tensor tympani muscle Decibel (dB) Ossicles Tonotopic organization © Jones Decibel & hearing Bartlett level (dB Learning, HL) LLC Outer ear © Jones Transducer & Bartlett Learning, LLC Decibel sensation level (dB SL) Outer hair cells Traveling wave theory NOT Decibel FOR sound SALE pressure OR level DISTRIBUTION -
Specialized for Sound Detection A. Outer
EAR © 2019zillmusom I. Overview - specialized for sound detection A. Outer ear - funnel shaped structure of cartilage and skin that leads to Tympanic membrane; directs sound toward Tympanic membrane; helps detect source of sound. B. Middle ear - air filled chamber that contains bones (ossicles) that link Tympanic membrane to cochlea; also contains muscles that dampen sounds; middle ear is linked to Nasopharynx by auditory tube which allows for equilibration of air pressure on inner side of Tympanic membrane. C. Inner ear - fluid filled chamber in petrous part of temporal bone; inner ear contains Cochlea (hearing) and Vestibular apparatus for gravity detection (both innervated by CN VIII). Clinical Note: Functioning of inner ear can be tested independently by vibrations transmitted directly through bone (Weber test: tuning fork on calvarium is perceived as sound); CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS - damage to middle ear (tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles); SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS - damage to inner ear (cochlea, CN VIII). II. Outer Ear - composed of two parts: A. Auricle (pinna) - elastic cartilage covered with skin; functions to reflect sound waves. Parts: helix, antihelix, tragus and lobule. Decorative Note: Cartilage does not extend into Lobule; Lobule can be readily pierced to provide support for decorative metal objects. B. External auditory meatus - tube from auricle to the Tympanic membrane; posterior to Parotid gland and TMJ (Temporomandibular joint); located anterior to mastoid process. Outer third consists of elastic cartilage; contains hairs, sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands (produce cerumen = ear wax); serves to protect Tympanic membrane; Inner two thirds is composed of bone lined with skin. Clinical note: External auditory meatus is curved anteriorly in adults, is straight in children; in adults, auricle is pulled up and back to insert otoscope. -
ANATOMY of EAR Basic Ear Anatomy
ANATOMY OF EAR Basic Ear Anatomy • Expected outcomes • To understand the hearing mechanism • To be able to identify the structures of the ear Development of Ear 1. Pinna develops from 1st & 2nd Branchial arch (Hillocks of His). Starts at 6 Weeks & is complete by 20 weeks. 2. E.A.M. develops from dorsal end of 1st branchial arch starting at 6-8 weeks and is complete by 28 weeks. 3. Middle Ear development —Malleus & Incus develop between 6-8 weeks from 1st & 2nd branchial arch. Branchial arches & Development of Ear Dev. contd---- • T.M at 28 weeks from all 3 germinal layers . • Foot plate of stapes develops from otic capsule b/w 6- 8 weeks. • Inner ear develops from otic capsule starting at 5 weeks & is complete by 25 weeks. • Development of external/middle/inner ear is independent of each other. Development of ear External Ear • It consists of - Pinna and External auditory meatus. Pinna • It is made up of fibro elastic cartilage covered by skin and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles. • Various landmarks on the pinna are helix, antihelix, lobule, tragus, concha, scaphoid fossa and triangular fossa • Pinna has two surfaces i.e. medial or cranial surface and a lateral surface . • Cymba concha lies between crus helix and crus antihelix. It is an important landmark for mastoid antrum. Anatomy of external ear • Landmarks of pinna Anatomy of external ear • Bat-Ear is the most common congenital anomaly of pinna in which antihelix has not developed and excessive conchal cartilage is present. • Corrections of Pinna defects are done at 6 years of age. -
Lipoma on the Antitragus of the Ear Hyeree Kim, Sang Hyun Cho, Jeong Deuk Lee, Hei Sung Kim* Department of Dermatology, Incheon St
