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PRINCIPIUM The Newsletter of the Initiative for Interstellar Studies Issue 17 | May 2017 ISSN 2397-9127 ■ Advanced Ion Propulsion Systems for Interstellar Precursor Probes ■ Interstellar News ■ News Feature: TRAPPIST-1 ■ Is the Alcubierre Drive the answer to Interstellar Travel? ■ Album Review: Infinity of Space ■ Book Review: Starlight, Starbright: Are Stars Conscious? R O F ■ Engineering New Worlds: Creating the Future E V I ■ Poster Feature: Space Resource Law T A I T I N I S T U D I E S www.i4is.org Scientia ad sidera Knowledge to the stars Principium | Issue 17 | May 2017 1 If we are to build a space-based economy and culture then our resources need to be regulated by Editorial law. Sam Harrison of i4is and the International Space University (ISU) and Linda Dao of the Welcome to Principium, the quarterly newsletter ISU summarise a poster session, Ensuring Equal about all things interstellar from i4is, the Initiative Global Economic Opportunity and Security through for Interstellar Studies - and now our US-based Space Resource Law, which they delivered during Institute for Interstellar Studies. the United Nations / International Astronautical Our Guest Introduction for Principium 17 is Federation Workshop on Space Technology for Advanced Ion Propulsion Systems for Interstellar Socio-Economic Benefits in September 2016. Precursor Probes by Angelo Genovese. Angelo is a Our front and back covers this time reflect very propulsion engineer with many years of experience different aspects of the outward urge of our and he specialises in these very high specific- species. You may have heard of the multi-planet impulse reaction propulsion systems. system discovered by the ‘TRAnsiting Planets Looking just a little further ahead Tishtrya and PlanetesImals Small Telescope’ (TRAPPIST) Mehta asks Is the Alcubierre Drive the answer to in Chile. NASA have imagined a tourist poster Interstellar Travel? Tishtrya is new to i4is but will for the system. It's our front cover graphic. And surely become a major contributor to our work. we summarise and speculate in a News Feature We bring you the first part of a major new work by Patrick Mahon. This month's rear cover is a by Dmitry Novoseltsev, Engineering New Worlds: graphic from the Global Trajectory Optimisation Creating the Future. This is a vision of the massive Competition Portal (GTOC) by ESTEC, the prospect of Interstellar Engineering. Subsequent technology arm of the European Space Agency, parts will appear in our August & November issues. sophia.estec.esa.int/gtoc_portal. Interstellar News this time covers the upcoming Richard Osborne's Orbital Mechanics in SevenEves UK Space Conference 2017 - May 30 - June 1, in by Neil Stephenson is postponed. We hope to have Manchester, UK, where i4is will be talking Teachers, this in the near future. Outreach and Industry and the Interstellar Flight Next time we will have much to report on - workshop in New York, 13-15 June 2017 - The • Foundations of Interstellar Flight, New York, June Foundations of Interstellar Flight organised by i4is • UK Space 2017, Manchester in May/June and the Center for Theoretical Physics (CTP) at the New York City College of Technology. Posters for • Second Interstellar Studies elective at the both these events follow the News. International Space University, Strasbourg, May And we will have Part 2 of Dmitry Novoseltsev's We also report on the latest Schools Outreach by visionary Engineering New Worlds: Creating the i4is in UK and update on i4is Project Glowworm - Future. with some new images of the Cubesat and chipsats by Efflam Mercier. And we have a letter from Comments on i4is and all matters interstellar are Satinder Shergill with his thoughts on the i4is always welcome. Write to me! Interstellar Engineer course 2016. And Stop Press John I Davies, Editor, Principium congratulations for the $500,000 NASA grant to Tau [email protected] Zero Foundation. On the wider cultural side we have an Album Keep in touch! Review of new music inspired by interstellar and Join in the conversation by following the i4is on our i4is. A review of the latest album from multi-talented Facebook page www.facebook.com/InterstellarInstitute Become part of our professional network on LinkedIn Alex Storer, Infinity of Spaceby that longest- www.linkedin.com/groups/4640147 established of space artists, David Hardy. Patrick And take a look at the i4is blog, The Starship Log www. Mahon contributes a Book Review, Starlight, i4is.org/the-starship-log Starbright: Are Stars Conscious? by Professor Greg Follow us on Twitter at @I4Interstellar And seek out our followers too! Matloff. Greg is known principally for his pioneering Contact us on email via [email protected]. work in interstellar studies but here he speculates a Back issues of Principium, from number one, can be little further with thinking inspired by the cosmic found at www.i4is.org/Principium ideas of Olaf