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Dissertalexmartire.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO MUSEU DE ARQUEOLOGIA E ETNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUEOLOGIA ALEX DA SILVA MARTIRE Arqueologia da paisagem mineira romana: a Hispânia e a Lusitânia Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Arqueologia do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre. Área de concentração: Arqueologia Orientador: Profa. Dra. Maria Isabel D‘Agostino Fleming Linha de Pesquisa: Espaço, Sociedade e Processos de Formação do Registro Arqueológico São Paulo 2012 Aos cafés, olhos, lábios, voz. Aos mortos. AGRADECIMENTOS Começo por agradecer à principal pessoa que fez parte disso tudo: Prof.ª Drª Maria Isabel D‘Agostino Fleming, que me acolheu como seu orientando desde aquele dia em 2004, no corredor branco do MAE, quando eu, inexperiente, perguntei se ela poderia guiar meus estudos. Mais do que uma profissional que soube lidar com minha teimosia, contribuindo para meu aperfeiçoamento acadêmico, uma grande amiga. E também cabe aqui agradecimento aos amigos que conheci na USP e outros que carrego de fora – alguns, há muitos anos. Certamente esquecerei alguém e, sinceramente, espero que a pessoa não se ofenda, mas vamos lá: agradeço ao pessoal do LABECA, colegas de classe e de vida; aos amigos do LARP, em especial Anísio Cândido, Alex Santos, Irmina Santos, Márcio Teixeira, Silvana Trombetta, Vagner Porto, Tatiana Bina, Renato Pinto e Elaine Carvalho. Agradeço também aos demais colegas do MAE com quem mantenho contato, e aos professores das disciplinas de Pós-Graduação. Agradeço aos amigos Carlos Avelino, Ivan Oliveira, Leonardo Branco, Gláucia Gajardoni, Silvia Soldi, Laís Portilho, Moisés Baptista, Sylvia Machado, Priscila Andrade, Danilo Machado, Samanta Dudalski, Daniela La Chioma e Waldo Oliveira. Aos amigos de Portugal e Espanha que conheci em 2010. Agradecimentos especiais a Carlos Batata, Aquilino Delgado Domínguez, Artur Martins e Juan Aurélio Pérez Macias. Também agradeço às Câmaras Municipais de Vila Pouca de Aguiar e Aljustrel, que me forneceram estadia e alimentação durante as escavações. Especial agradecimento também aos Museus dessas localidades. Agradeço ao CNPq pelos primeiros meses de bolsa de pesquisa e à FAPESP pelo restante do financiamento, que me possibilitou viajar para Portugal a fim de estudar os objetos de meu Mestrado. Por fim, agradeço à minha família, que sempre me apoiou. Pai José, Mãe Sônia, Irmão Douglas. Agradeço também a mim próprio por não ter desistido quando a vida se mostrou difícil. 3 Sumário Resumo........................................................................................................................................5 Abstract.......................................................................................................................................6 Introdução...................................................................................................................................7 Capítulo 1 – Sobre paisagens......................................................................................................9 Capítulo 2 – A exploração mineral...........................................................................................38 Capítulo 3 – A administração das minas..................................................................................83 Capítulo 4 – Da paisagem poética à poética da paisagem: conclusões sobre a mineração romana na Hispânia.................................................................................................................106 Bibliografia.............................................................................................................................155 Anexo – DVD-ROM contendo animações em 3D (forno de copelação, forno de redução, galeria romana de escoamento, galeria romana de extração mineral, oficina metalúrgica, poço romano, roda hidráulica e parafuso de Arquimedes), modelo interativo em 3D de paisagem mineira romana e arquivo .kmz (Google Earth) com plotagens de Trêsminas e Aljustrel. 