Sound and the Ear Chapter 2
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Decoding Articulatory Features from Fmri Responses in Dorsal Speech Regions
The Journal of Neuroscience, November 11, 2015 • 35(45):15015–15025 • 15015 Behavioral/Cognitive Decoding Articulatory Features from fMRI Responses in Dorsal Speech Regions Joao M. Correia, Bernadette M.B. Jansma, and Milene Bonte Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands The brain’s circuitry for perceiving and producing speech may show a notable level of overlap that is crucial for normal development and behavior. The extent to which sensorimotor integration plays a role in speech perception remains highly controversial, however. Meth- odological constraints related to experimental designs and analysis methods have so far prevented the disentanglement of neural responses to acoustic versus articulatory speech features. Using a passive listening paradigm and multivariate decoding of single-trial fMRIresponsestospokensyllables,weinvestigatedbrain-basedgeneralizationofarticulatoryfeatures(placeandmannerofarticulation, and voicing) beyond their acoustic (surface) form in adult human listeners. For example, we trained a classifier to discriminate place of articulation within stop syllables (e.g., /pa/ vs /ta/) and tested whether this training generalizes to fricatives (e.g., /fa/ vs /sa/). This novel approach revealed generalization of place and manner of articulation at multiple cortical levels within the dorsal auditory pathway, including auditory, sensorimotor, motor, and somatosensory regions, suggesting -
Perstimuiatory and Poststimulatory Fatigue In
Perstimulatory and poststimulatory fatigue in pitch perception Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Antinoro, Frank Joseph, 1941- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 09:40:58 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/317838 PERSTIMUIATORY AND POSTSTIMULATORY FATIGUE IN PITCH PERCEPTION . by V Frank J, Antlnoro A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF SPEECH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of . MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1968 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re quirements for an advanced degree at The University _ of Arizona, and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library* Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made• Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar ship. In all other instances,'however, permission must be obtained from the author* SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: Associate Professor of Speech ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The greatest appreciation is expressed to D r . -
SIRT1 Protects Cochlear Hair Cell and Delays Age-Related Hearing Loss Via Autophagy
Neurobiology of Aging 80 (2019) 127e137 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Aging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging SIRT1 protects cochlear hair cell and delays age-related hearing loss via autophagy Jiaqi Pang a,b,c,d,1, Hao Xiong a,b,e,1, Yongkang Ou a,b,e, Haidi Yang a,b,e, Yaodong Xu a,b, Suijun Chen a,b,e, Lan Lai a,b,c, Yongyi Ye a,f, Zhongwu Su a,b, Hanqing Lin a,b, Qiuhong Huang a,b,e, Xiaoding Xu c,d,*, Yiqing Zheng a,b,e,** a Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou China b Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China d RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China e Department of Hearing and Speech Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China f School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China article info abstract Article history: Age-related hearing loss (AHL) is typically caused by the irreversible death of hair cells (HCs). Autophagy Received 10 January 2019 is a constitutive pathway to strengthen cell survival under normal or stress condition. Our previous work Received in revised form 29 March 2019 suggested that impaired autophagy played an important role in the development of AHL in C57BL/6 mice, Accepted 4 April 2019 although the underlying mechanism of autophagy in AHL still needs to be investigated. -
Som 3 Handout.Pdf
