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Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Applications Edited by Salvatore Brischetto, Paolo Maggiore and Carlo Giovanni Ferro Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Technologies www.mdpi.com/journal/technologies Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Applications Special Issue Editors Salvatore Brischetto Paolo Maggiore Carlo Giovanni Ferro MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Salvatore Brischetto Paolo Maggiore Politecnico di Torino Politecnico di Torino Italy Italy Carlo Giovanni Ferro Politecnico di Torino Italy Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban‐Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Technologies (ISSN 2227‐7080) from in 2017 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/technologies/special_issues/additive_manufacturing). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Author 1; Author 2. Article title. Journal Name Year, Article number, page range. First Edition 2017 ISBN 978‐3‐03842‐548‐9 (Pbk) ISBN 978‐3‐03842‐549‐6 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is © 2017 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY‐NC‐ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐nc‐nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Special Issue Editors ................................................................................................................... v Salvatore Brischetto, Paolo Maggiore and Carlo Giovanni Ferro Special Issue on “Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Applications” Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(3), 58; doi: 10.3390/technologies5030058 .................................... 1 Emily E. Petersen, Romain W. Kidd and Joshua M. Pearce Impact of DIY Home Manufacturing with 3D Printing on the Toy and Game Market Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(3), 45; doi: 10.3390/technologies5030045 .................................... 3 John J. Laureto and Joshua M. Pearce Open Source Multi-Head 3D Printer for Polymer-Metal Composite Component Manufacturing Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(2), 36; doi: 10.3390/technologies5020036 .................................... 25 Carlo Giovanni Ferro, Sara Varetti, Fabio Vitti, Paolo Maggiore, Mariangela Lombardi, Sara Biamino, Diego Manfredi and Flaviana Calignano A Robust Multifunctional Sandwich Panel Design with Trabecular Structures by the Use of Additive Manufacturing Technology for a New De-Icing System Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(2), 35; doi: 10.3390/technologies5020035 .................................... 47 Federico Mazzucato, Simona Tusacciu, Manuel Lai, Sara Biamino, Mariangela Lombardi and Anna Valente Monitoring Approach to Evaluate the Performances of a New Deposition Nozzle Solution for DED Systems Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(2), 29; doi: 10.3390/technologies5020029 .................................... 56 Pratik Vora, Rafael Martinez, Neil Hopkinson, Iain Todd and Kamran Mumtaz Customised Alloy Blends for In-Situ Al339 Alloy Formation Using Anchorless Selective Laser Melting Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(2), 24; doi: 10.3390/technologies5020024 .................................... 69 Michael D. M. Kutzer and Levi D. DeVries Testbed for Multilayer Conformal Additive Manufacturing Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(2), 25; doi: 10.3390/technologies5020025 .................................... 82 Salvatore Brischetto, Carlo Giovanni Ferro, Paolo Maggiore and Roberto Torre Compression Tests of ABS Specimens for UAV Components Produced via the FDM Technique Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(2), 20; doi: 10.3390/technologies5020020 .................................... 100 Andrei Ilie, Haider Ali and Kamran Mumtaz In-Built Customised Mechanical Failure of 316L Components Fabricated Using Selective Laser Melting Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(1), 9; doi: 10.3390/technologies5010009 ...................................... 125 Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth, Sergio Scudino, Riddhi P. Chatterjee, Omar O. Salman and Jürgen Eckert Additive Manufacturing: Reproducibility of Metallic Parts Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(1), 8; doi: 10.3390/technologies5010008 ...................................... 137 iii Emily E. Petersen and Joshua Pearce Emergence of Home Manufacturing in the Developed World: Return on Investment for Open‐Source 3‐D Printers Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(1), 7; doi: 10.3390/technologies5010007 ...................................... 144 Albert E. Patterson, Sherri L. Messimer and Phillip A. Farrington Overhanging Features and the SLM/DMLS Residual Stresses Problem: Review and Future Research Need Reprinted from: Technologies 2017, 5(2), 15; doi: 10.3390/technologies5020015 .................................... 159 iv About the Special Issue Editors Salvatore Brischetto, assistant professor at the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering of Politecnico di Torino since 2010, received his PhD in Aerospace Engineering (Politecnico di Torino) and in Mechanics (Université Paris Ouest–Nanterre La Défense) in 2009. His main research topics are smart composite and FGM structures, multifield problems, shell 3D and 2D numerical and exact solutions, additive manufacturing and UAVs. He is the author of more than 100 articles, more than 60 of which have been published in international journals. He is a committee member for several international journals and one book series, and member of the “Shell Buckling People” web-site. Since the academic year 2013/2014 he has been adjunct professor for the course “Aeronautic awl and human factors and safety”. He is co- founder and co-chair of the research group “ASTRA: Additive manufacturing for Systems and sTRuctures in Aerospace”. Paolo Maggiore is associate professor at the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of Politecnico di Torino, which he joined in 1992, and where he teaches aerospace general systems engineering. Currently, his research interests range from hydrogen fuel cell powered airplanes and UAVs, and health monitoring of flight controls, to additive manufacturing technologies, and multi-disciplinary design optimization of aerospace systems design. Carlo Giovanni Ferro is a PhD Student at the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of Politecnico di Torino. Together with Professors Maggiore and Brischetto, he is a founder of the Astra Research Group. He has past experience in the Additive Manufacturing environment both in industrial (Ge Aviation) and Research Centres (CERN). Currently, his research is devoted to lattice structures for multipurpose panels for aerospace utilization. v technologies Editorial Special Issue on “Additive Manufacturing Technologies and Applications” Salvatore Brischetto * ID , Paolo Maggiore and Carlo Giovanni Ferro ID ASTRA (Additive Manufacturing for Systems and Structures in Aerospace) Group, Politecnico di Torino, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (P.M.); [email protected] (C.G.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 September 2017; Accepted: 11 September 2017; Published: 12 September 2017 Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a well-known technology, first patented in 1984 by the French scientist Alain Le Mehaute. Its distinctive feature is the addition of material with different methods (e.g., powder or wire) in place of the subtraction of material from a raw part. AM has been widely introduced in the preliminary and conceptual design phase, thanks to its reduced production costs and realization time for a prototype. In the last two decades, this technique has also been considered for low-scale mass production due to some advantages. This method allows the construction of so-called evolutionary shapes: structures of complex design that are impossible or difficult to build via traditional milling or machining. Evolutionary shapes are usually the result of a topological optimization. For these reasons, important mass savings or increases in structure mechanical properties are obtained using AM. The present Special Issue proposes articles in the area of Additive Manufacturing with particular attention to the different employed technologies and the several possible applications. The main investigated technologies are the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). These methodologies, combined with the Computer Aided Design (CAD), provide important advantages. Numerical, analytical and experimental knowledge and models are proposed to exploit the potential advantages given by 3D printing for the production of modern systems and structures in aerospace, mechanical, civil and biomedical engineering fields. This Special Issue of Technologies comprises 11 selected papers about different additive manufacturing methodologies and related applications and studies. The first paper by Petersen et al. analyses the significant impact in the near future of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) manufacturing via 3D printing on the toy and game markets. The second paper by Laureto and Pearce describes a manufacturing technology