4 Resumo Este projeto constitui desdobramento e aprofundamento de uma temática apresentada na pesquisa de iniciação científica (com bolsa FAPESP) – realizada entre outubro de 2006 e junho de 2008: a mineração. O objetivo central é o de analisar a complexidade presente na paisagem mineira romana do território hispânico, centrando-se também no estudo da província da Lusitânia. Com base nas fontes de época e na bibliografia interpretativa dessas fontes serão buscados recursos que esclareçam o papel da exploração mineral provincial e seus reflexos no Império romano. Para tanto, far-se-á uso da metodologia pertencente à Arqueologia da Paisagem a fim de se examinar três segmentos fundamentais na mineração: a zona de extração, a infraestrutura e a mão-de-obra necessárias à atividade. Palavras-chave: Mineração, Metalurgia, Tecnologia, Paisagem, Roma. 5 Abstract This project is the unfolding and deepening of a theme presented in a FAPESP financed program of scientific initiation carried on from October 2006 to June 2009, namely, mining. The central goal is to analyze the complexity present in the Roman mining landscape in the Hispanic territory, including Lusitania. Based on the classic bibliographic sources and its interpreters we will look for resources which enlighten the role of provincial mining exploration and its reflexes on the Roman Empire. For that, use will be made of the methodology pertaining to the Landscape Archaeology in order to examine three fundamental segments of mining: the extraction zone, the infrastructure and the man power necessary for that activity. Keywords: Mining, Metallurgy, Technology, Landscape, Rome. 6 INTRODUÇÃO A paisagem é uma série de locais nomeados, um conjunto de lugares relacionais conectados por trilhas, movimentos e narrativas. É uma topografia ―natural‖ perspectivamente ligada ao Ser existencial no espaço societal. É um código cultural para vivência, um ―texto‖ anônimo para ser lido e interpretado, é um bloco de papel para inscrição, uma fuga de e para a práxis humana, um modo de moradia e um modo de experimentação. Está investida com poderes, capaz de ser organizada e coreografada em relação a interesses particulares, e está sempre sedimentada com significados humanos. É história e é contada, é temporalidade e lembrança. Paisagem é um sistema de significados por meio do qual o social é reproduzido e transformado, explorado e estruturado – processo organizado. Paisagem, acima de tudo, representa um meio de ordenação conceitual que sublinha relações. O conceito enfatiza o meio convencional do fazer, o enfoque está na similaridade para controlar a natureza minável da diferença, do código multivocal, encontrado nos conceitos de lugar ou local. Um conceito de lugar privilegia diferença e singularidade; um conceito de paisagem é mais holístico, atuando mais para agregar do que para excluir. O excerto acima foi escrito por Christopher Tilley em A phenomenology of landscape: places, paths and monuments (1994, p. 34). Como se pode notar, paisagem não é algo fácil de ser conceitualizado, embora em um primeiro momento a resposta possa ser simples a qualquer pessoa: ―Paisagem é algo amplo, uma vista de uma cidade ou da natureza‖. A palavra-chave, contudo, reside em holístico no texto de Tilley. O termo holismo foi cunhado pelo jornalista e escritor húngaro Arthur Koestler no final da década de 1960 para definir, grosso modo, como uma parte (o hólon1) autônoma se inter-relaciona com outras partes a fim de se tornar um todo – dicotomia denominada ―Efeito de Jano‖, em alusão ao deus romano de duas faces. Desse modo, a paisagem é um todo composto por pequenas partes, todas elas importantes, que nunca deixam de se relacionar. A paisagem, então, é fragmentada quando analisada de perto, e completa quando vista de longe. No caso da paisagem mineira romana nos atuais países de Portugal e Espanha (os dois territórios formavam a maior área rentável de exploração mineral na Antiguidade, sendo os que, hoje em dia, mais fornecem vestígios para estudo), não é diferente. Ela está inserida no contexto de presença romana na região, que a conquista por meio da força e/ou do diálogo, 1 Do grego holos (―todo‖) que, ao receber o sufixo on sugere uma partícula ou parte (como em próton, por exemplo). 7 dos discursos de legitimidade de poder. A mineração pode ter sido marginalizada pela maioria dos autores antigos (excetuando-se aqui o raro exemplo legado por Plínio, o Velho), mas pensar a manutenção econômica do Império Romano, principalmente, sem os produtos oriundos das minas é impossível. Uma visita aos locais de exploração mineral nos mostra como a intervenção romana modificou profundamente as suas paisagens, podendo, muitas vezes, ser observadas por satélites hoje em dia. A paisagem que é estudada neste trabalho – e balizada principalmente entre os séculos I e II d.C. –, outrora, foi viva, foi a área onde se deu o cotidiano de milhares de pessoas: para essa dinamicidade será utilizado o conceito de paisagem-tarefa (taskscape) formulado por Tim Ingold. No Capítulo 1, será pormenorizado esse conceito e mais alguns outros, como uma das origens do termo ―paisagem‖, o modo como paisagens são retratadas em pinturas e na literatura e, por fim, como as paisagens são vistas atualmente com o auxílio de geotecnologias. O Capítulo 2 dará conta das técnicas e a tecnologia empregada pelos romanos para a obtenção e o tratamento dos minérios de ouro, prata e cobre: talvez a parte mais visível nos vestígios arqueológicos que restam em sítios
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