DOCSLIB.ORG

Report of the Transition Area; and Baltic Area Committees Concerning the Question; of Protection of Plaice, Salmon and Sea-Trout

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report of the Transition Area; and Baltic Area Committees Concerning the Question; of Protection of Plaice, Salmon and Sea-Trout 4. The Occurrence and Catch of Salmonids in the Latvian Coastal and Inland Waters. By W. Mannsfeld. The quantity of salmon and sea-trout (Salmo salar and S. trutta) caught in Latvian waters amounts to about 185,000 kg. yearly, and its value to about 475,000 Lats (gold francs); of which about 75,000 kg. to a value of about 185,000 Lats is contributed by coast-fishing, and the rest — by the fishing in inland waters. The principal fishing places for salmon are as follows: a. Sea-fishing. a) The mouth of the Salace (Salis) which flows into the Gulf of Riga near the Estonian frontier from the port of Ainazi to the fishing-village Kirbizi with a centre in Salacgriva. At this place the salmonid-fishing is carried on mainly with big salmon-weels, called "kuri” and “murdi”. b) The mouth of the Daugava (Düna) and of the G au j a (Livonian Aa), the latter flowing into the Gulf of Riga some 20 kilometres north-east of Daugavgrîva at Carnikava; this place is the centre of the salmon-fishing district, which extends in the north up to the fishing-settlement Neibade at the mouth of the Peterupe, and in the west as far as Kauguri, whereby the salmon-fishing in the west of the fishing-village and health-resort Bulli, near the mouth of the Lielupe, is of a more or less occasional character. At the mouth of the Gauja similar salmon-weels are common as in Salacgriva, while at all other places in this district only drag-nets are used. Of great importance for the salmonid-fishing are the fishing settlements at the mouth of the Gauja and Daugava: Peterupe, Carnikava, Mangali, Daugav­ grîva, Bolderaja and BuJJi, the quantity of salmon caught in these settlements amounting to about 50,000 kg. yearly. At these places great numbers of salmon collect for a time before entering the big rivers, as also before returning finally into the sea, to get accustomed in the brackish water near the mouths of the rivers to the change of living conditions. — 106 — Attempts to introduce salmon-fishing with the line into the Gulf of Riga, which took place some 40—50 years ago near the mouth of the Daugava, and recently (1926—27) at Salace, were not successful. c) Inconsiderable amounts of salmonids are caught with drag-nets at the northern cape of the west-coast of the Gulf of Riga, between the fishing-villages Roja and Melnsils. d) The salmon-fishing-district Ventspils (Windau) has developed consider­ ably; since 1926 successful attempts have been made to catch salmon with drag­ nets and mainly with drift-nets (cf. Table I). e) The salmon-fishing in the Liepaja (Libau) district, between Liepaja and Nida (near the Latvian-Lithuanian frontier) which is carried on mainly with the line, is quite considerable. f) Alltogether a certain amount of salmon is yearly caught along the coast of Kurzeme (Courland) between the Lithuanian frontier and Kolkasrags (Domesnäs), while the salmon-fishing in the Gulf of Riga is carried on mainly at the mouths of the big rivers (Salace, Gauja and Daugava). The results of salmonid-fishing (Salmo salar and Salmo trutta) in the coastal- districts mentioned were in 1924—27 as follows (according to the “Bulletin sta­ tistique des pêches maritimes de Lettonie”, Volume I—IV, 1924—27): Table I. District 1924 1925 1926 1927 1924—27 a ) ................................................ 4,300 5,600 9,000 18,500 9,350 b )................................................ 60,200 56,300 56,800 62,300 58,900 c )................................................ 100 600 600 900 550 d ).................................................... — — 3,400 4,800 4,100 e ) ................................................ 800 600 2,300 700 1,100 Remaining coast...................... 