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L'arcipelago Delle Falkland/Malvine: Un Problema Geopolitico E Geostrategico

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L'arcipelago Delle Falkland/Malvine: Un Problema Geopolitico E Geostrategico UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE Sede Amministrativa del Dottorato di Ricerca UNIVERSITA' DEGLI STUDI DI BOLOGNA, CORFU-IONIA, KOPER/CAPODISTRIA-PRIMORSKA, NAPOLI, PARIS-SORBONNE (PARIS IV), PÉCS, PIEMONTE ORIENTALE, SALERNO, SANNIO, SASSARI, TRENTO Sedi Convenzionate XVIII CICLO DEL DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN POLITICHE DI SVILUPPO E GESTIONE DEL TERRITORIO (SETTORE SCIENTIFICO-DISCIPLINARE M-GGR/02) L'Arcipelago delle Falkland/Malvine: un problema geopolitico e geostrategico DOTTORANDO Dott. DONATELLO CIVIDIN r b3 COORDINATORE DEL COLLEGIO DEI DOCENTI Chiar. ma Prof. MARIAPAOLA PAGNINI - UNIV. DI TRIESTE 'L ( /• " ~\A e_ - : i.,., ~. \ •7 V\ \..-. RELATORE E TUTORE Chiar. ma Prof. MARIA PAOLA PAGNINI - UNIV. DI TRIESTE UA ti- r.J.... ,,.. 1.. t.~ - ANNO ACCADEMICO 2004-2005 L'Arcipelago delle Falkland/Malvine: un problema geopolitico e geostrategico Indice 1.- Premessa: ..................................................................................pag. 3 2.- Introduzione: ..............................................................................pag. 7 3.- Inquadramento geografico e cenni storici: .......................................... pag. 9 3 .1- Inquadramento geografico .............................................................. pag. 9 3.2- Cenni storici ............................................................................... pag. 10 4.- La scelta britannica della presa di possesso delle isole e le conseguenti reazioni argentine: .......................................................................................... pag. 15 4.1- La politica delle Basi .................................................................pag. 15 4.2- Il controllo delle vie marittime ...................................................... pag. 16 4.3- L'Impero coloniale britannico ....................................................... pag. 18 4.4- L'evolversi della contesa .............................................................pag. 22 4.5- La presenza argentina nelle Falkland negli anni '70 ..............................pag. 25 5.- Falklands, le chiavi del Pacifico: ...................................................... pag. 27 5.1- La battaglia delle Falkland ............................................................pag. 28 5.2- La caccia alla corazzata tascabile von Spee ........................................pag. 34 5.3- Operation Tabarin .......................................................................pag. 38 5.4- Guerra Fredda ...........................................................................pag. 39 6.-Moti anticolonialisti della seconda metà del XX secolo: ........................... pag. 40 6.1- La decolonizzazione ....................................................................pag. 40 6.2- La disputa giuridica .....................................................................pag. 42 6.3- L'intervento delle Nazioni Unite ....... ~ ..............................................pag. 45 7.- La guerra per le Falklands/Malvine: .................................................pag. 51 7.1- La Crisi .................................................................................. pag. 51 7.2- La Guerra ................................................................................pag. 55 7.2.1- Colpo di mano argentino .......................................................pag. 56 7 .2.2- Reazione argentina ..............................................................pag. 58 7.2.3- Reazione britannica ............................................................. pag. 59 7 .2.4- Le missioni Black Buck .......................................................pag. 65 7.2.5- La guerra navale ................................................................pag. 67 7 .2.6- La guerra aerea .................................................................. pag. 69 7 .2.7- Lo sbarco e le operazioni terrestri ............................................ pag. 72 7 .3- Il dopoguerra ............................................................................. pag. 75 7.3.1- Considerazioni strategico-politiche .......................................... pag. 75 7.3.2- Il dopoguerra per i kelpers ....................................................pag. 76 8.- Lo stato attuale nelle Falklands: ....................................................... pag. 80 8.1- Popolazione, organizzazione e servizi ............................................... pag. 83 8.2- Ambiente economico ................................................................... pag. 92 8.3- Sfera commerciale ......................................................................pag. 94 8.4- Risorse Minerali ........................................................................ pag. 97 8.5- Attività imprenditoriale e turismo .................................................... pag. 98 9.-Attuale interesse geopolitico e proiezione sul continente antartico: ............ pag.108 9.1- Cenno Storico ..........................................................................pag.108 9 .2- Il Trattato Antartico ................................................................... pag.11 O 9.3- Il Cono Sur Latino Americano ....................................................... pag.112 10.-Conclusioni: una questione sempre aperta ......................................... pag.115 11.- Allegati: .................................................................................... pag.112 11.1- Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite - 4 novembre 1982 ...................pag. I 12 11.2- Risoluzione ONU 502 -Aprile 1982 ................................................ pag.124 11.3- Risoluzione ONU 505 - Maggio 1982 ..............................................pag.125 11.4- British Overseas Territori es Act 2002 ...............................................pag.126 12.- Bibliografia: .............................................................................. pag.131 2 1.- Premessa Ali' incrocio del 52° parallelo meridionale ed il 60° meridiano occidentale, alla porta 1 d'ingresso dall'Atlantico al Pacifico, si trova l'Arcipelago delle Falkland/Malvine , composto da due isole maggiori e da qualche centinaio di isolotti, brulli, senza vegetazione 2 e per gran parte dell'anno investiti da un gelido vento antartico • Questo territorio apparentemente così inospitale, posto nella parte inferiore dell'Oceano Atlantico a cinquecento chilometri dal continente sudamericano, ospita il più meridionale 3 4 degli agglomerati urbani stanziali . Sono terre , perlopiù sconosciute alle grandi masse, che hanno attirato nei secoli le attenzioni delle Potenze che ne hanno fatto la storia, passata e presente. Avvistate nel corso del cinquecento dai grandi esploratori europei, dipendenti sia dalla Corona di Spagna che da quella britannica, per due secoli le isole furono mèta di diverse 5 spedizioni, cambiando possessore e nome molte volte . 1 : L'arcipelago viene chiamato dagli inglesi Falkland (dagli argentini Malvinas), l'isola maggiore Falkland Orientale (o Soledad), quella minore Falkland Occidentale (o Gran Malvina) ed il canale che le separa Falkland Sound (o San Carlos) - (Vecchioni D.- "Le Falkland Malvine, storia di un conflitto", EURA Press, Milano, 1987-pagg. 7-8). Già la toponomastica suggerisce la opposta posizione del Governo britannico e di quello argentino. 2 : L'arcipelago è composto dalle due isole maggiori e da 778 isole minori. Esso è situato nell'estremo sud dell'Atlantico a circa 400 Km dalla costa continentale dell'Argentina, ali' altezza della città di Rio Gallegos, e a 650 Km a nord-est di Capo Horn. Le due isole maggiori hanno la forma di due frastagliate foglie di vite, accostate tra loro, con una superficie totale di circa 12.000 Kmq, metà della superficie della Sardegna, e sono separate da un canale. L'isola Maggiore misura 6.308 Kmq, mentre la minore ne ha 4.351, entrambe con rilievi fino ai 700m. di altitudine. Ha due centri urbani, di cui uno è la Capitale, Port Stanley (o Puerto Argentino), in cui risiede la maggior parte dei 2.100 abitanti dell'arcipelago. Dipendenze dell'arcipelago sono, più a sud e a sud-est, la Georgia australe (nel quadrante marittimo di Weddel) con un migliaio di abitanti nella capitale Grytviken, ed altri minori gruppi di isole deserte: le Oreadi australi, le Sandwich australi, le Shetlands australi, fino alla terra di Graham, che formano il complesso dell'Antartide britannica, rivendicata in gran parte dall'Argentina. (Sinagra A.,"Sovranità contesa - Autodeterminazione e integrità territoriale dello stato", Giuffrè editore, Milano, 1999.- pag.5). 3 : L'arcipelago è uno dei più meridionali tra quelli abitati da popolazioni stanziali, che, "considerando anche le popolazioni delle isole della Terra del fuoco e alla Navarino, ospitano le popolazioni umane più australi del mondo". 4 : Posto all'apice inferiore del continente sudamericano, l'arcipelago, nonostante sia abitato da cinquemila persone, fra stanziali e militari e qualche decina di migliaia di pecore, è stato, e rimane, al centro di una disputa tra Argentina e Regno Unito, che culminò con un breve ma intenso conflitto armato, agli inizi dell'inverno antartico del 1982. 5 : In ordine cronologico: Islas Sansòn, Davis' Southem Island, Hawkins Maiden Land, Isole Sebaldine, Falklands Islands, Isole Malouine, Malun ed Islas Malvinas. 3 Verso la fine del seicento l'Arcipelago assunse il ruolo di rifugio dalle tempeste per i balenieri che incrociavano le acque antartiche e di approdo ospitale per le necessarie riparazioni dei vascelli reduci dal passaggio di Capo Horn.
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