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Effective Waste Management by Enhancing Reusable Packaging

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Effective Waste Management by Enhancing Reusable Packaging Effective waste management by enhancing reusable packaging AHMED BADER BABADER A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2015 I ABSTRACT This research aims to propose an integrated method, which combines all the aspects required to reduce environmental impact from waste packaging and to increase knowledge on the best way to enhance reusable packaging. Through a review of the extant literature, a conceptual framework was designed of the most important dimensions to enhance reusable packaging amongst society and industries The main contributions in the research are the development of a Social Behaviour Aspect Model (SBAM) and the creation of reusable packaging attributes checklist. The SBAM can help industries focus on having high knowledge about reuse of packaging and to cooperate with communities to develop personal and social values and norms during the designing of reusable packaging. SBAM is the output from the first phase, which showed the importance of making an effort to develop packaging for consumers to reuse. The reusable packaging attributes checklist can provide a guideline for manufacturers/designers who intend to develop packaging sustainability performance through designing reusable packaging, and contribute to meet and interpret the reuse of packaging requirements and procedures. It also determines the environmental impact of reusable packaging attributes, which many industries are concerned about. The reusable packaging attributes checklist is the output from the second and third phases. The System Dynamic (SD) method was the approach used to determinate the interaction between social aspects and reusable packaging. The Normal Average, Codes and Coding and factor analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approaches were used to determine the reusable packaging attributes checklist. The last phase of the research was the conduction of a case study of a real company which needs to increase the amount of reusable packaging it uses and which seeks to reduce its environmental impact. All methods used in this research have both a quantitative and a qualitative nature. Data was collected by evaluation of consumers' responses and experts' experiences, as provided in the questionnaires. This research opens up opportunities for improving packaging and meeting sustainable profits and provides valuable information based on social, economic and environmental benefits of reusable packaging. The novelty of this research can help industries to investigate the most important areas for development within communities to enhance the use of reusable packaging and also facilitate the process-based change from one-way packaging to reusable packaging effectively with reduction of environmental impact. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am heartily thankful to my supervisors, Dr Jun Ren, Prof. Jin Wang and Dr Karl Jones, whose encouragement, supervision and support from the preliminary stages to the concluding stage enabled me to complete this research work. I also gratefully appreciate all the experts who supported me by filling in the questionnaires carefully and sharing their experiences with me. It is a pleasure to thank the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah, who supported me and encouraged me to complete my education. Then, I offer my regards and blessings to my parents for giving me their moral support. I am sincerely and heartily grateful to my wife, Shaima, and two little daughters, Cyrene and Fatima, for their support and love while I was working on my thesis. Lastly, I want to express my gratitude to all of the friends who supported me in any capacity during the completion of this thesis. AHMED BABADER III TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III LIST OF CONTENTS III LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF FIGURES X ABBREVIATIONS XI CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Definition of solid waste 1 1.1.2 Categories of waste 1 1.1.3 Waste problems 2 1.1.4 Waste management system 5 1.1.5 The scope of a solid waste management system 6 1.1.6 Solutions for tackling general waste and waste packaging: Regulations 8 1.1.7 Waste-tackling techniques 12 1.2 Justification for the research 17 1.3 Research questions 18 1.4 Research aim and objectives 18 1.5 The scope of the research 19 1.6 Achievement of the research 19 1.7 Thesis structure 19 CHAPTER 2: Literature review 21 2.1 Reuse 21 2.1.1 The concepts of reuse 21 2.2 Social, economic and environment benefits of reuse 22 2.3 Social behaviour and attention toward reuse 25 2.3.1 Social behaviours 26 2.3.2 Social demographics 26 IV 2.3.3 Social environmental responsibility 27 2.3.4 Social incentives 29 2.4 The importance of packaging