Fall 2018 | Vol 4 | Issue 3
Mixing Rigor with Relevance: Applying Public Administration Scholarship
EDUCATION SUPPLEMENT
PAGE 7 PAGE 16 PAGE 49 One-On-One with The Biden The Current State of Charles Menifield Challenge Public Administration ASPA 2019 ANNUAL CONFERENCE
March 8-12 | Washington, DC | #ASPA2019 | www.aspanet.org/conference2019
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SOCIAL EQUITY
PUBLIC SERVICE
GLOBAL PA IN THIS ISSUE es U.S. ent State of Public ailoring Public
University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill Georgetown University , University of Kansas University of Delaware University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill Rutgers University—Newark Texas State University Texas Virginia Commonwealth University City on the Line Syracuse University University of Central Florida University of Kansas University of Nebraska at Omaha University of Nebraska University of Southern California eaucracy Can Save America
YING SCHOLARSHIP e Connolly Knox, University of Central Florida c Holzer, Suffolk University c Holzer, esident’s Column esident’s essing Gender Equity in Academia and the essing Gender Equity in Academia oving Online Student Retention ears of Preparing Local and Global Leaders ears of Preparing Donald Moynihan, Tina Nabatchi, Kimberly Nelson, Rosemary O’Leary Norma Riccucci, Patricia Shields, Public Administration Education in a Time of Crisis Public Administration Menifield One-On-One: Charles Pr How Bur Maria Aristigueta, John Bartle, Leisha DeHart-Davis, Charles Epp, Susan Gooden, Mar Naim Kapucu, Jack Knott, Clair
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 6 7 10 12 19 Incr Confidence Book Review: COLUMNS The Biden Challenge Pr Emotional Labor in Public Service Cultivating the Next Generation T Department of Homeland Security Declar 60 Y Members in the News Recruiter Impr Addr Public Administration Field Some Thoughts on the Curr Honoring the Legacy of Paul Posner Innovation and Flexibility: T to Adult Learners Administration Programs Election System Critical Infrastructure Tips for Academic Job Navigation Administration Research and Scholarship Administration Research
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It is the largest in the field. association for professionals Copyright ©2018 American Society for Public Administration Copyright ©2018 American Society FALL 2018 | VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 3 2018 | VOLUME 4 FALL APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP implementation. like this, from learned lessons offer these we our your university program anapproach isconsidering a greater rate than themmore. others whoneed If maturity may also self-select into programs these at orlack. possess skills they Students high career with to understand which career equipped necessarily which to sessions attend, even thoughare they not programming, students may pick andchoose resumé skills job workshops orotherperiodic Alternatively,to instruction. whenprograms offer assigned tasksfrom andbenefit repeated exposure are acaptive audience andmore likely to complete advantageOne ofusing thisstructure isthat students decisionmaking confidence. the course structure increased career maturity and Through pre-post-testing, and we demonstrated that a compelling resumé andtargeted cover letter. completing askills inventory anddeveloping oneoftheemployers,informational with interview to identify atarget list ofemployers, conducting an using itincluded LinkedIn search; job 21st century office.elected The latter prepared students fora and researchpolicy journalism; and advocacy; nonprofit management; and local government; speakers career with backgrounds infederal, state careersa range through ofpublic service in-class management. introduced Theformer students to career explorationhad components: two andcareer comprehensive insouthernNew school Jersey. It students at Stockton University, amid-sized Our half-semester course was offered to piloting such acourse. Hereservice. advicefrom issome in our experience increases career confidenceandpromotes public alternative: Adopting arequired career course that seminars, such asresumé building. We propose an to career centers individual skills to offering building confidence among majors, from studentsreferring myriad use waysSchools to enhance career among theirstudents. increasing pressure to demonstrate career readiness talent,of qualified areschools which means under and nonprofits rely forapipeline onschools our educating thefuture public workforce. Governments jobs, providescritical adifficult yet challenge for turnoverwith andretirements inpublic sector interestDeclining coupled inentering public service, Interest andConfidence Increasing Career Public Service By DanielMallinsonandPatrickBurns 2 that went just beyond their careers. describing One resulting in creative and compelling presentations on speakers’ talking points their sessions, during We provided minimal guidance or constraints dogreat will they things. and speakers space Give bydisruptions students late. arriving ofthe class,the official start allowing forminimal speakers’ until at arrival least 15minutes after slot.an afternoon We recommend also delaying enrollment was lower than itmay have with been schedules. Our course was offered at 8:30 a.m.