www.symbiosisonline.org Symbiosis www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com Letter to Editor Clinical Research in Dermatology: Open Access Open Access Lipoma on the antitragus of the ear Hyeree Kim, Sang Hyun Cho, Jeong Deuk Lee, Hei Sung Kim* Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Received: February 29, 2016; Accepted: March 25, 2016; Published: March 30, 2016 *Corresponding author: Hei Sung Kim, Professsor, Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 56 Donsuro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 403-720, Korea. Tel: 82-32-280-5100; Fax: 82-2-506-9514; E-mail: [email protected] on the ear, most are located in internal auditory canals, where Keywords: Auricular Lipoma; Ear helix lipoma; Cartilagiouslipoma; Antitragallipoma approximately 150 cases have been reported in the literature worldwide [3]. Lipomas rarely originate from the external ear where only a few cases have been reported from the ear lobule Dear Editor, [4], and a only three cases from the ear helix [1,6,7] Bassem et al. Lipomas are the most common soft-tissue neoplasm [1, reported a case of lipoma of the pinnal helix on the 82-year-old 5]. Although they affect individuals of a wide age range, they woman, which presented a single, 3x3x2cm-sized, pedunculated occur predominantly in adults between the ages of 40 and 60 mass [1]. Mohammad and Ahmed reported two cases of years [5]. They most commonly present as painless, slowly cartiligious lipoma, one is conchal lipoma and the other is helical enlarging subcutaneous mass on the trunk, neck, or extremities. -
Lipoma on the Antitragus of the Ear Hyeree Kim, Sang Hyun Cho, Jeong Deuk Lee, Hei Sung Kim* Department of Dermatology, Incheon St
www.symbiosisonline.org Symbiosis www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com Letter to Editor Clinical Research in Dermatology: Open Access Open Access Lipoma on the antitragus of the ear Hyeree Kim, Sang Hyun Cho, Jeong Deuk Lee, Hei Sung Kim* Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Received: February 29, 2016; Accepted: March 25, 2016; Published: March 30, 2016 *Corresponding author: Hei Sung Kim, Professsor, Department of Dermatology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 56 Donsuro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 403-720, Korea. Tel: 82-32-280-5100; Fax: 82-2-506-9514; E-mail: [email protected] on the ear, most are located in internal auditory canals, where Keywords: Auricular Lipoma; Ear helix lipoma; Cartilagiouslipoma; Antitragallipoma approximately 150 cases have been reported in the literature worldwide [3]. Lipomas rarely originate from the external ear where only a few cases have been reported from the ear lobule Dear Editor, [4], and a only three cases from the ear helix [1,6,7] Bassem et al. Lipomas are the most common soft-tissue neoplasm [1, reported a case of lipoma of the pinnal helix on the 82-year-old 5]. Although they affect individuals of a wide age range, they woman, which presented a single, 3x3x2cm-sized, pedunculated occur predominantly in adults between the ages of 40 and 60 mass [1]. Mohammad and Ahmed reported two cases of years [5]. They most commonly present as painless, slowly cartiligious lipoma, one is conchal lipoma and the other is helical enlarging subcutaneous mass on the trunk, neck, or extremities. -
Titel NAV + Total*
NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA FIFTH EDITION (revised version) Prepared by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.G.A.N.) and authorized by the General Assembly of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.) Knoxville, TN (U.S.A.) 2003 Published by the Editorial Committee Hannover (Germany), Columbia, MO (U.S.A.), Ghent (Belgium), Sapporo (Japan) 2012 NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA (2012) CONTENTS CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................................................. iii Procedure to Change Terms ................................................................................................. vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... vii History ............................................................................................................................. vii Principles of the N.A.V. ................................................................................................... xi Hints for the User of the N.A.V....................................................................................... xii Brief Latin Grammar for Anatomists ............................................................................. xiii Termini situm et directionem partium corporis indicantes .................................................... 1 Termini ad membra spectantes ............................................................................................. -
SOME GROSS ANATOMICAL STUDIES on the EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS and CARTILAGES of the EXTERNAL EAR in the RABBIT Farag, F.M.M ABSTRACT
