Études Océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009, « Plantes Et Sociétés » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 24 Janvier 2012, Consulté Le 30 Juin 2021

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Études Océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009, « Plantes Et Sociétés » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 24 Janvier 2012, Consulté Le 30 Juin 2021 Études océan Indien 42-43 | 2009 Plantes et Sociétés Gabriel Lefèvre (dir.) Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/61 DOI : 10.4000/oceanindien.61 ISSN : 2260-7730 Éditeur INALCO Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 janvier 2009 ISBN : 978-2-85831-180-4 ISSN : 0246-0092 Référence électronique Gabriel Lefèvre (dir.), Études océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009, « Plantes et Sociétés » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 24 janvier 2012, consulté le 30 juin 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/oceanindien/61 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/oceanindien.61 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 30 juin 2021. Études océan Indien est mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International. 1 Le titre du cliché de la couverture aux Archives nationales d’Aix-en-Provence est « Tananarive. Marché du “Zoma” ; l’herboristerie en plein air. 1940 ». Il s’agit d’un cliché – consultable en ligne sur la base Ulysse – de G. Ramiandrisoa qui s’inscrit dans une série d’une quarantaine de photographies données au Ministère de la France d’Outre-Mer en 1946. Pourquoi les auteurs de ce numéro se sont-ils arrêtés à ce tableau si tananarivien ? N’auraient-ils pas pu s’accommoder d’autres clichés plus anciens ? Celui-ci a en effet quelque chose de contemporain, voire d’actuel, quand on sait la fascination qu’exercent médecine traditionnelle ou phytopraticiens. Cette « herboristerie » est à la croisée de deux mondes, ceux que P. Boiteau évoque en 1942, lors d’une exposition consacrée aux plantes médicinales, à Tsimbazaza. C’est tout l’art de Ramiandrisoa que de le montrer d’un bloc. Ramiandrisoa fixe les attitudes de quelques inconnus en ce haut lieu, où, il n’y a pas si longtemps, avant l’explosion du Zoma en de multiples marchés excentrés, se vendaient encore les simples (rues Andrianampoinimerina, Escande, Ranavalona Ire). Études océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009 2 SOMMAIRE L’éditorial Présentation du numéro Gabriel Lefèvre Le dossier Crops, cattle and commensals across the Indian Ocean Current and Potential Archaeobiological Evidence Dorian Q. Fuller et Nicole Boivin From Ratsiraka to Ravalomanana Changing Narratives of Prickly Pears in Dryland Madagascar Karen Middleton Engaging green governmentality through ritual The case of Madagascar’s Ranomafana National Park Paul W. Hanson Living with Alien invasives The political ecology of wattle in the eastern highveld Mpumalanga, South Africa Michelle Aitken, Haripriya Rangan et Christian A. Kull Recipes from the past Highland textile dyes in 19th century Merina sources, with a translation of passages from the “Ombiasy‟s manuscript” Sarah Fee et Bako Rasoarifetra Sur la classification vernaculaire des plantes dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar Gabriel Lefèvre Représentations malgaches du monde vivant Taxinomies empiriques : théorie et pratique Marguerite Razarihelisoa The Use of Wild and Cultivated Plants as famine Foods on Pemba Island, Zanzibar Martin Walsh Vary Gasy: Folk Models of Rice and Implications for Agricultural Development in Eastern Madagascar Douglas W. Hume Folk Food beliefs in Mauritius and Rodrigues Imtiaz Bahemia et Marie Chan Sun Khat in the Western Indian Ocean Regional Linkages and Disjunctures Neil Carrier et Lisa Gezon L’usage des plantes dans le champ de la santé Initiation, cueillette et guérison en Imerina (Hautes Terres centrales de Madagascar) Delphine Burguet Sans la plante, point de devin-guérisseur Jean Bertin Iréné Ramamonjisoa Études océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009 3 Les plantes dans la fabrication de talismans utilisés en phytothérapie dans le Sud-Ouest malgache Le cas de Toliara Jeanne Ravaosolo Plantes de la Bible en malgache et plantes « bibliques » dans la culture malgache Directions de recherche à partir de quelques exemples Solo Raharinjanahary et Noël J. Gueunier Note sur les plantes du Coran en comorien Saïd Assoumani Mohamed Les lectures Austnaberg, Hans, Shepherds and Demons Noël J. Gueunier Taarifa. Revue des Archives départementales de Mayotte Noël J. Gueunier Walker, Iain, Comores : guide culturel Noël J. Gueunier Pobéguin, Henri, Blanchy, Sophie, La Grande Comore en 1898 Noël J. Gueunier Noiret, François, Le Mythe d’Ibonia le grand Prince (Madagascar) Rabenantoandro Rajakoba Larson, Pier M., Ocean of Letters: Language and Creolization in an Indian Ocean Diaspora Rabenantoandro Rajakoba Radaody-Ralarosy, René, Zovy. 1947, Au cœur de l’insurrection malgache Rabenantoandro Rajakoba Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo, Ranaivosoa, Désiré A., Rajaonary Mpitandrina (1850-1902). “Ilay volamena latsaka am-bovoka…” Rabenantoandro Rajakoba Information sur ce numéro Comité de lecture du numéro Études océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009 4 L’éditorial Études océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009 5 Présentation du numéro