—but the course at timesthat accommodate those outside speakers “day with jobs,” consider offering Consider your course’s for Given timing. theneed recently completed internships. mayalso provide through helpfulconnections to identifyUse connections these speakers. Students employees through alumniandadjunct networks. have public sector with ofconnections avariety Public internal schools affairs resources. Leverage content. resources are available forproviding thecareer skills who donothave career center support, many online responsibility made our course stronger. For faculty deliver that content. We found thisdivision of for building career skills andcan more effectively Career counselors are more methods familiar with through theapproval process, asteach it. aswell the course shepherd to needed and are career fields relevant within connections Faculty have like thisone. to acourse unique skills each bring counselors and career Faculty center. career the with Partner FALL 2018 INDIANA UNIVERSITY PA TIMES size: 3.87” x 10.36” SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS BLOOMINGTON issue: Fall speaker even conducted an impromptu advocacy simulation exercise. Protect question-and-answer time. Some speakers LOCAL GOVERNANCE will take more presentation time than you provide. This will take some finesse, but you must be willing AND MANAGEMENT to protect time for questions. This can mean helping Tenure-Track or the speaker transition to taking questions before Tenured Faculty Position they had planned. The School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana Make sure your course is interdisciplinary. It University is searching for an Assistant Professor or tenured may be tempting to offer this course only for Associate Professor with specialties in local governance majors within your school, but professors have a and management. Research focuses can be domestic, responsibility to promote public service careers to international, or comparative and may include (but are not students across your university or college. We had limited to) collaborative governance, participatory democracy, biologists, social workers and others in our class, community development, network modeling, local solutions adding a richness and broadening our impact. Part to compelling problems, urban planning, local or regional of the course’s goal is to help students understand economic development, performance of local government how they can use tools from their home disciplines services, management of local government, and information in public service. technology for local governance. Appointment at the full professor level may be possible for a candidate with an Offer academic credit. We advocate providing students with some credit for the course, especially exceptional research record in the specified areas of expertise. if it is not required for their majors. One option is to Minimum educational qualifications include a Ph.D. in a pair it with credited internship experiences. This will related field (e.g., political science, public affairs, public not apply to all students, but it can help. Providing management, public administration, public policy, sociology, credit elevates the stature of the course beyond “just urban planning, economics) and evidence of a developed another periodic seminar.” It also means course research program. The successful candidates will be assignments will be meaningful. expected to develop and maintain an extramurally supported research program. The expected start date is August 1, 2019 Not the only way to offer career development for and Ph.D. must be completed by that date. public affairs students, a half-semester for-credit course nonetheless offers structure that helps We are especially interested in applicants with a record increase career decision confidence and maturity. of successful teaching and mentoring of students from all The approach requires faculty and schools to invest backgrounds (including first-generation college students, resources. But, as students, parents, the public low-income students, racial and ethnic minorities, women, and public-sector employers demand a career- LGBTQ, etc.) and an interest in contributing to SPEA’s ready workforce, such courses will be increasingly programs, curricular offerings, and research portfolio in ways necessary. that enhance diversity, equity, and inclusion; applicants are encouraged to address these topics in the letter of application. Daniel Mallinson is assistant professor of public policy and administration in the School of Public SPEA-Bloomington is a world leader in public affairs Affairs at Penn State Harrisburg. His research focuses education, and is among the largest schools of public on policy diffusion, elite behavior, pedagogy and administration and public policy in the United States with environmental, energy and criminal justice policy. He 34,000 alumni around the world. In the 2018 “Best Graduate can be reached at [email protected]. Schools” reported by U.S. News & World Report, SPEA- Bloomington ranks first, making it the nation’s highest- Patrick Burns is assistant director of the career center ranked professional graduate program in public affairs. Five at Stockton University, where he works directly of its specialty programs are ranked in the top-five listings. with students and the campus community toward positive career outcomes. He is a licensed associate To ensure consideration, application materials must be counselor, registered NCDA instructor, global received by September 30 2018; however, the search will career development facilitator instructor, certified continue until the position is filled. Please submit a letter career services professional and job and career of application, current vitae, sample publication, and development/transition coach. He can be reached at contact information for three references to https://indiana. [email protected]. peopleadmin.com/ Inquiries regarding the position should be sent to Claudia N. Avellaneda, Search Chair, at [email protected] For more information see: http://www.indiana.edu/~spea
