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Wegweiser Zur Geschichte: Usbekistan« Ermöglicht Einen ([email protected]) Blick Aus Anderer Perspektive

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Wegweiser Zur Geschichte: Usbekistan« Ermöglicht Einen (Imke.Dierssen@Amnesty.De) Blick Aus Anderer Perspektive Autorinnen und Autoren Mark Aretz, Architekt, Leipzig ([email protected]) Hauptmann Dipl.-Pol. Christian Becker, Ba�eriechef 5./Panzerartillerie- bataillon 215, Augustdorf ([email protected]) Das deutsche Interesse an Usbekistan und damit das Bild dieses Wegweiser zur Geschichte Dr. Falk Bomsdorf, Friedrich-Naumann-Sti�ung, Moskau Landes sind stark beeinflusst durch die Ereignisse in Afghanistan. ([email protected]) Spezielles Augenmerk gilt der Haltung der usbekischen Regie- Dr. Klaus Brinkmann, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenscha�en und Rohstoffe rung gegenüber dem laufenden Einsatz der International Security (BGR), Hannover ([email protected]) Assistance Force (ISAF) und insbesondere zum Betrieb des Stra- Dr. Bernhard Chiari (bc), Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam tegischen Lufttransportstützpunktes im usbekischen Termes. ([email protected]) Imke Dierßen M.A., amnesty international, Berlin Der »Wegweiser zur Geschichte: Usbekistan« ermöglicht einen ([email protected]) Blick aus anderer Perspektive. 19 Autoren beschreiben Geschichte Dr. Ma�eo Fumagalli, Institut für Internationale Beziehungen und und Kultur des Landes als Teil Zentralasiens und damit die rei- Europäische Studien, Central European University, Budapest chen und vielfältigen Traditionen eines Kulturkreises, der bis zum (ma�[email protected]) Ende der Sowjetunion für Europäer nur schwer zugänglich war Richard Göbelt M.A., Deutscher Bundestag, Berlin ([email protected]) und nach dem Ende der UdSSR erst langsam in den Blick der Prof. Dr. Ulrike Grote, Institut für Umweltökonomik und Welthandel, europäischen Politik rückte. Usbekistan beansprucht heute eine Universität Hannover ([email protected]) Schlüsselrolle innerhalb Zentralasiens und versteht es geschickt, Dr. Uwe Halbach, Sti�ung Wissenscha� und Politik, Berlin ([email protected]) die teils entgegengesetzten Interessen des in der Region do- Dr. Anne�e Krämer, Islam- und Politikwissenscha�lerin, Berlin minierenden Russlands, aber auch Chinas, der USA oder der (anne�[email protected]) Europäischen Union für eigene Ziele zu nutzen. Die usbekische Dipl.-Pol. Bernd Kuzmits, Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung, Bonn Führung unter Präsident Islam Karimow versucht, an eine vorso- ([email protected]) wjetische nationale Identität anzuknüpfen, doch zeigt dieser Band Dr. John P.A. Lamers, Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung, Bonn ebenso, wie stark in Staat, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und regio- ([email protected]) nalen Netzwerken die Prägungen und Strukturen der Sowjetzeit PhD Marlène Laruelle, Centre d`études des mondes russe, caucasien et centre-européen, Paris ([email protected]) weiter fort wirken. Zahlreiche Karten, lexikalische Begriffserklä- Prof. Dr. Loretana de Libero, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam rungen im Text sowie der umfangreiche Anhang mit Zeitstrahl, ([email protected]) einer Auflistung wichtiger Feiertage, Literatur- und Filmtipps und PD Dr. Christopher Martius, Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung, Bonn einem Register helfen bei der raschen Orientierung. ([email protected]) Usbekistan Usbekistan Dr. Anna Matwejewa, Crisis States Research Centre, London School of Economics, London ([email protected]) Prof. Dr. Rolf-Dieter Müller, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam ([email protected]) Hauptmann Magnus Pahl M.A. (mp), Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam ([email protected]) Dipl.-Geologe Hilmar Rempel, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenscha�en und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover ([email protected]) Dr. Martin Rink, Historiker, Potsdam ([email protected]) Dr. Simone Röhling, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenscha�en und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover ([email protected]) Dr. Inna Rudenko, Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung, Bonn ([email protected]) Dipl.-Ing. Sandor Schmidt, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenscha�en und Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover ([email protected]) Dr. Andrea Schmitz, Sti�ung Wissenscha� und Politik (SWP), Berlin ([email protected]) Dr. Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenscha�en und Eine Publikation des Rohstoffe (BGR), Hannover ([email protected]) Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes zur Geschichte Wegweiser Dr. Jenniver Sehring, Institut für Politikwissenscha� und Sozialforschung, Universität Würzburg ([email protected]) im Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh MGFA Erinnerungsorte Aralsee Balchasch- Syrdarja see Kysylorda KASACHSTAN S Karakalpakistan y rd a r ja Taras Ti e n - 751 Talas 1 Sarykamysch- Nukus N a w o i 4 494 m s h a n see Schymkent KI R GISISTAN Uchquduq Daschchowus Urgentsch Choresm Tujamujun- Tschardara- V Chiwa Stausee Dschalal- Stausee Abad 2 8 TASCHKENT Namangan USBEKISTAN 714, 1865 Nam. arja yrd Andischan S l And. Taschkent Ta 9 Aidarkul F.