Alfred Wildfeuer Sprachenkontakt, Mehrsprachigkeit Und Sprachverlust Linguistik – Impulse & Tendenzen

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Alfred Wildfeuer Sprachenkontakt, Mehrsprachigkeit Und Sprachverlust Linguistik – Impulse & Tendenzen Alfred Wildfeuer Sprachenkontakt, Mehrsprachigkeit und Sprachverlust Linguistik – Impulse & Tendenzen Herausgegeben von Susanne Günther, Klaus-Peter Konerding, Wolf-Andreas Liebert und Thorsten Roelcke Band 73 Alfred Wildfeuer Sprachenkontakt, Mehrsprachigkeit und Sprachverlust Deutschböhmisch-bairische Minderheitensprachen in den USA und in Neuseeland ISBN 978-3-11-055089-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-055281-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-055111-2 ISSN 1612-8702 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Einbandabbildung: Marcus Lindström/istockphoto Satz: jürgen ullrich typosatz, Nördlingen Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Vorwort Die vorliegende Publikation stellt eine umfangreich überarbeitete Version meiner Habilitationsschrift dar, die im Frühjahr 2013 von der Fakultät für Sprach-, Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften der Universität Regensburg angenommen wurde. Im Zuge der Überarbeitung wurde neueste Literatur zur Thematik berück- sichtigt. Einige Kapitel wurden gestrafft, aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse ergänzt. Die ursprünglich in den Hauptteil integierten, umfangreichen Belege zu den einzelnen Idio- und Familiolekten der interviewten Sprecherinnen und Sprecher wurden in ein Supplement ausgelagert. Ich habe mich für diese Vorgehensweise entschieden, um die zahlreichen Sprachbeispiele der weiteren Forschung zugäng- lich zu machen. Noch Vieles lässt sich daraus an Erkenntnissen für die Variations- linguistik und Sprachkontaktforschung gewinnen. Bisher besteht kein öffentlich zugängliches Korpus zu diesen deutschböhmischen Varietäten, sodass das vor- liegende Buch – neben einigen anderen Publikationen – derzeit eine der wenigen Quellen für die Forschung zur Thematik darstellt. Zahlreiche der für diese Unter- suchung befragten Informanten sind inzwischen verstorben. Ihre ganz eigene Sprache – ihr Idiolekt – bleibt in den langen Belegreihen zumindest auszugsweise der Nachwelt erhalten. Diese Einsicht – die auch in den langen Gesprächen mit vielen Sprecherinnen und Sprechern gereift ist – hat mich dazu bewegt, im Vergleich zur Habilitationsschrift nur wenig zu kürzen. Den Informanten, die uns Tage, zum Teil Wochen für die oft langwierigen und anstrengenden Aufnahmen schenkten, kann nicht genug gedankt werden. Sie haben uns nicht nur ihre Sprache ‚zur Verfügung‘ gestellt. Sie nahmen uns immer herzlich auf, bewirteten uns und ließen uns an ihrem Alltag, ihren Freuden und Nöten Anteil haben. Zahlreiche wunderbare, bis heute andauernde Freund- schaften sind mit ihnen und ihren Angehörigen entstanden. Dieses Zwischen- menschliche macht Feldforschung – neben dem wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis- interesse – so spannend. Den Gewährspersonen und ihren Familien ist daher dieses Buch gewidmet. Danken möchte ich zudem besonders der Fritz Thyssen Stiftung für Wissen- schaftsförderung für die Finanzierung