Indiana University is an equal employment and affirmative action employer and a provider of ADA services. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to age, ethnicity, color, race, religion, sex, sexual FALL 2018 orientation or identity, national origin, disability status or protected veteran status. Penn State Harrisburg School of Public Affairs
“Fostering collaboration to produce research and Offering graduate learning that promotes positive social change.” study in a dynamic state • NASPAA-accredited Master of Public Administration capital setting (on-campus and online) • Ph.D. in Public Administration • Master of Health Administration • Master of Arts in Criminal Justice • Intercollege Master of Professional Studies in Homeland Security (online only) • Graduate certificates Assistantships available for full-time students in on-campus programs
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BOOK REVIEW: City on the Line By Darin Atteberry
When I consider the changes Fort Collins has budgets to spur gone through in recent history, one of the most innovation. How? transformational was our shift to budgeting for By moving the outcomes (BFO) in 2005. focus to outcomes themselves, not Moving from traditional across-the-board increases the ways we and cuts to creating a budget based on priorities and traditionally have outcomes was—and often still is—a revolutionary achieved them. approach for government agencies. In Fort Collins, BFO made us more accountable to our community, An outcome is not the mere existence of a city elected officials and colleagues. It pushed us to offer program, service or staff position. Rather, those greater transparency into our expenses, operations services are how we achieve the desired outcomes. and performance. We moved from the days of a The emphasis on outcomes is not just a budget “trust us” model of government, to one highly exercise. Cities of all sizes can prepare for the future data driven, able to demonstrate the efficacy of through strategic planning and aligning resources every program and service. And when we cannot to achieve specific goals. A focus on outcomes—not demonstrate those things, BFO drives us to have methods—spurs innovation as we look hard at what hard conversations about whether to continue. actually will move the needle toward our targets.
In many ways, BFO was the first step in many Baltimore serves as a great example of the transformational changes over the past 13 years, celebrations and challenges of outcome-based from developing a city-wide strategic plan, to voters budgeting. It takes more work than the status quo. passing a sales tax increase during the height of the It takes more time, more thought, more wrestling Great Recession, to being named a Malcolm Baldrige through tough questions. But, it is possible. In City National Quality Award recipient in 2017. on the Line, Kleine has given us an instructive, well written playbook for how to begin the journey, More than one decade into this experience, I all while reminding us that communities get the can say without a doubt that BFO has made us a best value for their tax dollars when they are used better organization and better able to serve our to achieving tangible results with measurable community. It forced us to focus on what residents improvements. really want from their local government, to prioritize those things and to innovate and collaborate to Several years ago, I read a magazine article that achieve them. posed the question: “What is the thing you believe that no one else believes?” Immediately, I knew my In his new book, City on the Line, Andrew Kleine, answer: I absolutely believe that local government former budget director for the City of Baltimore, can be great. candidly shares his experiences moving Baltimore to a similar outcome-based budget process. It We can be great when we focus on specific outcomes is a must-read for anyone interested in greater and performance measures to provide the best accountability and innovation in government. services for our communities. The methods Kleine Baltimore’s journey is a fantastic example of how to outlines will help lead local governments to great deploy a new budget model against the backdrop of service delivery and great results. local government complexities. Darin Atteberry is the city manager for the City of Kleine explains the often-bureaucratic government Fort Collins, Colorado, a position he has held since budget processes with clarity and humor, sharing December 2004. In 2013, he was named Entrepreneur personal examples from Baltimore and other of the Year by the Colorado State University College communities, offering compelling counter- of Business and in 2016, he was elected as a fellow arguments to common objections to overhauling the of the National Academy of Public Administration. budget structure. He received his Bachelor of Science from California Polytechnic State University. He can be reached at City on the Line uses Baltimore’s history with [email protected]. outcome-based budgeting as the primary example of how local governments can not only weather More information about City on the Line can be economic challenges, but also leverage their found online at www.cityontheline.com