- Ferg. 11 Fergana Osch B u c h a r a 1875 Kokand 2 165 m Gulistan 10 Sirdaryo Nam. =Namangan And. =Andischan Gadschdiwan 712, Dschisak Chodschent Ferg. =Fergana Gasli 1512 1141, 7 F.-Tal=Fergana- Nawoi 1220, D s c h i s a k Tal 3 1868 Buchara S a m a r k a n d TURK MENISTAN Samarkand 6 P 709, 955, 999, 1220, Alai-Gebirge a 7 495 m 1538, 1740, Khazret Sultan Turkmenabad 1866 12 TADSCHIKISTAN m 4 Schachr-i 4 643 m Karchi Sabs DUSCHANBE i A m u r d a Qashqadaryo rja ASCHCHABAD Kuljab Surxondaryo Merw Anregungen, Nachfragen und Kritik richten Sie bitte an: Mary Karakum- Dandanaqan dsch Kanal an 1040 5 j Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (MGFA) Termes P IRA N Modul Einsatzunterstützung 0 100 200 km AN Dr. Bernhard Chiari IST AFG H ANISTAN AK Zeppelinstraße 127/128 P 14471 Potsdam Zeichenerklärung Höhenschichten Schlachten (mit Jahresangaben) Deutscher Stützpunkt Staatsgrenze Fernstraße unter 0 m Telefon (0331) 9714 550 0 – 100 m 100 – 200 m Konfliktregionen 3 Historische Städte mit hohem ethnografischen Bezug Provinzgrenze Fluss, periodisch BwKz (90) 8529 550 200 – 500 m Fax (0331) 9714 507 500 – 1 000 m Terroristische Anschläge/Massaker seit 1989 »Brücke der Freundschaft« Nawoi Provinz Salzsee 1 000 – 1 500 m E-Mail [email protected] 1 500 – 2 000 m V Vertrag von Taschkent Verlauf der Seidenstraße im Mittelalter Hauptstadt Staudamm 2 000 – 3 000 m www.mgfa.de (auch im Intranet Bw) zur Beendigung des Kaschmir-Krieges, 3 000 – 4 000 m 3./4.7.1965 Ruinen von Merw (Oasenstadt und wichtiger Sitz der Provinzverwaltung Internationaler Flugplatz über 4 000 m © MGFA Knotenpunkt an der Seidenstraße) 05939-04 Wegweiser zur Geschichte Usbekistan Im Au�rag des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes herausgegeben von Bernhard Chiari und Magnus Pahl FERDINAND SCHÖNINGH 2009 Paderborn • München • Wien • Zürich Umschlagabbildung: Usbekischer Mann vor der Miri-arab-Medrese in Buchara (picture-alliance/Picture Press) Bibliografi sche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografi e; detaillierte bibliografi sche Daten sind im Internet über h� p://dnb.d-nb.de abru� ar. Gedruckt auf umweltfreundlichem, chlorfrei gebleichtem und alterungsbeständigem Papier ISO ∞ 9706 © 2009 Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn (Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh GmbH & Co. KG, Jühenplatz 1, D-33098 Paderborn) Internet: www.schoeningh.de Redaktion und Projektkoordination: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Potsdam, Schri� leitung, in Kooperation mit der Zeitschri� Satz: Antje Lorenz Kartenbearbeitung: Daniela Heinicke, Bernd Nogli Layout: Maurice Woynoski Lektorat und Bildredation: Knud Neuhoff (Berlin) Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk sowie einzelne Teile sind urheber- rechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen ist ohne vorherige schri� liche Zustimmung des Verlages nicht zulässig. Printed in Germany Herstellung: SKN Druck und Verlag GmbH & Co., Norden ISBN: 978-3-506-76880-3 Inhalt Vorwort 7 Einleitung 9 I. Historische Entwicklungen Usbekistan in der Antike 17 Loretana de Libero Die Reiche Zentralasiens bis zur Eroberung durch Russland 21 Martin Rink Zentralasien im Zarenreich 35 Bernhard Chiari Operationen auf der Seidenstraße? Usbekistan im deutschen militärischen Kalkül während der Weltkriege 51 Rolf-Dieter Müller Das Erbe der Sowjetunion – Kontinuitäten und Brüche 63 Uwe Halbach Wiedergeburt per Dekret – Nationsbildung in Zentralasien 83 Marlène Laruelle Usbekistan und die Schanghaier Organisation für Zusammenarbeit 97 Christian Becker Die Europäische Union und Zentralasien – Interessen, Instrumente, Einflussgrenzen 105 Andrea Schmitz Eiserner Vorhang am Amudarja? Afghanistan und seine Nachbarn im Norden 117 Bernd Kuzmits II. Strukturen und Lebenswelten Blüte, Kontrolle, Instrumentalisierung – Der Islam in Zentralasien 137 Anne�e Krämer Regionale Netzwerke in Usbekistan 159 Magnus Pahl Traditionen, Kalküle, Funktionen – Russlands Rückkehr nach Zentralasien 167 Anna Matwejewa Ohne Konsequenz? Menschenrechtspolitik gegenüber Usbekistan 191 Imke Dierßen »Nathan der Weise« in Zentralasien 207 Falk Bomsdorf Usbekische Zwickmühle – Staatsnationalismus und Auslandsusbeken 215 Ma�eo Fumagalli Die Rohstoffe Zentralasiens – Vorkommen und Versorgungspotenzial für Europa 225 Hilmar Rempel, Sandro Schmidt, Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, Simone Röhling und Klaus Brinkmann Die Aralsee-Katastrophe – Ein Nachruf auf das multilaterale Krisenmanagement 243 Jenniver Sehring Regionale Wirtscha�sprojekte zwischen Wertschöpfung und Nachhaltigkeit 259 Inna Rudenko, Ulrike Grote, John P.A. Lamers und Christopher Martius Taschkent – Metropole an der Seidenstraße
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