design for reuse 32 2.4.1 Studies of packaging attributes 35 2.5 The environmental impact of designing new packaging to be reuse 39 2.5.1 Indicators for testing environmental impacts 45 2.5.2 Recent industries in reusable packaging and the gap in the research 53 2.6 Summary 54 CHAPTER 3: Research methodology 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Conceptual framework 55 3.2.1 Identification of the conceptual framework 56 3.2.2 Explanation of the variables within the conceptual framework 57 3.2.3 Testing of the conceptual framework 60 3.3 Research structure 61 3.3.1 Analysis reuse approach in terms of benefits, behaviour attention, design attributes and environmental impact (Chapter 2) 61 3.3.2 Social behaviour and attitudes towards reusable packaging methodology (Chapter 4) 62 3.3.3 Discovering reusable packaging attributes methodology (Chapter 5) 63 3.3.4 Investigating the environmental impact of reusable packaging attributes methodology (Chapter 6) 64 3.3.5 Case study phase (Chapter 7) 65 3.4 Descriptions and ideas linked to research design 65 3.4.1 Research methodology 65 3.4.2 Research techniques 65 3.4.3 Research design 66 3.5 Sampling selection, data collection and analysis 66 3.6 Summary 69 CHAPTER 4: A system dynamics analysis for enhancing social behaviours regarding the reuse of packaging 70 V 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Social behaviour aspect framework 71 4.3 System dynamics method 73 4.3.1 Background of system dynamic method 73 4.3.2 Existing approaches to analysing social behaviour and the importance of SD 74 4.3.3 Causal Loop Diagram of Social Behaviour Aspect Model (SBAM) 75 4.3.4 Model hypotheses 77 4.3.5 Stock flow diagram of SBAM 78 4.3.6 Equations 83 4.4 Empirical study of the relationship between people’s behaviour and reusable packaging 84 4.4.1 Questionnaire formulation and structure 84 4.4.2 Questionnaire process and data collection 88 4.5 Statistical results 88 4.5.1 Questionnaire analysis 88 4.6 Simulation processes and results of SBAM 90 4.6.1 Validation of the structure and behaviour of SBAM 91 4.7 Results of scenario analysis 93 4.8 Discussion 96 4.9 Summary 100 CHAPTER 5: Exploring reusable packaging attributes 102 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Packaging attributes framework 103 5.3 An empirical study on the relationship between packaging design and reusable packaging attributes 107 5.3.1 Choosing the right experts in the packaging design field 107 5.3.2 Questionnaire formulation and structure 108 5.3.3 Questionnaire process and data collection 108 5.4 Statistical analysis 109 5.5 An empirical study on the relationship between packaging used for secondary uses and reusable packaging 113 5.5.1 Refining secondary packaging reuse 114 VI 5.5.2 Analysing packaging attributes from packaging used for secondary uses related to reusable packaging 117 5.6 Description of reusable packaging attributes 119 5.7 Reusable packaging attributes checklist 122 5.8 Discussion 123 5.9 Implementation of the reusable packaging checklist 126 5.10 Summary 127 CHAPTER 6: Analysis study of environmental impact of reusable packaging attributes in the Packaging Industry 128 6.1 Introduction 128 6.2 Environmental impact framework 129 6.3 An empirical study of the relationship between reusable packaging attributes and environmental impact factors 130 6.3.1 Choosing the right experts in the environmental impact field 131 6.3.2 Questionnaire structure 131 6.3.3 Survey data description 132 6.4 Factor analysis with principal component analysis method 134 6.4.1 Calculation, results and analysis 134 6.5 Discussion 137 6.6 Summary 141 CHAPTER 7: Case study 142 7.1 Introduction 142 7.1.1 Environmental practices 142 7.2 Customers’ intentions and behaviour towards reusable cups 145 7.2.1 Questionnaire formulation and structure 146 7.2.2 Questionnaire process and data collection 148 7.2.3 SD model results 149 7.3 Reusable cup attributes 152 7.3.1 Results of justification for some of the Starbucks reusable cup attributes 153 7.4 Environmental impact of the Starbucks reusable cup 154 VII 7.5 Recommendation and discussion 156 7.6 Summary 157 CHAPTER 8: Conclusions and suggestions 159 8.1 Contribution to knowledge 161 8.2 Suggestions for further research 162 References 164 APPENDIX I: Model assumptions, Parameters, Variables units in the system dynamic model. 183 APPENDIX II: Questionnaire used in Survey 1 for the purpose of Chapter 4 185 APPENDIX III: Questionnaire used in Survey 2 for the purpose of Chapter 5 194 APPENDIX IV: Questionnaire used in Survey 3 for the purpose of Chapter 5 199 APPENDIX V: The attachment form in Survey 3 202 APPENDIX VI: Summary of Secondary Packaging reuse 204 APPENDIX VII: Questionnaire used in Survey 4 for the purpose of Chapter 6 209 APPENDIX VIII: Questionnaire used in Survey 5 for the purpose of Chapter 7 214 VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1:
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