FALL 2018 5 Public Administration Education in a Time of Crisis
Whether one browses Twitter or watches cable news, evidence. We undercover it through engaging in the it is clear that public administration is experiencing scholarship of teaching and learning. Forums like a time of crisis. Administrative competency is under PA TIMES, JPAE and Teaching Public Administration
WILLIAM HATCHER attack by politicians who do not value evidence, are central to the scholarly discussion on instruction a political system gridlocked by polarization and in the field. a citizenry that cannot practice civil discourse to solve public problems. It is not surprising that most Last, MPA programs must contribute to their local citizens do not trust government in the United communities. Our programs have a responsibility to States. Against this backdrop, the future of the MPA improve the governing capacity of the communities may seem under attack. However, this period of they serve. The distrust and dysfunction at the crisis is an opportunity for public administration national level may make it difficult for top-down scholars and instructors to demonstrate the value of solutions to the current crisis. Bottom-up solutions the MPA to our students and communities. may be the answer. MPA programs can offer the expertise of their faculty and students to strengthen What can we do to serve our students and help the communities and, in doing so, demonstrate the nation face its governance problems? value of public service. To accomplish this goal, MPA COLUMNIST programs must build effective community advisory First, MPA faculty need to make the case for boards, internship programs and applied research government. Charles Goodsell’s The Case for projects in their communities. Bureaucracy must be required reading in our MPA programs. Too often, public administration faculty In a recent JPAE essay, “Earning Trust in focus on the pathologies of government. We should Government,” Donald Kettl discussed how trust at not disregard public sector failures, but we need the retail level, or individual transactional level, can to emphasize the successes of government. Public be earned through public administrators serving administration needs to be about what government citizens. With MPA programs focused on building can do to improve our communities. their local communities, we can have more than 200 teams throughout the nation that demonstrate the Second, MPA faculty must connect theory with value of public administration and build trust in a practice for our students. In public administration bottom-up manner. classes, instructors need to employ experiential learning, applied research projects and case studies This time of crisis may transition into a time of to link theory with practice. Using case studies in opportunity for public administration. Through the classroom is a great method to illustrate the serving our communities, public administration connections. However, we only have a limited can rebuild governing capacity from the bottom up. number of case study repositories, leading to a Our education can help achieve this goal by pushing reliance on cases about private management. MPA programs to support the public sector, learn Starting this year, the Journal of Public Affairs how to teach students to be trustful administrators Education includes a section on case studies. As and serve communities to demonstrate the value of JPAE’s co-editor-in-chief, I am proud of our editorial the knowledge in public administration. team’s initiative to build a collection of case studies for public administration. Will Hatcher is director of Augusta University’s Master of Public Administration program and an associate Third, MPA faculty need to value teaching and professor of political science. His research focuses on learning scholarship. When our faculty write the administrative features of health care, community case studies or research issues of teaching public development and public finance. His research has administration, our field needs to value the work, appeared in journals such as the American Journal including giving appropriate credit toward tenure of Public Health, Community Development, Journal and promotion. Yes, public administration is a of Public Affairs Education, Public Administration scholarly field where empirical research should be Quarterly and The Review of Regional Studies. He the main focus of inquiry. But, we are also a field can be reached at [email protected]. of practice; we need to base our instruction on
6 FALL 2018 CHARLES MENIFIELD ONE-ON-ONE
ONE-ON-ONE Charles Menifield Dean, School of Public Affairs and Administration, Rutgers University-Newark
Charles Menifield is dean of the School of Public Affairs and Administration (SPAA) at Rutgers University—Newark. His research interests are budgeting and financial management, public health and welfare, and minority politics. He has two books on minority politics and two on public budgeting and financial management. Politics in the New South: Representation of African Americans in Southern State Legislatures (2005), edited with Stephen Shaffer, won the V.O. Key Award from the Southern Political Science Association for best book written on Southern politics.