KafrelsheikhSome Gross AnatomicalVet. Med. J. Studies Vol. 6 No.On 2The (2008) External (174- 195Acoustic) Meatus ... Farag, F.M.M SOME GROSS ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON THE EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS AND CARTILAGES OF THE EXTERNAL EAR IN THE RABBIT Farag, F.M.M ABSTRACT This work was carried out on the heads of ten apparently healthy rabbits of various age and sex. The available literatures dealing with the gross anatomy of the external ear of various species of domestic animals were reviewed. The Manual dissection as well as the dry skull specimens were used according to the purpose under investigation. A comprehensive description of the external acoustic meatus as well as the various cartilages of the external ear was done. The results obtained were discussed with those recorded on the corresponding scopes in the other species of the domestic animals. INTRODUCTION The study of the anatomy of the rabbit in the last years attracted the attention of many investigators .The ear of all higher mammals composed of three divisions namely the external, middle and internal ear. These anatomical divisions serve to play two important functions; the hearing as a special exteroceptive sense of the cochlear division and equilibrium as a special proprioceptive sense of the vestibular division (Jenkins,1972). However the auricle of the external ear plays an important role in collecting more sound waves through its movement. It also tagged, notches or tattooed for the identification of the animal. Moreover, the external ear is often exposed to many surgical problems as 174 Kafr El-Sheikh Vet.Med.J. Vol. 1 No.1 (2003) Some Gross Anatomical Studies On The External Acoustic Meatus .. -
Effectiveness of Ear Molding in the Treatment of Congenital Auricular Deformity
CHINA CLINIcaL STUDIES IV ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effectiveness Of Ear Molding In the Treatment Of Congenital Auricular Deformity Corresponding authors: CHEN Peiwei 1 LI Jie 2 ZHAO Abstract Objective: To evaluate the short-term efficacy of ear molding in the treatment of congenital Shouqin 1 YANG Jingsong 1 DOU auricular deformity. Jingmin 1 WEI Chenyi 1 Methods: 24 infants (28 ears) were treated with ear molding device (EarWell Infant Ear Correction System). Doctors and parents were surveyed 1 month after treatment. Results: All cases were treated successfully without severe complications. 25 ears (89%) and 26 ears (92%) were rated as very satisfied or satisfied by doctors and parents, respectively. Conclusion: Ear molding is a noninvasive treatment, and effectively corrects congenital auricular deformity. Key words: Ear Disease; Deformity; Retrospective Study; Ear Molding. INFORMATION Exclusion Criteria Auricular deformities are classified into structural malformation and Age over 3 months; premature delivery; weight less than 2.5 kg; morphological malformation [1]. The former usually refers to the hypo- pathological jaundice, pneumonia and other systemic diseases. plasia of the auricle caused by the coloboma of skin and cartilage. The latter is the abnormal morphology of the well-developed auricle, which Overall 24 sick children (28 ears) were recruited for this treatment, could cause negative effects to the psychological development and so- including 14 males, 10 females, 16 right ears and 12 left ears. The age cial activities of children. Unlike structural malformations, such as mi- range for the recruited patients is 17-77 days, with a median age of 40.5 crotia, which must be corrected by auricle reconstruction, the auricle days. -
Congenital and Acquired Ear Deformities; Treatment Modalities
Congenital and acquired ear deformities; treatment modalities Marieke Petra van Wijk Author: M.P. van Wijk Cover: Ilse Modder, www.ilsemodder.nl Lay-out: Ilse Modder, www.ilsemodder.nl Print by: Gildeprint – Enschede, www.gildeprint.nl ISBN: 978-94-6323-565-5 © M.P. van Wijk, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2019. All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission of the author. Congenital and acquired ear deformities; treatment modalities Aangeboren en verworven oorschelpafwijkingen; behandelwijzen (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 23 april 2019 des middags te 2.30 uur door Marieke Petra van Wijk geboren op zaterdag 15 mei 1976 te Groningen promotor: Prof. dr. M. Kon copromotor: Dr. C. C. Breugem Paranimfen: Mw. Dr. E.M.L Corten Mw. Dr. A.L van Rijssen Leescommissie: Prof. Dr. J.J.M. van Delden Prof. Dr. R.L.A.W Bleys Prof. Dr. C.M.A.M. van der Horst Prof. Dr. R.J. Stokroos Prof. Dr. E.E.S. Nieuwenhuis TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. 11 Introduction and aim of the thesis Chapter 2. 29 Non-surgical correction of congenital deformities of the auricle: a systematic review of the literature. van Wijk MP, Breugem CC, Kon M. -
Practice Preparatory Exam for Auriculotherapy Course
