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O Império Do Quinto Afonso De Portugal (1448(1448----1481)1481)

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O Império Do Quinto Afonso De Portugal (1448(1448----1481)1481) O Império do Quinto Afonso de Portugal (1448(1448----1481)1481) La quête d’Empire d’Alphonse V, Roi du Portugal (14488----1481)1481) Mariana Osue Ide Sales Orientadores: Prof. Dr. Paulo Miceli & Prof. Dr. Denis Menjot Campinas - 2009 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO IFCH – UNICAMP Bibliotecária: Maria Silvia Holloway – CRB 2289 Sales, Mariana Osue Ide Sa32i O Império do Quinto Afonso de Portugal (1448-1481) / Mariana Osue Ide Sales. Campinas, SP : [s. n.], 2009. Orientador: Paulo Miceli Denis Menjot Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1. Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, 1410-1473 ou 4. 2. Portugal – História – Afonso V, 1448-1481. 3. Portugal – História – Sec. XV. 4. Portugal – História – Descobertas e explorações. 5. Ibérica, Península (Espanha e Portugal). 6. Aragon (Espanha). 7. Castela e Leão (Espanha). I. Miceli, Paulo. II. Menjot, Denis. III. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. IV. Título. Título em inglês: The quest of Empire of D. Afonso V, King of Portugal (1448- 1481) Zurara, Gomes Eanes de, 1410-1473 (or 4) Palavras chaves em inglês (keywords) : Portugal – History – Alfonso V, 1448-1481 Portugal – History – 15th cent. Portugal – H istory – Discovery and exploration Iberica, Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) Aragon (Spain) Castilla y Leon (Spain) Área de Concentração: História Titulação: Doutor em História Banca examinadora: Paulo Miceli, Denis Menjot, Ana Paula Megiani, Neri de Barros Almeida, Stéphane Boissellier Data da defesa: 02-09-2009 Programa de Pós-Graduação: História 2 Para meus pais. 5 Résumé La thèse fait l’analyse des références impériales dans la politique menée par d’Alphonse V, roi du Portugal, entre 1448 et 1481. Dans la première partie, nous avons étudié la dilatation de la notion juridique d’ imperium sur les territoires maritimes atlantiques et sur les domaines que les portugais on conquit au Nort de l´Afrique. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons analysé comment le chroniqueur du roi a présenté le Portugal par rapport aux Empires historiques (Roman et Visigot) et comme la notion de Royaume Élu, d’appel universalistes, ont constitué des références fondamentales à la politique expansionniste. Dans la troisième partie, nous présentons l’analyse des prétentions impériales du roi travers l’analyse de deux aspect de sa politique externe. Le mariage de sa sœur, Léonore du Portugal avec Frédéric III, Habsbourg et son élévation au titre d’impératrice. Le silence sur cette union nous a permis de comprendre que l’idéal impérial cultivé par le roi et sa cour, s’éloignait de la référence romane germanique. Finalement, l’étude sur la guerre menée par le roi contre Isabelle de Castille, future Reine Catholique, pendant la période 1475 et 1479, où le roi du Portugal a essayé d’assumer le gouvernement de la Couronne travers le mariage avec Jeanne et aussi les plans de partage d’Aragon, faites entre Louis XI, roi de France et Alphonse V, explicite son intention d’unifier la péninsule Ibérique, reconstituant l’unité mythique. Histoire ; Péninsule Ibérique ; Portugal ; D. Afonso V ; Empire ; imperium ; expansion maritime ; Découvertes ; Gomes Eanes de Zurara. 7 Abstract This study analyses de imperial aspects of the politics of D. Afonso V, king of Portugal (1448-1481). The first part of the work is composed by the study of the dilatation of the juridical notion of imperium , concerning the atlantics and africans Portuguese possessions The second part studies how the historian of the king, Zurara, presented Portugal as an heir of the Roman and Visigoth empires and how the notion of elected kingdom, that carries a strong sense of universal monarchy, made part of the fundamental political ideals that sustained the expansion in Africa and at the Atlantic islands. At the last part, we present the imperial intents of the king through the study of his external politic with the Holy Empire and the Crown of Castile. The marriage of the sister’s king, Leonor, with the emperor Frederick III, Habsburg, is the first aspect analysed. The silence about this union gave us means to understand why the ideal of Empire of the Portuguese king was very different of the roman germanic reference. Finally, we study the war between Portugal and Castile, against Isabel, the future Catholic queen, during the period 1475 and 1479. The king of Portugal tried to assume the government of the Crown, by marrying Jane, princess and heir of the Castile. Also, the plains signed between Louis XI, king of France and Afonso V, in 1475, shows that the portuguese king and French king intended to prepare a war agains Crown of Aragon and share their territories. The politic of Afonso inside Iberia explicated his aim of “re-unify” the peninsula under his control. History; XVth century; Iberia; Portugal; D. Afonso V; Empire; imperium ; Descoveries; Gomes Eanes de Zurara. 