Menifield came to Rutgers from the University of Missouri—Columbia, where he was professor and associate dean for academic programs in the Harry S Truman School of Public Affairs. Prior to that time, he was director, professor and associate professor at the University of Memphis; associate professor at Mississippi State University; and assistant professor at Murray State University. A visiting scholar at the Congressional Budget Office, Menifield researched state implementation of the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).
You have spoken about the importance of community create an organizational structure around the engagement for public administration programs. Tell office to facilitate its efforts. Other goals are local us what Rutgers is doing to engage with Newark and engagement, global engagement—including studies the broader community? abroad—and engagement projects outside the Several years ago, Rutgers University—Newark created continental United States. an Office of University and Community Partnerships to manage some of the “big picture” university-wide Although a university program, our Globally programs, including several middle- and high school- Engaged Experiential Learning program has taken level programs. The chancellor encouraged individual SPAA and other students around the world to engage colleges and schools to create community engagement in what we call “Glocal” engagement. One example: mechanisms. When I arrived last fall, one of my first We partnered with We Care Solar on a solar panel priorities was to create an Office of Public Engagement project where students take solar suitcases around within SPAA. Once a director was identified, we began to the world to places where electricity is nonexistent work on a strategy to engage the community. Our short- or unreliable. One location was a village in Tanzania term goals are to identify key stakeholders in the Newark where local students could not study after dark. and the Greater Newark community, as well as key entities College admission is based on how well one scores on campus where collaborations are possible; catalog on the state exam. Providing light during the night the community’s needs; create an internal strategy to enabled them to continue to study. It does not take connect students and faculty with community partners; a genius to figure out that something as simple as and identify internship and employment opportunities for providing a light bulb can completely change the students. economic trajectory of these students and their families. Our long-term goals are to work collaboratively with community stakeholders to leverage SPAA also received a $50,000 grant to work with entities for funding; create permanent working University of Puerto Rico—Mayaguez faculty. collaborations with university schools, departments I applied for the grant and invited faculty from and centers; work with local leaders to identify departments across the university and community long-term projects and create mechanisms that partners to collaborate with us. We had five promote faculty involvement and buy in; and university and two community partners to work
FALL 2018 7 on projects related to health, economic planning, were lacking; as a result, traditional poor police infrastructure planning, sustainability and food practices were reinforced. In many cases, these security. We will make several trips to the island this practices and policies yielded such bad results as upcoming school year and over the next few years stop and frisk and investigatory stops based on race. with the goal of expanding our presence. We argued that police departments should examine macro-level and meso-level organizational factors to Your research spans budgeting, finance, public health see where improvements can be made. and welfare, minority politics, education and more. What are some of the intersections among these What advice do you offer your students for finding areas? success? What advice do you offer your faculty and In low income areas like Newark, Memphis and staff for advancing public administration? other places I have lived, all of these subjects are related. In Newark, we have educational, health, I strongly encourage my students to find their
CHARLES MENIFIELD welfare, housing, infrastructure, homelessness, passion and work toward achieving it. It means that employment and other challenges. The percentage you have to show initiative, translated: Work on a of the population participating in government— research project with a faculty member during the formally and informally—is very low. Those with summer instead of relaxing at home; get a summer a public administration background should be internship in an entity that does what you want to concerned with improving these areas. Improving do, regardless of whether you are paid; do what is educational outcomes will have a positive impact expected of you in the classroom and more as faculty on participation in government, health and welfare are your greatest asset; attend and present papers outcomes, home ownership and employment at conferences and network; and, get involved in prospects. We have worked in academic silos for too faculty grants. long. That is the advantage of working in a school of For tenured faculty and well-advanced assistant public affairs and administration. Our faculty come professors, I encourage them to think outside of the from a variety of disciplines, bringing many models traditional research model and