der Aufenthalte in Kansas 2007 und Neu- seeland 2008 und der Alexander-von-Humboldt Stiftung für die Förderung des TransCoop-Programms mit der University of Kansas in Lawrence (2008–2012). Ganz herzlich zu danken ist zudem meinen Mitstreiterinnen bei der jahre- langen Erhebung des Sprachmaterials, Frau Dr. Astrid Christl-Sorcan (Universität Wien) und Frau PD Dr. Nicole Eller-Wildfeuer (Universität Regensburg). Besonde- rer Dank gilt auch Prof. Dr. Hermann Scheuringer (Universität Regensburg), Prof. Dr. Anthony Rowley (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften), Prof. Dr. Daniel DOI 10.1515/9783110552812-202 VI Vorwort Drascek (Universität Regensburg), und ganz besonders dem langjährigen Projekt- partner und Freund Prof. Dr. William Keel (University of Kansas). Ganz besonderer Dank gebührt Sarah Pieles und Sebastian Franz (beide Uni- versität Augsburg) für die große Unterstützung bei der Formatierung der finalen Druckversion, den Herausgebern der Reihe ‚Linguistik – Impulse & Tendenzen‘ und dem Redaktionsteam beim Verlag für die sehr konstruktive Zusammenarbeit. Augsburg, im Frühjahr 2017 Alfred Wildfeuer Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis XI Karten- und Abbildungsverzeichnis XIII 1 Einleitung 1 2 Zielsetzungen 5 3 Siedlungen oder Sprachinseln 7 4 Zum sprachwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisinteresse der Siedlungsforschung 10 5 Zur Stabilität und Auflösung von Sprachsiedlungen und zur sprachlichen Kompetenz der Bewohner 13 6 Wege und Irrwege der Herkunftsbestimmung 17 7 Zur Methodik der Materialsammlung und biographische Angaben zu den Gewährspersonen 21 7.1 Praktizierte Methoden 21 7.1.1 Freie Gespräche und Erzählungen als beobachtende Erhebung 21 7.1.2 Direkte Befragung 22 7.2 Biographische Daten zu den Informanten 23 8 Historische Ausgangslage 25 8.1 Zur Besiedlung West- und Südwestböhmens 25 8.2 Zu den Ursachen der Auswanderung 27 8.3 Deutschböhmische Siedlungen in Neuseeland und in den USA 28 8.3.1 Neuseeland 28 8.3.2 USA 30 8.3.2.1 Colorado 33 8.3.2.2 Kansas 33 8.3.2.3 Minnesota 39 8.3.2.4 New York 44 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis 8.3.2.5 Washington 44 8.4 Tabellarische Auflistung der untersuchten deutschböhmischen Siedlungen 46 9 Zur Darstellung der basisdialektalen Grundlagen der deutschböhmischen Siedlungen 49 9.1 Methodik 51 9.2 Problemfeld Transkription 54 9.3 Transkriptionssystem 55 10 Lautliche Aspekte 58 10.1 Vokalismus 58 10.1.1 Hebung von a 59 10.1.2 Weiterentwicklung des Sekundärumlauts ä zu [a–] 60 10.1.3 Entrundung von ö und ü 60 10.1.4 Diphthongierung der Langvokale â, ê, î, ô, œ, û, ǖ 60 10.1.5 Unterbliebene Monophthongierung von ie, uo, üe 62 10.1.6 Monophthongierung von ou und öu zu [a–] 63 10.1.7 Eigenständige Weiterentwicklung von ei zu oi und oa 63 10.1.8 Weiterentwicklung von diphthongischem iu 64 10.2 Konsonantismus 65 10.2.1 Lenisierung der Fortisplosive p, t, k 65 10.2.2 Frikatisierung von b und g in vokalischer Umgebung 66 10.2.3 Assimilierung von t, d, b, g vor Nasal 67 10.2.4 Schwund von auslautendem b, g, ch, n 68 10.2.5 Generelle Stimmlosigkeit von s 70 10.2.6 Liquidenvokalisierung 70 10.2.7 Wandel von j zu g im Anlaut 72 10.3 Zwischenfazit 72 11 Morphologische, syntaktische