Practice Preparatory Exam for Auriculotherapy Course 1. The Inverted Fetus perspective of localizing ear reflex points was first discovered by _________. a) Hippocrates of Greece b) Nanking Army Ear Acupuncture Research Team of China c) H.L. Wen of Hong Kong d) Dr. Paul Nogier of France 2. A Cutaneo - Organic Reflex refers to neurological connections which go from ______________ a) the somatotopic cerebral cortex to synapse on the spinal cord b) a somatic tactile nerve projecting onto an autonomic sympathetic nerve c) the skin of a microsystem point sending reflex signals to its corresponding body organ d) an internal organ radiating subtle energy waves to a remote body area 3. The origins of the word “Somatotopic” refer to ______________. a) the curving contours of the auricular anatomy b) the electrical activity of reflex neurons in the brain c) a schematic picture organized like a map of the body d) any psychosomatic disorder involving pain sensations from the body 4. Auricular reflex points are typically more reactive on the ear that is on the same side of the body where there is physical pathology, than on the ear opposite to the pathological side of the body, which is referred to as a(n) ______________. a) Contralateral effect b) Ipsilateral effect c) Bilateral effect d) Oscillating effect 5. The embryological tissue layer which ultimately becomes both the skin and the nervous system, and is represented on the auricle in the outer helix and ear lobe, is called the ____________. a) Ectodermal layer b) Endodermal layer c) Mesodermal layer d) Intradermal layer 1 6. -
Evaluation of Human Ear Anatomy and Functionality by Axiomatic Design
biomimetics Article Evaluation of Human Ear Anatomy and Functionality by Axiomatic Design Pratap Sriram Sundar 1, Chandan Chowdhury 2 and Sagar Kamarthi 3,* 1 Indian School of Business, Mohali 160062, India; [email protected] 2 Indian School of Business, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500111, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-373-3070 Abstract: The design of the human ear is one of nature’s engineering marvels. This paper examines the merit of ear design using axiomatic design principles. The ear is the organ of both hearing and balance. A sensitive ear can hear frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The vestibular apparatus of the inner ear is responsible for the static and dynamic equilibrium of the human body. The ear is divided into the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear, which play their respective functional roles in transforming sound energy into nerve impulses interpreted in the brain. The human ear has many modules, such as the pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, eustachian tube, cochlea, semicircular canals, cochlear nerve, and vestibular nerve. Each of these modules has several subparts. This paper tabulates and maps the functional requirements (FRs) of these modules onto design parameters (DPs) that nature has already chosen. The “independence axiom” of the axiomatic design methodology is applied to analyze couplings and to evaluate if human ear design is a good design (i.e., uncoupled design) or a bad design (i.e., coupled design). The analysis revealed that the human ear is a perfect design because it is an uncoupled structure. -
Tympanic Membrane (Membrana Tympanica, Myrinx)
Auditory and vestibular system Auris, is = Us, oton Auditory and vestibular system • external ear (auris externa) • middle ear (auris media) • internal ear (auris interna) = organum vestibulo- cochleare External ear (Auris externa) • auricle (auricula, pinna) – elastic cartilage • external acoustic meatus (meatus acusticus externus) • tympanic membrane (membrana tympanica, myrinx) • helix Auricle – crus, spina, cauda – (tuberculum auriculare Darwini, apex auriculae) • antihelix – crura, fossa triangularis • scapha • concha auriculae – cymba, cavitas • tragus • antitragus • incisura intertragica • lobulus auriculae posterior surface = negative image of the anterior one ligaments: lig. auriculare ant., sup., post. muscles – innervation: n. facialis • extrinsic muscles = facial muscles – mm. auriculares (ant., sup., post.) – m. temporoparietalis • intrinsic muscles: rudimentary – m. tragicus + antitragicus – m. helicis major+minor – m. obliquus + transversus auriculae, m. pyramidalis auriculae cartilage: cartilago auriculae - elastic skin: dorsally more loosen, ventrally firmly fixed to perichondrium - othematoma Auricle – supply • arteries: a. temporalis superficialis → rr. auriculares ant. a. carotis externa → a. auricularis post. • veins: v. jugularis ext. • lymph: nn.ll. parotidei, mastoidei • nerves: sensory – nn. auriculares ant. from n. auriculotemporalis (ventrocranial 2/3) – r. auricularis n. X. (concha) – n. occipitalis minor (dosrocranial) – n. auricularis magnus (cudal) motor: n. VII. External acoustic meatus (meatus acusticus