Sound of Music How It Works Session 3 Hearing Music and the Ear OLLI at Illinois Spring 2020 Endlessly Downward Beatsystem D. H. Tracy emt 5595 (1995) Sound of Music How It Works Session 3 Hearing Music and the Ear OLLI at Illinois Spring 2020 D. H. Tracy Course Outline 1. Building Blocks: Some basic concepts 2. Resonance: Building Musical Sounds 3. Hearing Music and the Ear 4. Musical Scales 5. Musical Instruments 6. Singing and Musical Notation 7. Harmony and Dissonance; Chords 8. Combining the Elements of Music 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 4 OLLI-Vote 2020 Wands NO MAYBE BAD YES ??? GOOD 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 5 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 6 Human Ear 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 7 The Middle Ear Blausen 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 8 The Inner Ear 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 9 Auditory Transduction: Sound to Electrical Impulses Cochlea Ear Video Brandon Pletsch (2002) Medical College of Georgia 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 10 Detailed Look at the Cochlea Basilar Membrane Jennifer Kincaid 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 11 Another Cartoonish look at ear…. Ear “Journey of Sound to the Brain” Video NIH - 2017 [Wikimedia|Cochlea] Stereocilia 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 12 Detailed Look at the Organ of Corti Ear Video Outer Hair Cells Inner Hair Cells 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 Jennifer Kincaid 13 Detailed Look at the Organ of Corti Waves Coming Towards Us 3500 Inner Hair Cells Supercilia Outer Hair Cell (Amplifier) Inner Hair Cell (Sensing) 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 Jennifer Kincaid 14 Detailed Look at the Organ of Corti Outer Hair Cell (Amplifier) Inner Hair Cell (Sensing) Nerve Fibers to Brain 2/11/2020 Sound of Music 3 Jennifer Kincaid 15 Tectorial Membrane Peeled Back Electron Micrographs of Guinea Pig Organ of Corti [Prof. -
The Standing Acoustic Wave Principle Within the Frequency Analysis Of
inee Eng ring al & ic d M e e d Misun, J Biomed Eng Med Devic 2016, 1:3 m i o c i a B l D f o e v DOI: 10.4172/2475-7586.1000116 l i a c n e r s u o Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Devices J ISSN: 2475-7586 Review Article Open Access The Standing Acoustic Wave Principle within the Frequency Analysis of Acoustic Signals in the Cochlea Vojtech Misun* Department of Solid Mechanics, Mechatronics and Biomechanics, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic Abstract The organ of hearing is responsible for the correct frequency analysis of auditory perceptions coming from the outer environment. The article deals with the principles of the analysis of auditory perceptions in the cochlea only, i.e., from the overall signal leaving the oval window to its decomposition realized by the basilar membrane. The paper presents two different methods with the function of the cochlea considered as a frequency analyzer of perceived acoustic signals. First, there is an analysis of the principle that cochlear function involves acoustic waves travelling along the basilar membrane; this concept is one that prevails in the contemporary specialist literature. Then, a new principle with the working name “the principle of standing acoustic waves in the common cavity of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani” is presented and defined in depth. According to this principle, individual structural modes of the basilar membrane are excited by continuous standing waves of acoustic pressure in the scale tympani. Keywords: Cochlea function; Acoustic signals; Frequency analysis; The following is a description of the theories in question: Travelling wave principle; Standing wave principle 1. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Nervous System Week 5
NERVOUS SYSTEM WEEK 5 Doç. Dr. Yasemin SALGIRLI DEMİRBAŞ Neural Pathways in Sensory Systems • A single afferent neuron with all its receptor endings is a sensory unit. • a. Afferent neurons, which usually have more than one receptor of the same type, are the first neurons in sensory pathways. • b. The area of the body that, when stimulated, causes activity in a sensory unit or other neuron in the ascending pathway of that unit is called the receptive field for that neuron. Neural Pathways in Sensory Systems • Neurons in the specific ascending pathways convey information to specific primary receiving areas of the cerebral cortex about only a single type of stimulus. • Nonspecific ascending pathways convey information from more than one type of sensory unit to the brainstem, reticular formation and regions of the thalamus that are not part of the specific ascending pathways. Association Cortex and Perceptual Processing • Information from the primary sensory cortical areas is elaborated after it is relayed to a cortical association area. • The primary sensory cortical area and the region of association cortex closest to it process the information in fairly simple ways and serve basic sensory-related functions. • Regions of association cortex farther from the primary sensory areas process the sensory information in more complicated ways. • Processing in the association cortex includes input from areas of the brain serving other sensory modalities, arousal, attention, memory, language, and emotions. Comparison of General and Special Senses General Senses Special Senses • Include somatic sensations (tactile, • Include smell, taste, vision, hearing thermal, pain, and proprioceptive) and equilibrium. and visceral sensations. -