Gabriel Lefèvre 1 Ce numéro spécial « Plantes et Sociétés dans l’océan Indien occidental » regroupe des contributions très différentes les unes des autres car issues de disciplines diverses, de traditions universitaires différentes, parfois très éloignées de la coutume d’Etudes Océan Indien. Cette variété d’approches, historiques, anthropologiques, agronomiques, médicales, linguistiques, illustre d’elle-même la richesse de la relation qu’hommes et plantes entretiennent, et donne des points de vue disciplinaires et personnels à chaque fois renouvelés. Nous avons donc choisi de ne pas chercher à uniformiser cette variété de styles, produisant un ensemble contrasté, qui contribuera, nous l’espérons, au dialogue interdisciplinaire. A l’origine, le projet du numéro était né de la journée d’études « Plantes, sociétés, savoirs et symboles dans l’océan Indien occidental », qui a eu lieu le 15 avril 2008 à l’Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, à l’initiative du Centre d’Etudes et de recherches sur l’Océan Indien Occidental (CEROI), sous la direction du Professeur Narivelo Rajaonarimanana. Au fur et à mesure du développement du numéro, la référence à cette Journée est devenue moins importante, puisque de nombreux auteurs qui n’avaient pu y être conviés ont fourni des articles substantiels. 2 On vient d’évoquer l’idée d’une relation entre hommes et plantes : gardons-nous de croire que cette relation soit à sens unique. Il ne s’agit pas simplement de l’usage des plantes. La relation est faite de telle manière qu’on peut parfois avoir le sentiment que les plantes modèlent autant les sociétés humaines qu’elles en subissent le contact. Ainsi, qu’en est-il du qât dont les composés euphorisants l’ont rendu si important à certaines sociétés de l’océan Indien occidental qu’elles ne sauraient s’en passer sans conduire à des bouleversements sociétaux majeurs ? Dans quel sens est la relation : est- ce l’homme qui utilise les plantes pour son intérêt, ou bien est-ce que ce sont les plantes qui finalement utilisent les hommes pour leur propagation ? La relation peut être assez ambiguë dans le cas des plantes psychotropes recherchées par les hommes. S’il est vrai qu’il existe des drogues sociales telles que le qât, un contrôle social manifeste est exercé sur l’usage de certaines de ces plantes. Ainsi, le nom du chanvre, jamala, à Madagascar a pu être rapproché par certains dans une de ces étymologies que les spécialistes appellent « populaires », avec adala « fou ». C’est que le chanvre est Études océan Indien, 42-43 | 2009 6 considéré à Madagascar comme une plante dangereuse, et à son nom, est associé ce qui apparaît comme un principe mnémotechnique rappelant une caractéristique physique dont il faut se méfier. A travers le nom de cette plante, dont il faut rappeler que la présence ancienne est un marqueur important de l’implantation humaine à Madagascar, la culture émet le signal puissant du danger que peut en représenter l’usage. 3 Un lien peut donc exister entre le nom d’une plante et certaines de ses caractéristiques physiques. Le mandehatsitaone, c’est-à-dire le « il y va sans qu’on l’invite » désigne dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar plusieurs plantes aux caractéristiques communes : ce sont des herbacées qui présentent des fruits munis de barbillons leur permettant de s’accrocher au pelage des animaux ou aux vêtements des passants assurant ainsi la propagation de ses graines (il s’agit par exemple de Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Poaceae ou Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae, deux plantes très éloignées dans la classification scientifique, mais portant le même nom vernaculaire, toutes deux liées à l’homme par la même relation). D’autres végétaux s’accrochent aux passants, comme le roipitike ou « roy qui s’accroche » Mimosa manomboensis Lefèvre & Labat Fabaceae, mais avec un caractère socialement distinctif : elles possèdent des épines recourbées, particulièrement agrippantes et douloureuses. Mais ce qui nous intéresse ici est que toutes ces plantes « accrocheuses » ont reçu de la coutume le même type d’usage. Elles servent à s’attirer les faveurs de la personne convoitée : « avec ce remède-là, tu n’as même pas besoin d’appeler la femme chez toi, de l’inviter à revenir, elle va venir d’elle- même sans même que tu l’invites », explique le vendeur de plantes médicinales. C’est bien le terme « remède », aoly, qui est utilisé, ce qui laisse tout de suite saisir que la notion de maladie, et c’est un fait bien connu des anthropologues, est bien plus large dans la société coutumière du sud-ouest de Madagascar qu’elle ne peut l’être dans la biomédecine. Ainsi, l’échec dans la rencontre amoureuse est une « maladie » que la médecine traditionnelle soignera. On voit par cet exemple que l’éthique à l’œuvre dans la médecine traditionnelle se révèle différente de celle de la biomédecine. On observe en effet qu’il ne s’agit pas dans ce cas de soigner une simple maladie du quotidien, mais qu’on entre dans ce que l’ethnologue classait autrefois dans la catégorie stigmatisante de magie de guérison. Ainsi nous vérifions que l’usage de l’expression « médecine traditionnelle », courant aujourd’hui, ne doit cependant pas faire oublier le fait que les catégories de cette médecine ne coïncident pas exactement, et loin de là dans certains cas, avec celles de la biomédecine.
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