200 400 600 700 475 Total quantity in kg............. 65,600 63,500 72,700 87,900 72,425 Total value.............................. 127,500 171,900 196,100 244,300 184,950 Average price.......................... 1.94 2.71 2.70 2.78 2.55 The following table which is based on the report of the Board of Fishery for the year 1926, furnishes data about the salmon-weels and drag-nets used for salmonid-fishing in Latvian waters. Table II. District Remaining T , , Total value a b c d e coast 0 a in Lats Fishing baskets 61 24 — ' — — — 85 83,800 Drag-nets..................... — 28 4 3 2 — 37 72,315 — 107 — b. Fishing in Inland Waters. For the fishing of salmonids (Salmo salar and Salmo trutta) in Latvian inland waters only those rivers are of decisive importance at the mouths of which the above mentioned districts of coast-fishery are located, namely Salace, Daugava, Gauja, Roja, Venta, Bärta and their tributaries. In all these rivers fishing is carried on with salmon-garths and drag-nets. The results of the salmonid-fishing can be only approximately estimated because no exact statistical data are available, consequently the figures below give only an approximate and relative picture. Table III. Salmo salar Salmo trutta Total of salmonid Systems* of rivers k„«V&. kg_ Salace.................................................... ' 15,000 5,000 20,000 G au ja...................................................... 2,000 16,000 18,000 Daugava................................................ 60,000 3,000 63,000 V en ta................................................... 3,000 — 3,000 Bärta..................................................... 1,000 — 1,000 Remaining rivers................................ 2,000 3,000 5,000 83,000 27,000 110,000 We see from the above that not only the Salmo salar migrates into the rivers flowing into the Gulf of Riga, but also the Salmo trutta (Lettish “taimiijs”) which in the river Gauja represents even the bulk of salmonids migrating up and down. Also the west-coast of the Gulf of Riga is visited mainly by the Salmo trutta. a) Salace (Salis). In Salace mainly the Salmo salar is caught, the Salmo trutta occuring in much smaller quantities. During the close-time (October 25th till De­ cember 31st.) some hundreds of salmon and sea-trout are caught every year in the sea and at the mouth of the Salace for the requirements of the salmonid-hatchery which is situated some 5 kilometres from the mouth of the Salace in Vec-Salace, and where salmonids are hatched artificially, carefully avoiding bastardization. Measurements of 83 salmoids, caught in the sea at the mouth of the Salace for hatching purposes in the spawning season of 1927, resulted in the following: Salmo salar: 56 specimens, of which 36 female and 20 male; total length — 66—115 cm.; weight: 2.8—20.4kg. Salmo trutta: 27 specimens, of which 18 female and 9 male; total length: 47— 79 cm.; weight: 0,8— 5.2 kg. b) Gauja (Livonian Aa). The Gauja is visited for spawning mainly by the Salmo trutta, which migrates up the river as far as Valmiera. Both kinds of salmonids are caught with fish-garths, both in the Gauja itself and in its tributaries Amata, Brasla, Rauna, Abula. c) Daugava (Düna). The bulk of the Latvian salmon (Salmon salar) migrates up the Daugava and its tributaries on the right bank: Ogre, Perse, Aiviekste and — 108 — Dubna. In the Daugava the salmon migrates as far as Kraslava near the Russian frontier. The fishing is carried on: at the mouth of the Daugava in general with drag-nets, but between the island Dole and Koknese and in the tributaries mainly with salmon-garths. The size and weight of the salmon which visit the Daugava is shown by the following data relating to salmon, caught in 1924 in the Daugava between Dole and Koknese for the hatchery at Koknese during the close-time. Salmo salar: 82 specimens, of which 57 female, and 25 male; length from 82 to 126 cm.; weight from 5.4 to 20 kg. The Daugava salmon (“Dünalachs”) attains a weight up to 30 