9 Agradecimentos. O primeiro agradecimento que gostaria de fazer é ao Paulo Miceli. Foi no seu curso de História Moderna, ainda no final do século XX, que li Lucien Febvre pela primeira vez. Já se passaram muitos anos... Foi naquele momento que apanhei o vírus do amor pela História e nunca mais me curei. Em 1998 ele aceitou me orientar e desde então sempre me deu completa liberdade nas escolhas de temas de estudo. Agradeço pela formação, no sentido largo, que inclui a descoberta de tantos autores. Entre eles, Paul Zumthor e Ricoeur e também Jorge Luís Borges. (Por favor, continue indicando). Além disso, e acima de tudo, sem sua compreensão pelos temas que me movem e seu apoio institucional e pessoal, eu não sei como poderia ter seguido as rotas das navegações que segui. Agradeço ainda pelo respeito e confiança. Muito obrigada. Um agradecimento mais que especial a Denis Menjot, com quem aprendo muito, cotidianamente. Que me orientou com tanta atenção e dedicação na França e permitiu que eu tivesse as melhores condições para fazer a pesquisa. Por todo o empenho para que aprofundasse as reflexões nessa busca pelo ideal de Império, tão difícil de apreender! e para que eu pudesse ter acesso aos melhores arquivos e bibliotecas. Agradeço a dois professores que foram fundamentais na minha formação: Isabel Marson e Carlos Galvão. Um agradecimento muito especial à Néri de Barros Almeida, por todo apoio institucional e pessoal durante o doutorado, que foram certamente mais importantes do que ela possa imaginar. Pelos questionamentos ao estudo, que me permitiram precisar algumas questões ainda fluidas. Também ao Marcelo Cândido da Silva, pelas mesmas razões. Agradeço a Stéphane Boissellier, membro da banca, pela leitura atenta do estudo. Ao Leandro Karnal, pelos anos de aprenzidado (e bom-humor), e pelo curso sobre as narrativas sagradas do qual nasceram importantes questionamentos para a análise das crônicas de Zurara. Pelas observações e críticas ao trabalho. A Ana Paula Megiani, cujas aulas sobre o poder na península se encontram diluídas ao longo do texto que se segue e me fizeram pensar durante esses 4 anos. 11 Ao Alfredo Tuzi, do Archivio Vaticano , pelos infinitos esclarecimentos e pela atenção e paciência. A Johan Ickx da Peninzieria Apostolica . À irmã Jacinta (Profa. Aparecida Turolo) e as palotinas e carmelitas de Roma. Ao Professor Luís Adão da Fonseca, pelos esclarecimentos e pelas biografias que D. Afonso V e D. João II. Tamém a Jeremy Lawrence, pelas infinitas indicações bibliográficas e, sobretudo, pela edição eletrônica da Crônica da Guiné . A Stéphane Péquignot, pela tese e por todas as indicações bibliográficas também. Ao Professor José Rivair Macedo, pelas apreciações sobre o texto. Ao Albert Rigaudière. Ao Professor Onésimo d’Almeida, pela sua atenção, sempre. À Professora Maria Asenjo González. Um agradecimento especial para Bela Feldman Bianco. Não posso deixar de agradecer inúmeras instituições: a CAPES, pelo financiamento parcial do projeto, aos professores e funcionários do CIHAM/UMR 5648, e um agradecimento especial a Nicole Dusserre. Para a Casa de Velázquez e Institut de France. Aos funcionários do IFCH. Ao LEME (Laboratório de Estudos Medievais USP/UNICAMP). Arlete Darbord, Isabel Barros e Isabel Jaber, Sr. Pinheiro e a todos que trabalham na Fundation Calouste Gulbenkian – Centre Culturel Portugais de Paris. A generosidade e competência de todos vocês e as condições idéias de consulta a biblioteca, oferecidas pela instituição, foram fundamentais para a realização da pesquisa. São muitas as pessoas que preciso agradecer na Bibliothèque nationale de France . Jacqueline Sanson, Thierry Delcourt e especialmente Jacques Faule, durante a minha estadia na BnF como pesquisadora do programa Profession Culture . Aos conservadores e funcionários da Divisão de Manuscritos Ocidentais em geral. Um agradecimento muito especial a Marie-Pierre Laffitte, minha tutora durante o programa Profession Culture e por todas as informações para a pesquisa do doutorado. Também agradeço a consideração e confiança. Por ter me proposto o projeto sobre os documentos portugueses de Mazarino, um verdadeiro presente. Esse corpus contribui muito para que eu pense o Império português e o imperialismo europeu moderno e também permitiu que eu aprofundasse as refflexões sobre o Império no reinado de D. Afonso V. Além disso, Mazarino é uma personagem tem colaborado muito para que eu possa pensar a diplomacia de modo mais complexo. Bonjour, la réserve! A todos os colegas, bibliotecários, magasiniers e conservadores da Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève , especialmente a Nathalie Rollet. 12 A muitos amigos que agradeço sinceramente, ainda que de modo breve: Priscila Nucci, por tantas coisas... entre elas, as leituras de versões de capítulos, todo tipo de ajudas com questões burocráticas, pela paciência e acima de tudo, pela sua amizade. Luciana Claudina Ansante e Marlene Alves. A Endrica Geraldo que leu a primeira versão do primeiro projeto. Rossana Pinheiro. Marili Bassini. Jefferson Cano, para seguir uma tradição ifchiana. Philippe Morel. Nadine Baudouin, Arletty Victor e Marie-Brigitte. Mohamed Elhadri, Martín Rios e David Nogales.
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