Low-Frequency Noise: a Biophysical Phenomenon M
PSC REF#:288480 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin RECEIVED: 07/08/16, 8:46:12 AM Congres Geluid, Trillingen, Luchtkwaliteit en Gebied & Gebouw 2012 Low-frequency noise: a biophysical phenomenon M. Oud (medical physicist / consultant)* * [email protected], http://nl.linkedin.com/in/mireilleoud, the Netherlands Abstract Complaints on low-frequency noise were till recently fairly unexplained, but audiological research shed light on the mechanisms that enable perception of frequencies below the threshold of average normal hearing. It was shown that exposure to low-frequency sound may alter the inner ear. This results in an increase of sensitivity to low-frequency sounds, and as a result, previously imperceptible sounds becomes audible to the exposed person. Interactions between inner-ear responses to low and higher frequencies furthermore account for perception of low-frequency sound, as well as the property of the hearing system to perceive so-called difference tones. Introduction A growing minority of people experiences an increased sensitivity for low-frequency sound. Not surprisingly, they complain about noise, even about loud noise in some cases. Their complaints about the presence of hum, buzz, and rumble are often not recognized as a nuisance, since the majority of people does not perceive the very low frequencies. Low-frequency noise (LFN) may have serious health effects like vertigo, disturbed sleep, stress, hypertension, and heart rhythm disorders [1]. The number of sufferers is growing, and this has two possible causes. The sources of low- frequency sounds increased in volume and dimension over the past decades, and auditory sensitisation takes years to develop. Nowadays, the main source of low-frequency noise is the public infrastructure: wind turbines, gas transmission grid, industrial plants, road and railway traffic, sewerage, and so on. -
Temporal Coding of Single Auditory Nerve Fibers Is Not Degraded in Aging Gerbils
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 8, 2020 • 40(2):343–354 • 343 Systems/Circuits Temporal Coding of Single Auditory Nerve Fibers Is Not Degraded in Aging Gerbils Amarins N. Heeringa,* Lichun Zhang,* XGo Ashida, Rainer Beutelmann, Friederike Steenken, and XChristine Ko¨ppl Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” and Research Centre Neurosensory Science, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany People suffering from age-related hearing loss typically present with deficits in temporal processing tasks. Temporal processing deficits have also been shown in single-unit studies at the level of the auditory brainstem, midbrain, and cortex of aged animals. In this study, we explored whether temporal coding is already affected at the level of the input to the central auditory system. Single-unit auditory nerve fiber recordings were obtained from 41 Mongolian gerbils of either sex, divided between young, middle-aged, and old gerbils. Temporal coding quality was evaluated as vector strength in response to tones at best frequency, and by constructing shuffled and cross-stimulus autocorrelograms, and reverse correlations, from responses to 1 s noise bursts at 10–30 dB sensation level (dB above threshold). At comparable sensation levels, all measures showed that temporal coding was not altered in auditory nerve fibers of aging gerbils. Further- more, both temporal fine structure and envelope coding remained unaffected. However, spontaneous rates were decreased in aging gerbils. Importantly, despite elevated pure tone thresholds, the frequency tuning of auditory nerve fibers was not affected. These results suggest that age-related temporal coding deficits arise more centrally, possibly due to a loss of auditory nerve fibers (or their peripheral synapses) but not due to qualitative changes in the responses of remaining auditory nerve fibers. -
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Libri Phonetica 1999;56:105–107 = Part I, ‘Introduction’, includes a single Winifred Strange chapter written by the editor. It is an Speech Perception and Linguistic excellent historical review of cross-lan- Experience: Issues in Cross-Language guage studies in speech perception pro- Research viding a clear conceptual framework of York Press, Timonium, 1995 the topic. Strange presents a selective his- 492 pp.; $ 59 tory of research that highlights the main ISBN 0–912752–36–X theoretical themes and methodological paradigms. It begins with a brief descrip- How is speech perception shaped by tion of the basic phenomena that are the experience with our native language and starting points for the investigation: the by exposure to subsequent languages? constancy problem and the question of This is a central research question in