kg.; salmon smaller than 80 cm and weighing less than 5 kg. are a rarity in the Daugava. The salmon starts migrating into the Daugava in the first week of May (St. George- salmon) but only in very small numbers; a more or less regular fishing begins about the 15th of June, but even till the 15th of July the results are still inconsiderable; they improve about the middle of August. The small fry returns into the sea before the river is finally frozen, i. e. not later than December. Every year in spring large numbers of young salmon accumulate in the mouth of the Daugava, and in the sea between the Daugava and Gauja. Their length in spring (April) is usually not more than 10—15 cm., and they often get caught in the nets for small herrings; in autumn their size is 20—30 cm., and their weight 0.3— 0.5 kg. d) Venta (Windau). The fishing of salmon in the Venta is inconsiderable, but if carried on more intensively the results would doubtless be much better, as shown by the attempts made with drift-nets near the mouth of the river. The Venta is visited for spawning mainly by the Salmo salar; the Salmo trutta migrating (according to G. S c h n e id e r ) up this river only in small numbers and not farther than till Kuldiga (Goldingen), while the Salmo salar goes up the river as far as the Lithuanian frontier. In the Abava, a tributary of the Venta, the salmonids go up till Kandava, avoiding the brooks which feed this river. An interesting way of catching salmon “in the air” has been introduced at Kuldiga, which is located on the Venta some 75 km. distant from its mouth. This river here develops a waterfall (“Rumba”), the hight of which is about 2.5 metres. In the river itself near the ledge of the fall, frames on three legs are placed, fitted with long sticks, at the ends of which fish-baskets of willow are fastened in such a way that they hang in the air just in front of the fall or with only their bottoms submerged.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Baltic Republics
    FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 27–36 LIVONIAN LANDSCAPES IN THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LIVONIA AND THE DIVISION OF THE LIVONIAN TRIBES Urmas Sutrop Institute of the Estonian Language, Tallinn, and the University of Tartu Abstract. There is no exact consensus on the division and sub-division of the former Livonian territories at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century. Even the question of the Coastal Livonians in Courland – were they an indigenous Livonian tribe or a replaced eastern Livonian tribe – remains unsolved. In this paper the anonymously published treatise on the historical geography of Livonia by Johann Christoph Schwartz (1792) will be analysed and compared with the historical modern views. There is an agreement on the division of the Eastern Livonian territories into four counties: Daugava, Gauja, Metsepole, and Idumea. Idumea had a mixed Livo- nian-Baltic population. There is no consensus on the parochial sub-division of these counties. Keywords: Johann Christoph Schwartz, historical geography, Livonian tribes, Livonians DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.02 1. Introduction It is commonly believed that Livonians (like Estonians) did not form either territorial or political unity at the end of the ancient independence period in the 12th century (see e.g. Koski 1997: 45). The first longer document where Livonians are described is the Livonian Chronicle (Heinrici Cronicon Lyvoniae) for the period 1180 to 1227 written by Henry of Livonia, an eyewitness of these events. Modern ideas on the division of Eastern Livonian peoples and territories go back to the cartographic work of Heinrich Laakmann, who divided Livonians into three territories – Daugava, Thoreida, and Metsepole; and added that there was a mixed Livonian-Baltic population at the end of the 12th century in Idumea (see the map Baltic Lands: population about 1200 AD and explanation to this map in Laakmann 1954).
