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Citizen-Based Sea Turtle Conservation Across the Developing-Developed World Divide

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Citizen-Based Sea Turtle Conservation Across the Developing-Developed World Divide Citizen-Based Sea Turtle Conservation Across the Developing-Developed World Divide by Myriah Lynne Cornwell Department of Environment Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Lisa M. Campbell, Supervisor ___________________________ Michael K. Orbach ___________________________ Xavier Basurto ___________________________ Deborah R. Gallagher ___________________________ Flora E. Lu Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Environment in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 ABSTRACT Citizen-Based Sea Turtle Conservation Across the Developing-Developed World Divide by Myriah Lynne Cornwell Department of Environment Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Lisa M. Campbell, Supervisor ___________________________ Michael K. Orbach ___________________________ Xavier Basurto ___________________________ Deborah R. Gallagher ___________________________ Flora E. Lu An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Environment in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Myriah Lynne Cornwell 2011 Abstract This dissertation research explores participatory sea turtle conservation monitoring through a comparison of two case studies, one in North Carolina (NC), USA and the other in Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico. Participatory approaches in conservation management can supplement state capacity as well as strengthen the involvement of citizens in environmental governance and knowledge production. Despite scholarship challenging the validity of the categories of developing and developed nations, this categorical assumptions derived from this binary world divide continue to inform conservation, and theoretical vocabularies for local roles in conservation management. In developed nations, participatory conservation management is framed through the broader administrative rationalism discourse, and is identified as volunteer conservation or citizen science. In developing nations, participatory conservation management is approached through the discourse of biodiversity and the threats human society poses to it, and is identified through community-based processes of conservation stewardship. The two case studies analyzed in this dissertation serve to interrogate the ways in which these distinct discourses influence outcomes, and consider what may be obscured or overlooked due to discursive constraints. iv Conducting ethnographic research in each case study site, I participated in and observed sea turtle conservation activities and conducted in-depth interviews with relevant sea turtle conservation actors as well as collected documents pertaining to the conservation programs. Sea turtle conservation monitors in NC and BCS perform functionally similar conservation tasks, and I collected data using similar techniques in order to maximize comparability. I compare the case studies, not to generalize to a population, but instead to speak to theoretical propositions and inform existing theory on participatory conservation monitoring. Although participatory monitoring in NC and BCS does not result in a democratization of science, there are beneficial outcomes to participants in both places. NC sea turtle monitors are enabled to take ownership of sea turtle stewardship, and BCS sea turtle monitors are enabled to promote conservation and cultural change using the authority of science. These outcomes challenge assumptions about state capacity and local engagements with science in participatory conservation, and the disparate approaches to local roles in conservation in each ‘world.’ The overall findings suggest that a multitude of factors are involved in the production of conservation program frameworks and participant outcomes, and more deeply interrogating the taken for granted assumptions behind conservation designs and implementation can offer stronger understandings of what participatory conservation management can (and cannot) achieve. v Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ x Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... xi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of Purpose ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Conservation and Sea Turtles ....................................................................................... 22 1.3 Political Ecology Literature ........................................................................................... 27 1.4 Social Studies of Science Literature .............................................................................. 34 1.5 Case Studies and Methods ............................................................................................ 39 1.6 Dissertation Structure .................................................................................................... 55 2. Co-Producing Conservation and Knowledge: Citizen-Based Sea Turtle Monitoring in North Carolina............................................................................................................................. 57 2.1 Citizens, Science, and Knowledge................................................................................ 58 2.2 North Carolina Sea Turtle Project: A Case Study ...................................................... 65 2.2.1 Conserving Sea Turtles in North Carolina: The work of the VBOs ................... 70 2.3 “I’m Not a Scientist”: Volunteers as Data Collectors ................................................ 72 2.4 The Uncertain Science of Nest Relocation ................................................................... 76 2.5 “Nature Can’t Take Its Course Anymore”: Views of Human-Wildlife Relationships ......................................................................................................................... 79 2.6 “Get as Many Baby Turtles into the Water”: Views of the NCSTP Objectives ...... 82 vi 2.7 “I’d Like to Say We’re Street-Wise”: Knowledge and Decision Making Authority ................................................................................................................................................. 86 2.8 Conclusion: Collaboration, Negotiation, and the Co-Production of Conservation ................................................................................................................................................. 91 3. Empowered to do What?: Sea Turtle Conservation Monitoring in Baja California Sur 96 3.1 Biodiversity Conservation, Knowledge, and Participation ...................................... 98 3.2 Baja California Sur Case Study ................................................................................... 106 3.2.1 Methods .................................................................................................................... 112 3.3 “Without Science the Fishermen Alone Can’t Do Anything”: Science and Authority ............................................................................................................................. 114 3.4 “It’s Really Hard for Turtle Egg Poachers to Work”: Claiming Space .................. 117 3.5 “Go and Get Close to a Turtle, Get to Know It”: The Process of Dar La Conciencia ............................................................................................................................................... 120 3.6 “Conservation with the People, for the People and by the People”: Conservation and Governance .................................................................................................................. 123 3.7 Conclusion: Empowerment and Participatory Conservation ................................ 127 4. Participatory Conservation Across the Developing-Developed World Divide ........... 133 4.1 Developing World Conservation: Local People – Should They Stay or Should They Go? .............................................................................................................................. 136 4.2 Developed World Conservation: The State Knows Best ......................................... 144 4.3 Comparison of BCS and NC Participatory Conservation Cases............................ 151 4.4 Emergence of Sea Turtle Conservation Monitoring in BCS and NC..................... 156 4.5 Intersections of Science and Conservation ................................................................ 163 4.6 Conservation: Cultural or Rational Technical Issue? .............................................. 173 vii 4.7 Conclusion: Categories, Power, and Conservation ................................................. 177 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 182 5.1 Future Research Directions
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