The Role of Topical Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Prevent Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Injection
Philip Storey, MD, MPH,1 Michael Dollin, MD,1 John Pitcher, MD,1 Sahitya Reddy, BA,2 Joseph Vojtko, BA,2 James Vander, MD,1 Jason Hsu, MD,1 Sunir J. Garg, MD,1for the Post-Injection Endophthalmitis Study Team*
Objective: To compare the incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection with and without topical postinjection antibiotic prophylaxis. Design: Retrospective case-control study. Participants: All patients treated with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, bevacizumab, or aflibercept for a variety of retinal vascular diseases at a single, large retina practice between January 1, 2009, and October 1, 2012, were included. Methods: The total numbers of patients and injections were determined from a review of billing code and practice management records. Endophthalmitis cases were determined from billing records and from an infection log. All cases of endophthalmitis were confirmed with chart review. A 28-month period when topical antibiotics were prescribed after intravitreal injection was compared with a 9-month period when topical antibiotics were not prescribed. Patients treated during an 8-month transition period were excluded to allow for the conversion of antibiotic prescription practices. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of endophthalmitis, visual acuity outcomes, and microbial spectrum. Results: During the study period, a total of 117 171 intravitreal injections were performed (57 654 injections during the topical antibiotic period, 24 617 during the transition period, and 34 900 during the no-antibiotic period), with a total of 44 cases of suspected endophthalmitis (0.038%; 1 in 2663 injections), 17 of which showed culture-positive results (0.015%; 1 in 6892 injections). During the 28-month topical antibiotic period, there were 28 cases of suspected endophthalmitis (0.049%; 1 in 2059 injections), 10 of which showed culture- positive results (0.017%; 1 in 5765 injections). During the 9-month no-antibiotic period, there were 11 cases of suspected endophthalmitis (0.032%; 1 in 3173 injections), 4 of which showed culture-positive results (0.011%; 1 in 8725 injections). Topical antibiotic use was associated with a trend toward increased risk of suspected endophthalmitis (odds ratio [OR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77e3.10) and culture-positive endoph- thalmitis (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.47e4.83). Conclusions: The incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection is low. Using postinjection topical antibiotic drops does not reduce the risk of endophthalmitis developing and is associated with a trend toward higher incidence of endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2014;121:283-289 ª 2014 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
*Group members listed online in Appendix 1 (available at http://aaojournal.org).
The use of intravitreal injections for eye disease has increased demonstrated a reduction in postprocedure or postinjection dramatically because of the efficacy of several medications, endophthalmitis through use of prophylactic antibiotic including steroids and antievascular endothelial growth drops.4e6 Recent evidence suggests that topical antibiotics factor (VEGF) agents. Although uncommon, postinjection may even be harmful by increasing antibiotic-resistant endophthalmitis can cause significant ocular morbidity.1 bacterial strains7,8 and may increase the risk of endoph- Prophylactic measures, including the use of various topical thalmitis.9 The previous studies were relatively small and may antibiotics, have been used to reduce the incidence of not have been powered adequately to detect a difference in endophthalmitis. Topical antibiotics long have been endophthalmitis incidence. Many physicians continue to the standard of care after ocular surgery, and this prescribe antibiotics after intravitreal injection.10 This study practice was carried over to ocular injections. Although evaluates the role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis after topical antibiotics reduce conjunctival bacterial growth2 intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents as well as the and may have a possible synergistic effect when combined microbial spectrum after injection in the largest series of with povidoneeiodine,3 no randomized trials have intravitreal injections to date.