    [Show full text]
  • Agriheritage Cross Border Tours
    Historical Heritage in Agritourism Farms in Latvia and Lithuania Latgale – Aukštaitija: craft foods and artisans (Driving a car) During this trip you will visit the workshops of craftspeople, farms that breed horses, as well as various destinations where you can enjoy country goodies. Ancient skills are now a modern application. First you will stop in Ikšķile, and at the very beginning of the trip, you will visit a cellar that stores birch juice wine and taste sparkling wine. In Skrīveri, you will be surprised by the transformation of milk. A cosy café on the main street of the small town offers outstanding homemade ice cream featuring strawberry, anchovy and horseradish flavours. In Koknese, you can supplement your wardrobe with a new leather belt, bag or stylish leather jewellery. A farm that grows hemp will offer a small tour, as well as hemp delicacies. The work of black ceramics masters in Latgale fits into modern interiors. The Aglona Bread Museum offers a chance for visitors to bake their own loaf of bread. The visit to the next farm will allow you to add tasty cheese that has been made from milk from Latvian brown cows. The last stop in Latvia will be Daugavpils, which features an art centre featuring the work of the globally known abstractionist Mark Rothko, as well as the Daugavpils fortress, that was built in the 19th century and is an impressive military building. This is one of the most popular tourist destinations. From there you will travel to Lithuania, where you will visit several traditional farms. The Ilzenbergo Dvaras estate has a bio-dynamic farm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronicle Henry of Livonia
    THE CHRONICLE of HENRY OF LIVONIA HENRICUS LETTUS TRANSLATED WITH A NEW INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY James A. Brundage � COLUMBIA UNIVERSI'IY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press RECORDS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION is a series published under the aus­ Publishers Since 1893 pices of the InterdepartmentalCommittee on Medieval and Renaissance New York Chichester,West Sussex Studies of the Columbia University Graduate School. The Western Records are, in fact, a new incarnation of a venerable series, the Co­ Copyright© University ofWisconsin Press, 1961 lumbia Records of Civilization, which, for more than half a century, New introduction,notes, and bibliography© 2003 Columbia University Press published sources and studies concerning great literary and historical All rights reserved landmarks. Many of the volumes of that series retain value, especially for their translations into English of primary sources, and the Medieval and Renaissance Studies Committee is pleased to cooperate with Co­ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData lumbia University Press in reissuing a selection of those works in pa­ Henricus, de Lettis, ca. II 87-ca. 12 59. perback editions, especially suited for classroom use, and in limited [Origines Livoniae sacrae et civilis. English] clothbound editions. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia / Henricus Lettus ; translatedwith a new introduction and notes by James A. Brundage. Committee for the Records of Western Civilization p. cm. - (Records of Western civilization) Originally published: Madison : University of Wisconsin Press, 1961. Caroline Walker Bynum With new introd. Joan M. Ferrante Includes bibliographical references and index. CarmelaVircillo Franklin Robert Hanning ISBN 978-0-231-12888-9 (cloth: alk. paper)---ISBN 978-0-231-12889-6 (pbk.: alk.
    [Show full text]
  • Gulf of Riga (Latvia)