und lexikalische Aspekte 74 11.1 Morphologie 74 11.1.1 Verbflexion 74 11.1.1.1 Infinitiv 74 11.1.1.2 Partizip Präteritum 81 11.1.1.3 Grammatischer Wechsel 86 11.1.1.4 Indikativ Präsens Aktiv 87 11.1.2 Tempussystem 91 11.1.2.1 Präteritum 92 11.1.2.2 Perfekt und Plusquamperfekt 92 Inhaltsverzeichnis IX 11.1.2.3 Futur 94 11.1.3 Modus – Konjunktiv II 95 11.2 Syntaktische Aspekte 97 11.2.1 Erhalt und Reduktion der Verbklammer im Hauptsatz 98 11.2.2 weil-Sätze mit Zweit- und Endstellung des Finitums 102 11.2.3 Stellung des Finitums im abhängigen Nebensatz 103 11.2.4 Serialisierungen bei komplexen Prädikaten mit Modalverben 106 11.3 Zusammenfassende Beobachtungen zur Morphologie und Syntax 108 11.4 Lexik 110 11.4.1 Zu einer Klassifikation der sogenannten bairischen Kennwörter 111 11.4.2 Zur autochthonen Lexik in Puhoi (Neuseeland) 112 11.4.3 Zur autochthonen Lexik in Ellis (Kansas) 116 11.4.4 Zur autochthonen Lexik in New Ulm (Minnesota) 124 11.4.5 Zusammenfassende Beobachtungen zur autochthonen Lexik 129 12 Bilingualismus – Allgemeine Anmerkungen zur Zwei- und Mehrsprachigkeit 131 13 Sprachkontakt 139 13.1 Transferenzen 140 13.1.1 Strukturelle Transferenzen 145 13.1.2 Lexikalische Transferenzen 150 13.1.2.1 Fremdwörter und Lehnwörter 150 13.1.2.2 Lehnübersetzungen 155 13.1.2.3 Lehnprägungen 157 13.1.2.4 Hybride Bildungen 158 13.1.3 Bedeutung der genetischen und typologischen Nähe für Transfer 159 13.1.4 Einfluss des Entlehnungsprozesses auf das Regelsystem 163 13.1.5 Transferenzen als Ausgangspunkt für Sprachwechsel 164 13.2 Codeswitching 167 13.2.1 Funktionen des Codeswitching in den deutschböhmischen Siedlungen 167 13.2.2 Analyse von Codeswitching anhand einer deutschböhmischen Erzählung eines Halbsprechers 181 13.2.3 Zusammenfassende Analyse 189 X Inhaltsverzeichnis 14 Aspekte des mentalen Lexikons bilingualer Sprecher 192 15 Sprachverlust in den deutschböhmischen Siedlungen 198 15.1 Formen des Sprachverlusts 199 15.2 Stadien des Sprachverlusts 203 15.3 Zur Vitalität der deutschböhmischen Minderheitensprachen – Ein Vergleich zwischen Siedlungen in Europa und Übersee 210 16 Resümee 214 Literaturverzeichnis 217 Supplement – Zur Phonetik der deutschböhmischen Siedlungen 232 1 Vokalismus 233 1.1 Kurzvokale 233 1.1.1 Realisierungen von mhd. i – ü – u 233 1.1.2 Realisierungen von mhd. ë – ö – o 239 1.1.3 Realisierung von mhd. e 249 1.1.4 Realisierung von mhd. ä 254 1.1.5 Realisierung von mhd. a 258 1.2 Langvokale 263 1.2.1 Realisierung von mhd. î – ǖ – û 263 1.2.2 Realisierung von mhd. ê – œ – ô 268 1.2.3 Realisierung von mhd. æ 272 1.2.4 Realisierung von mhd. â 275 1.3 Diphthonge 279 1.3.1 Realisierung von mhd. ie – üe – uo 279 1.3.2 Realisierung von mhd. ei 286 1.3.3 Realisierung von mhd. ou 291 1.3.4 Realisierung von mhd. öu 293 1.3.5 Realisierung von mhd. iu (germ. eu) 295 2 Konsonantismus 298 2.1 Plosive 299 2.2 Frikative 315 2.3 Affrikaten 328 2.4 Nasale 334 2.5 Liquide 348 2.6 Halbvokale 357 3 Zusammenfassende Beobachtungen zur Lautung 361 Register 363 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ADT Atlas der deutschen Mundarten in der Tschechischen Republik ahd. althochdeutsch bair. bairisch binnenbair. binnenbairisch
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