units of analysis in speech perception. language perception, which emphasizes Next, the author presents the principal the importance of crosslinguistic studies. theories, methods, findings and limita- Speech Perception and Linguistic Experi- tions in early cross-language research, ence: Issues in Cross-Language Research focused on categorical perception as the contains the contributions to a Workshop dominant paradigm in the study of adult in Cross-Language Perception held at the and infant perception in the 1960s and University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla., 1970s. Finally, Strange reviews the most USA, in May 1992. important findings and conclusions in This text may be said to represent recent cross-language research (1980s and the first compilation strictly focused on early 1990s), which yielded a large theoretical and methodological issues of amount of new information from a wider cross-language perception research. -
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS of the INNER EAR Malformaciones Congénitas Del Oído Interno
topic review CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE INNER EAR Malformaciones congénitas del oído interno. Revisión de tema Laura Vanessa Ramírez Pedroza1 Hernán Darío Cano Riaño2 Federico Guillermo Lubinus Badillo2 Summary Key words (MeSH) There are a great variety of congenital malformations that can affect the inner ear, Ear with a diversity of physiopathologies, involved altered structures and age of symptom Ear, inner onset. Therefore, it is important to know and identify these alterations opportunely Hearing loss Vestibule, labyrinth to lower the risks of all the complications, being of great importance, among others, Cochlea the alterations in language development and social interactions. Magnetic resonance imaging Resumen Existe una gran variedad de malformaciones congénitas que pueden afectar al Palabras clave (DeCS) oído interno, con distintas fisiopatologías, diferentes estructuras alteradas y edad Oído de aparición de los síntomas. Por lo anterior, es necesario conocer e identificar Oído interno dichas alteraciones, con el fin de actuar oportunamente y reducir el riesgo de las Pérdida auditiva Vestíbulo del laberinto complicaciones, entre otras —de gran importancia— las alteraciones en el área del Cóclea lenguaje y en el ámbito social. Imagen por resonancia magnética 1. Epidemiology • Hyperbilirubinemia Ear malformations occur in 1 in 10,000 or 20,000 • Respiratory distress from meconium aspiration cases (1). One in every 1,000 children has some degree • Craniofacial alterations (3) of sensorineural hearing impairment, with an average • Mechanical ventilation for more than five days age at diagnosis of 4.9 years. The prevalence of hearing • TORCH Syndrome (4) impairment in newborns with risk factors has been determined to be 9.52% (2). -
Specialized for Sound Detection A. Outer
EAR © 2019zillmusom I. Overview - specialized for sound detection A. Outer ear - funnel shaped structure of cartilage and skin that leads to Tympanic membrane; directs sound toward Tympanic membrane; helps detect source of sound. B. Middle ear - air filled chamber that contains bones (ossicles) that link Tympanic membrane to cochlea; also contains muscles that dampen sounds; middle ear is linked to Nasopharynx by auditory tube which allows for equilibration of air pressure on inner side of Tympanic membrane. C. Inner ear - fluid filled chamber in petrous part of temporal bone; inner ear contains Cochlea (hearing) and Vestibular apparatus for gravity detection (both innervated by CN VIII). Clinical Note: Functioning of inner ear can be tested independently by vibrations transmitted directly through bone (Weber test: tuning fork on calvarium is perceived as sound); CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS - damage to middle ear (tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles); SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS - damage to inner ear (cochlea, CN VIII). II. Outer Ear - composed of two parts: A. Auricle (pinna) - elastic cartilage covered with skin; functions to reflect sound waves. Parts: helix, antihelix, tragus and lobule. Decorative Note: Cartilage does not extend into Lobule; Lobule can be readily pierced to provide support for decorative metal objects. B. External auditory meatus - tube from auricle to the Tympanic membrane; posterior to Parotid gland and TMJ (Temporomandibular joint); located anterior to mastoid process. Outer third consists of elastic cartilage; contains hairs, sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands (produce cerumen = ear wax); serves to protect Tympanic membrane; Inner two thirds is composed of bone lined with skin. Clinical note: External auditory meatus is curved anteriorly in adults, is straight in children; in adults, auricle is pulled up and back to insert otoscope.