    EUROSION Case Study GULF OF RIGA (LATVIA) Contact: Ramunas POVILANSKAS 31 EUCC Baltic Office Tel: +37 (0)6 312739 or +37 (0)6 398834 e-mail: [email protected] 1 EUROSION Case Study 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA The length of the Latvian coastline along the Baltic proper and the Gulf of Riga is 496 km. Circa 123 km of the coastline is affected by erosion. The case area ‘Gulf of Riga’ focuses on coastal development within the Riga metropolitan area, which includes the coastal zone of two urban municipalities (pilsetas) – Riga and Jurmala (Figure 1). Riga is the capital city of Latvia. It is located along the lower stream and the mouth of the Daugava river. Its several districts (Bulli, Daugavgriva, Bolderaja, Vecdaugava, Mangali and Vecaki) lie in the deltas of Daugava and Lielupe rivers and on the Gulf of Riga coast. Jurmala municipality is adjacent to Riga from the west. It stretches ca. 30 km along the Gulf of Riga. It is the largest Latvian and Eastern Baltic seaside resort. 1.1 Physical process level 1.1.1 Classification According to the coastal typology adopted for the EUROSION project, the case study area can be described as: 3b. Wave-dominated sediment. Plains. Microtidal river delta. Within this major coastal type several coastal formations and habitats occur, including the river delta and sandy beaches with bare and vegetated sand dunes. Fig. 1: Location of the case study area. 1.1.2 Geology Recent geological history of the case area since the end of the latest Ice Age (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Visits4u Itineraries: History and Heritage Route Riga, Latvia
    visits4u itineraries : History and Heritage Route Riga, Latvia visits4u is co-funded by the COSME Programme of the European Union Riga, Latvia: History and Heritage Route Description of the town Riga, capital of Latvia is located on the shore of Baltic Sea, on the creek of Daugava river and with almost 700,000 inhabitants and 18 different districts is the biggest metropolis in the Baltics. Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture. Over the centuries, the city has developed as a center for trade, transit and later became an industrial center. Riga is also known for being a green and blooming city – large and well- kept parks, romantic squares, beautiful gardens. Already since the 18 th century, Regan’s have taken great interest in the art of gardening, creating lush public parks and picturesque squares. Unhurried walks, colourful flowerbeds, leisurely sitting in benches or lawns in a park, bird songs and leaves rustling in the wind – this is Riga where city meets Nature. Landscape of Old Riga featuring Dome Cathedral in the center www.visits4u.eu Project No: 699484 | Call: COS – TOUR – 2015 – 3 – 04 – 1 Page 1 The content of this document represents the views of the author only and is his/her sole responsibility; it cannot be considered to reflect the views of the European Commission and/or the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises or any other body of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritvars Bušmanis 1962, Valmiera Aqua
    Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5 Column6 Column7 Column8 Column9 Sacensību Punkti pēc Punktu Ieņemtā Laiks Punkti Vārds, Uzvārds, klubs, pilsēta datums Sacensību vieta DSV summa vieta 2:10.62 1064 Edgars Ozoliņš 1959, PK Champions 12.02.2017 Rīga 1064 200 58,36 983 Edgars Ozoliņš 1959, PK Champions 11.02.2017 Rīga 983 100 1:10.24 955 Edgars Ozoliņš, 1959 PK Champions 28.01.2017 Rīga 955 100K 26,58 944 Edgars Ozoliņš,1959 PK Champions 12.02.2017 Rīga 945 50 4:56.00 879 Edgars Ozoliņš 1959, PK Champions 11.11.2017 Koknese 931 400 4878 1 25,50 1019 Iļja Koļesņikovs 1982, Rēzekne 12.02.2017 Rīga 1019 50D 27,58 952 Iļja Koļesņikovs 1982, Rēzekne 11.02.2017 Rīga 953 50M 1:00.78 917 Iļja Koļesņikovs 1982, Rēzekne 11.02.2017 Rīga 917 100K 24.50 827 Iļja Koļesņikovs 1982, Rēzekne 16.12.2017 Šauļi LT 907 50 55.32 Iļja Koļesņikovs Rēzekne 15.08.2017 Budapešta HU 830 100 4626 2 1:03.78 794 Jānis Plotnieks 1971, PK Ķīpsala 26.02.2017 Kaļiņingrada (RUS) 926 100M 29,95 749 Jānis Plotnieks 1971, PK Ķīpsala 25.02.2017 Kaļiņingrada (RUS) 876 50M 2:29.05 857 Jānis Plotnieks 1971, Rīga, PK Ķīpsala 10.06.2017 Rīga 858 200M 2:35.83 391 Jānis Plotnieks 1971, Rīga, PK Ķīpsala 16.06.2017 Varšava (PL) 820 200K 5:35.78 805 Jānis Plotnieks 1971, Rīga, PK Ķīpsala 09.06.2017 Rīga 805 400K 4285 3 1:10.07 Reinis Eisaks 1982, Rīga, PK Ķīpsala 15.08.2017 Budapešta HU 853 100B 2:22.98 Reinis Eisaks 1982, Rīga, PK Ķīpsala 16.08.2017 Budapešta HU 844 200K 31.61 Reinis Eisaks 1982, Rīga, PK Ķīpsala 20.08.2017 Budapešta HU 789 50B 1:04.22 777 Reinis Eisaks, 1982 PK Ķīpsala