Stapledon. The views of our writers are their own. We aim for sound science but not editorial orthodoxy. Principium | Issue 17 | May 2017 2 Advanced Ion Propulsion Systems for Interstellar Precursor Probes INTRODUCTION In this article, Angelo Genovese, Senior Electric Propulsion Engineer at Thales Deutschland, and Director of Experimental Programs at i4is, discusses how the descendants of our existing ion thrusters, propelling spacecraft like Dawn to Vesta and Ceres, can take us very much further. INTRODUCTION and then accelerated by electric or magnetic For more than 30 years, the space community fields, or both. It was first conceived more has proposed an interstellar heliopause probe to than 100 years ago by the American physicist investigate the outer regions of the heliosphere Robert H Goddard (1882-1945) who, as early and the very local interstellar medium (LISM). as 1906, addressed the problem of producing Voyager 1 is the first human-made object to “reaction with electrons moving with the venture into interstellar space; it crossed the velocity of light” and wrote down his thoughts heliopause, the boundary separating solar and on this problem in his notebook [1]. He was galactic plasmas, in August 2012 at 120 AU considering electrons and not ions because the from the Sun, 35 years after the launch from concept of the ion, as an atomic-sized particle Cape Canaveral in 1977. However, today its possessing a net positive charge, had not been measurement capabilities are very limited, and fully established at that time. His visionary in 5-10 years the on-board power will be too low ideas culminated in a US Patent (“Method and for the probe to operate any scientific instrument means for producing electrified jets of gas”, further; at that time Voyager 1 will still be at less No. 1,163,037, filed in 1917) which represents than 150 AU. The minimum required distance the world’s first documented electrostatic ion to reach the unperturbed "virgin" interstellar accelerator intended for propulsion. Angelo Genovese - medium is expected to be at least 200 AU. A Almost at the same time on the other side of the trip time of 25-30 years, within the professional world Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky lifetime of a scientist or engineer, is the target (1857-1935), a self-taught Russian school mission duration for a real LISM probe equipped teacher of Kaluga, Russia, published his first with modern scientific instruments. statement on the possibilities of EP: “It is Few existing propulsion technologies can be possible that in time we may use electricity extended to achieve this challenging mission. to produce a large velocity for the particles Electric propulsion (EP) is one of them, probably ejected from a rocket device” in 1911 [2]. the most promising one together with the various The third space travel visionary who space sail concepts (solar, laser, microwave, independently developed the idea of EP was magnetic, electric). In order to reduce the Hermann Oberth. Born in Romania, he studied propellant mass and consequently the spacecraft physics in Germany and, in 1929, he published mass to reasonable values while keeping the the all-time astronautics classic “Wege zur travel time down to a scientist career lifetime, Raumschiffahrt” (Ways to Spaceflight). the specific impulse must be higher than 5,000 The whole final chapter, “Das elektrische seconds even for a scientific mission to 200 AU, Raumschiff” (the Electric Spaceship), was just outside the solar system heliosphere. about EP, predicting its future role in propelling 1. Electric Propulsion Historical Background spaceships to distant targets. This book was EP is a technology which allows for much higher like a bible for an entire generation of space exhaust velocities than conventional chemical enthusiasts, among which there was a brilliant propulsion, resulting in a major reduction of the student of Oberth, Wernher von Braun. When propellant mass for a given space mission. This von Braun was brought to the United States as leads either to a significant decrease of the launch part of Operation Paperclip in order to continue mass of a spacecraft or to larger payloads. In the work on the V-2 rocket at Fort Bliss, Texas, general, EP comprises all types of propulsion in he asked his assistant Ernst Stuhlinger to which a certain amount of propellant is ionized review Oberth´s research on EP: “Professor Principium | Issue 17 | May 2017 3 Oberth has been right with so Robert Jahn in 1968 [5]. launched in 2007 and it is the many of his early proposals; I The first in-space demonstration first spacecraft to orbit 2 solar wouldn't be a bit surprised if we of electric propulsion was an system bodies thanks to its EP flew to Mars electrically” [3]. ion engine carried on board the system, the protoplanet Vesta and Stuhlinger immersed himself SERT-1 (Space Electric Rocket the dwarf planet Ceres.
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