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Georeferenced Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Pesticides

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Georeferenced Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Pesticides TEXTE 05/2014 Georeferenced Probabil- istic Risk Assessment of Pesticides – Further Advances in Assessing the Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems by Spray Drift from Permanent Crops | TEXTE | 05/2014 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, NATURE CONSERVATION, BUILDING AND NUCLEAR SAFETY Project No. (FKZ) 3707 63 4001 Report No. (UBA-FB) 001740/E Georeferenced Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Pesticides – Further Advances in Assessing the Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems by Spray Drift from Permanent Crops by Kubiak R. & Hommen U., Bach M., Classen S., Gergs A., Golla B., Guerniche D., Klein M., Krumpe J., Preuss TG., Ratte HAT., Roß-Nickol M., Schäfers C., Strauss T., Toschki A., Trapp M. Project coordination Prof. Dr. Roland Kubiak Institute of Agroecology, RLP Agroscience, Neustadt a.d. Weinstraße Dr. Udo Hommen Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Apllied Ecology, Schmallenberg On behalf of the Federal Environment Agency (Germany) UMWELTBUNDESAMT Imprint Publisher: Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel.: 0340/2103-0 Telefax: 0340/2103 2285 [email protected] Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de http://fuer-mensch-und-umwelt.de/ www.facebook.com/umweltbundesamt.de www.twitter.com/umweltbundesamt Study performed by: Consortium under the leadership of: RLP AgroScience GmbH Institut für Agrarökologie Breitenweg 71 67435 Neustadt Study completed in: October 2011 Edited by: Section IV 1.3 Plant Protection Products Alexandra Müller Steffen Matezki Publikation as pdf: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/georeferenced-probabilistic-risk- assessment-of ISSN 1862-4804 Dessau-Roßlau, February 2014 Vorwort Das Umweltbundesamt unterstützt die Entwicklung von landschaftsbezogenen proba- bilistischen Methoden in der Umweltrisikobewertung von Pestiziden bereits seit 20031 mit eigenen Beiträgen einschließlich der Vergabe von Forschungsvorhaben. Inzwischen ist die Anwendung landschaftsbezogener probabilistischer Methoden in der Umweltrisiko- bewertung von Pestiziden nicht mehr nur Diskussionsgegenstand der Wissenschafts- gemeinde, sondern hat auch die Ebene der Risikoregulierung sowohl auf nationaler Ebene als auch auf EU-Ebene erreicht. Das vorliegende Forschungsvorhaben wurde vom Umweltbundesamt in Auftrag gegeben, um basierend auf bereits bestehenden Vorarbei- ten auf nationaler Ebene2 ein fachlich fundiertes Gesamtkonzept für die Anwendung von landschaftsbezogenen probabilistischen Methoden in der Risikobewertung zu erarbeiten und die damit verbundenen technischen und prozeduralen Anforderungen für eine Implementierung bei der Produktzulassung aufzuzeigen. Die Arbeiten fokussierten auf Einträge von Pestiziden in Gewässern über die Pfade ´Abdrift´ und ´Verflüchtigung und Deposition´ aus der Anwendung in Dauerkulturen. Eine wesentliche Anforderung des Umweltbundesamtes an die Autoren der Studie war, dass mit dem neuen Bewertungs- ansatz weiterhin ein hohes Schutzniveau für alle Gewässerorganismen gewährleistet sein sollte. Die derzeitige Expositionsabschätzung für Einträge von Pestiziden in Gewässer beruht auf der Betrachtung eines Modellgewässers – ein sog. ´Realistic worst case´- Gewässer der Agrarlandschaft. Für die Faktoren, welche die zu erwartende Pestizidbelastung im Gewässer bestimmen, werden eine Reihe deterministischer Annahmen für die Eigen- schaften und Lage des Modellgewässers zu Grunde gelegt, wie z.B. eine angenommene Standardtiefe von 30 cm eines stehenden Gewässers und die unmittelbare Nähe zum Feldrand. Dieser sog. szenarienbasierte Bewertungsansatz ermöglicht eine protektive Risikobewertung, erlaubt jedoch keine Einschätzung des zeitlich-räumlichen Auftretens von Expositionssituationen in der Landschaft. Wo keine räumlich explizite Information zu Standortfaktoren mit relevantem Einfluss auf die Exposition und das Risiko in einem Gewässer vorliegen, kann diese auch nicht im Rahmen des Risikomanagements berücksichtigt werden. Die Anwendung georeferenzierter probabilistischer Methoden in der Risikobewertung erlaubt hingegen eine standortbezogene sowie quantitative Charakterisierung der Exposition und Risiken von Pestizidrückständen in Gewässern. Sie eröffnen damit auch die Möglichkeit für ein räumlich differenziertes Risikomanagement. Damit verbunden ist die Erwartung, dass auf dieser Basis abgeleitete Umweltauflagen für Anwender durch den direkten Standortbezug nachvollziehbarer und somit eventuell akzeptabler sein können. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht der Ansatz auch eine Fokussierung der Anstrengungen landschaftsbezogener Risikomanagementmaßnahmen auf stärker gefährdete Gewässerbereiche. Die Ergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens zeigen die grundsätzliche Umsetzbarkeit einer landschaftsbezogenen Expositions- und Risikoabschätzung für Gewässereinträge von Pestiziden über die o.g. Pfade auf. Hierbei wird sehr deutlich, dass sowohl aus Sicht der methodischen als auch technischen Anforderungen die Implementierung des entwickelten GeoRisk-Ansatzes auf bundesweiter Ebene zum derzeitigen 1 Workshop Proceedings UBA/IVA/BVL – Workshop on Probabilistic Assessment Methods for Risk Analysis in the Framework of Plant Protection Products Authorization Berlin, 25 – 28 November 2003 2 Schulz et al. (2010): „Umsetzung der georeferenzierten probabilistischen Risikobewertung in den Vollzug des PflSchG – Pilotphase – Dauerkulturen“, UFOPLAN-Vorhaben (FKZ: 206 63 402) Entwicklungsstand nicht ohne Weiteres möglich wäre. So zeigen die Autoren die Imple- mentierung eines dynamischen Gewässermodells für Fließgewässer als eine Voraus- setzung für eine realitätsnahe Expositionsabschätzung auf Landschaftsebene auf. Im Projekt war es aufgrund der hohen mathematischen Komplexität der dynamischen Modellierung jedoch nicht möglich, die komplette Netzwerkstruktur bei der Modellierung der Belastungen in den jeweiligen Segmenten abzubilden. Um eine ausreichende Sicherheit der Risikoprognose zu gewährleisten, ergibt sich daher ein zusätzlicher Bedarf für die Weiterentwicklung des Ansatzes. Weiterhin ist eine Umsetzung auch wegen hoher Anforderungen des dynamischen Ansatzes an die Verfügbarkeit hochauflösender GIS- Daten zu standörtlichen Expositionsfaktoren wie z.B. der Lagebeziehung zwischen Anwendungsflächen und Gewässern als auch der Hydrodynamik der jeweiligen Abschnitte die Umsetzbarkeit derzeitig nur auf kleinerer regionaler Ebene möglich. Die derzeitige Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmittel in einem zonalen Bewertungsverfahren ist mit dem Anspruch auf eine Harmonisierung der Bewertungsgrundlagen innerhalb einer Zone verbunden. Die Anwendung landschaftsbasierter Ansätze für die Verfeinerung der Risikobewertung zu Pflanzenschutzmittelprodukten ist daher auch mit einer Reihe von Fragen zur regulatorischen Umsetzbarkeit verbunden. Wie kann z. B. ein Mitgliedsstaat die Produktzulassung eines anderen Mitgliedsstaates in seiner Zone anerkennen, wenn ein vertretbares Risiko nur auf Basis einer standortspezifischen Verfeinerung der Bewertung und des Management dieser Risiken gezeigt werden kann? Allerdings stellt die Studie aus regulatorischer Sicht einen wichtigen Beitrag zur aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion zur Weiterentwicklung der Umweltrisikobewertung dar, insbesondere dadurch, dass eine ökologisch relevante raumzeitliche Ebene in der Exposition von Gewässern und der daraus resultierender Auswirkungen auf aquatische Organismen und folgende Wiedererholungsprozesse betrachten wird. Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis der Autoren ist insbesondere, dass die Identifikation sog. „Hotspots“ (Gewässer- strecken mit einem ökologisch kritischen Eintragsrisiko) und deren Management durch lokale Risikominderungsmaßnahmen als unabdingbarer Bestandteil eines landschafts- bezogenen probabilistischen Ansatzes in der Risikobewertung verstanden werden muss, um weiterhin ein hohes Schutzniveau für die für aquatische Ökosysteme sicherstellen zu können. Mehr Realitätsnähe in der Risikobetrachtung durch Berücksichtigung des landschaftlichen Kontextes ermöglicht eine Verringerung derzeit erteilter Auflagen für weniger gefährdete Abschnitte von Gewässern nur bei einem gleichzeitigen lokalen Risikomanagement von hoch gefährdeten Gewässerabschnitten, in denen kritischen Umweltkonzentration aggregiert auftreten. Foreword The German UBA has already supported the development of landscape-level and proba- bilistic approaches in the environmental risk assessment with own scientific contributions including R & D projects since 2003. Since that time the use of landscape-level and probabilistic approaches in risk assessment is not any more defined to the discussion in the scientific community but has also reached the world of the pesticide risk regulators at national and at EU level. The current R & D project has commissioned by the German UBA in order to establish a scientifically sound overall approach for the implementation of a geo-referenced probabilistic approach in risk assessment at national level. Furthermore the authors illustrate the technical and procedural requirements which would be linked to an implementation of such an approach for the national product authorization. The work focused on pesticide entries into water bodies via ´drift´ and ´volatilization and deposition´ due to their application in permanent crops. The essential requirement for the study authors was to develop an approach that would continue to ensure a high protection level for aquatic organisms. The current exposure assessment for pesticide entries into water bodies considers a water body model which represents a realistic worst case for water bodies in the
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