    [Show full text]
  • Istvan Ijjas Dainis Ivans
    ABSTRACTS 1M THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: DANUBE RIVER BONDS SK97K0407 Istvan Ijjas Department of Water Resources Engineering, Budapest University of Technology, Hungary SCENARIOS FOR REDUCING PHOSPHORUS LOADINGS FROM THE POPULATION IN THE DANUBE BASIN The main tasks, conclusions and recommendations of the "Removal of Phosphate from Detergents in the Danube Basin" Project will be presented. The study was carried out in the framework of the Applied Research Programme financed by the Commission of the European Communities PHARE Programme, co-ordinated by the Danube Programme Co-ordination Unit (PCU) in Vienna, in connection with the PHARE Regional Environmental Programme. Phosphorus is the nutrient which most often limits growth in freshwater systems. To reduce the load of phosphorus several abatement measures are available. Two types of measures were analysed in the present study: introduction of P-reduced/P-free detergents and P-removal from waste waters. The overall objective of the Project was to support the riparian countries in the Danube Basin to eliminate phosphorous from detergents as soon as technically possible and economically and environmentally justified. The scenarios for P-removal, the environmental effects of substitutes of P and other surfactants and the proposal for the Danube Action Programme for P-reduced - P/free Detergents will be discussed. SK97K0408 Dainis Ivans Latvian Academy of Culture, Latvia DAUGAVA HYDROENERGY AND ECOLOGY 1. Daugava is forth largest river in Baltic sea basin and largest river of Latvia. Like Danube in Central Europe, Daugava is the river of Baltic civilisation. Many folk songs, tales an myths we can read about this river in Latvian, Russian, Polish.
    [Show full text]
  • EIROPAS KULTŪRAS GALVASPILSĒTA EUROPEAN CAPITAL of CULTURE Juriskalniņš / Fotocentrs
    ENG EIROPAS KULTŪRAS GALVASPILSĒTA EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE Juris Kalniņš / Fotocentrs. Bird’s-eye view of Rīga Experience the Force Majeure of Culture! Rīga takes its visitors by surprise with its will introduce you to the most extensive and most Umeå 2014 external beauty as well as its rich world of interiors. significant activities of the European Capital of If you have never been to Rīga before, now is the Culture programme – and remember, whichever of time to experience the pleasure of discovering the them you choose to attend, be open-minded and diversity of Latvia’s capital city. Ancient and at the prepared to experience the unexpected! same time youthful, European and multicultural, today’s Rīga is the place to recharge your cultural Diāna Čivle, batteries. Head of the Rīga 2014 Foundation Rīga 2014 After you get to know the medieval streets of the Old Town, the Art Nouveau heritage and the shabby chic of the creative quarters, let us surprise you Kosice 2013 once more – this time with the saturated content Welcome to Maribor 2012 of Rīga’s cultural events calendar for the whole of Marseille 2013 2014. EsplanādE 2014! It is the surprising, the unexpected and even the Guimarães 2012 provocative that underpin the Force Majeure cultural The end of June will see a new building rise in programme of the European Capital of Culture. It the very heart of Rīga, between the Nativity of is the creative power that cannot be foreseen or Christ Orthodox Cathedral and the monument to planned beforehand. The miracle happens and the poet Rainis in the Esplanāde Park.
    [Show full text]
  • 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
    Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes.
    [Show full text]
  • Neaizmirstama Atpūta Daugavas Krastos 16 1 7 2 15 21 3 4 6 5
    NEAIZMIRSTAMA ATPŪTA DAUGAVAS KRASTOS 16 1 7 2 15 21 3 4 6 5 DAUGAVPILS KRĀSLAVA Rīga Rēzekne Preiļi A 6 Dagda 13 11 A 62 8 A 6 P Ilūkste 14 19 P 61 13 Daugava 9 15, 16 1-7 17 21 A 6 20 Daugava P 69 18 10 Daugava 13 A P 68 P 69 Lietuva Baltkrievija Daugavpils TIC Daugavpils novada Krāslavas novada domes TIC Rīgas iela 22A, Daugavpils pašvaldības aģentūra “TAKA” Pils iela 2, Krāslava +371 654 22818 12 Rīgas iela 2, Daugavpils +371 656 22201 +371 26444810 +371 654 76748 , +371 29431360 +371 29376090 [email protected] Baltkrievija [email protected] [email protected] www.visitdaugavpils.lv www.visitdaugavpils.lv www.visitkraslava.com Daugava ir Latvijas lielākā upe, nacionālais simbols. Tā saistās ar tautas spēku un vienotību. Lielā un skaistā Daugava kopīgā apceļošanas akcijā “Daugava vieno” ir apvienojusi trīs pašvaldības, lai ikvienam parādītu, cik pārsteidzošas sajūtas var piedzīvot Daugavas krastos esošo novadu tūrisma objektos. Daugavpils – otra lielākā pilsēta un Austrumlatvijas metropole – pasaulei devusi izcilo mākslinieku Marku Rotko, komponistu Oskaru Stroku un izcilo aktieri un režisoru Solomonu Mihoelsu (Vovsi). Pilsēta priecē ar arhitektūru, apbūvi un dinamisku pilsētas dzīvi. Tā ir vienlaicīgi skaļa un klusa, plaša un noslēgta. Ja pilsētas centrā ikdienas steiga kļūst apnicīga, var doties uz Daugavpils nomaļākajām vietām un baudīt dabu ezeru un upju krastos, mežu masīvos. Ap Daugavpili izvietotais Daugavpils novads ir vieta, kur Latgale satiekas ar Sēliju. Daugava, kas vijās cauri visam novadam, to sadala divās daļās, kas vēsturiskā, politiskā un etnogrāfiskā ziņā gadsimtu ritējumā veidojušās atšķirīgi. Kreisajā krastā atrodas Augšzeme jeb sēļu zeme, labajā – Latgale.
    [Show full text]
  • Type Intro Leaflet
    KS KS DABAS PARKS «PIEJŪRA» PARKS DABAS NATURE PARK «PIEJŪRA» Every year, a large number 1 of people visit the Nature Park «Piejūra». The nature 2 park is associated with both wide and sandy bea­ 3 4 ches and old dune fo­ rests. Only in Nature Park 4 «Piejūra» you can dis co ver unique land scapes, alter­ 1 nating between du nes and lakes. When visi ting the nature park, it is possible to LEGEND OF MAPS see the mouth of the three largest 1 rivers in Latvia – Lielupe, Daugava Parking place Border of Nature Park and Gauja. From Vakarbuļļi to Saulkrasti, Bus stop Walking trails NATURE PARK «PIEJŪRA» PARK NATURE the nature park is easily accessible by both Birds watching tower 1 Worth seeing public and private transport, it is crossed by larger and smaller forest trails and paths 0 500 m accessible for pedestrians and cyclists. In recent years, new trails, recreation areas, JS3024, 2020 health trails, parking lots and information stands have been set up in the nature park in Riga and Carnikava municipalities. This infrastructure manages visitor flow and allows discovering the “pearls” of the nature park in sustainable manner. 2 Lielupe mouth Nature Park «Piejūra» is mainly covered by forests. They cover about 80% of the Worth entire park area. However, Buļļu sala is the part of the nature park where, in addition The section of the Lielupe estuary from Buļļupe to the inlet to seeing to forests, you can also see unique grasslands - coastal meadows in Vakarbuļļi, the sea with its adjacent dunes, meadows and sandy areas is an and you can go for a walk on a well-maintained meadow trail across the lagoon important resting and feeding place for migratory birds.
    [Show full text]