consider the value ONE-ON-ONE from which to examine public issues. It is working. of publicly engaged scholarship. Unfortunately, I Several faculty are doing cutting-edge research in believe it is still better for new assistant professors behavioral public administration, starting a journal to spend most of their time trying to publish and working toward creating a BPA Lab inside SPAA. traditional research with the goal of applying it to the This enables them to monitor participants within community as secondary. a controlled environment to see how they react to proposed policies. This type of research makes my We recently examined the school’s strategic plan day exciting; I have no desire ever to go back to the with a view to not only change its culture but traditional model of publishing just to be tenured also revise its mission. As SPAA is situated in a and promoted. We have to do research that has a large urban area, it is important that staff buy into positive impact on communities. its community engagement focus. Staff are the ones who assist students with internships and Talk about one of your favorite research projects. How did it impact you, what did you learn and why was it job placements. To a large extent, they are better important to study? connected with the community than the faculty. Many have spent their entire lives in Newark and I recently completed a study with colleagues that know everyone under the sun. examined police killings, which was accepted by Public Administration Review. In short, we wanted What are your observations about the new generation to determine whether white police officers were of public service professionals attending Rutgers intentionally targeting minorities for lethal force. In and other universities across the nation? Where addition to answering that question, we discerned are their focus and passions? How public service solid findings for practitioners/police departments. organizations like ASPA help them succeed? It was important to study the subject because the I believe public administration as a profession needs media often have portrayed police departments to rethink Woodrow Wilson’s The Study of Public as the proverbial “bad guy.” We did not find any Administration and some of the questions he posed. evidence that white police officers were targeting Among them: How shall our series of governments minorities for execution. However, we did find within governments be administered so that it shall evidence that black males were disproportionately always be in the public officer’s interest to serve, not represented in the number of those killed by his superior alone but the community as well, and police—that is, black males were victims of lethal with the best efforts of his talents and the soberest force by all police, not just white police. Based on service of his conscience? How shall this service be the scholarly research, we also found evidence that made to his commonest interest by contributing hiring practices and police department trainings abundantly to his sustenance, to his dearest interest
8 FALL 2018 CHARLES MENIFIELD ONE-ON-ONE
by furthering his ambition and to his highest Who are your three most valued mentors and how interest by advancing his honor and establishing his have they influenced you? character? And, how shall this be done for both the Walter Davis, a Harvard education sociologist, local part and for the national whole? was one of very few black males at Mississippi State University when I was a student. He strongly I firmly believe public administration professors, influenced my decision to pursue a PhD, one of with every essence of our being, should train several professors who gave me the courage to students to be good public servants by examining continue my education. our deeds. Those deeds should focus on communities and creating the capacity for them to John Bartle, a brilliant budgeting and finance be successful. Universities nestled in large urban colleague, took me under his wing very early in my areas are perfect training grounds for MPA students; career. He has continued to nurture me; I would they afford the opportunity to engage in different characterize him as the one person who has had the subfield investigations. greatest impact on my educational career.
It is important that organizations like ASPA and My father, Sammie Menifield, Sr., spent his entire referred journals value research focused on the 54 years on this earth working as a farm laborer in practice of public administration. My hat is off to Mississippi. I learned from his example of hard work the previous editor of Public Administration Review and perseverance. His lack of educational acclaim for moving us in the right direction. As the highest led me to college with the desire never to return to ranked public administration journal, PAR is poised the farm. Chopping cotton and driving a tractor were to set the tone for the future of our profession; it is not my forte—that is, they were both easy to do, but doing so by highlighting the value of practitioners were a back breaking process in which I did not want to the study of public administration. ASPA and to engage on a daily basis. Yet I needed to participate others can create more lanes for practitioners at in them to know that I had to go to college. Other conferences and reach out to well established than joining the military, it was the only way to leave leaders to create panels; lead discussions to change the farm. tenure and promotion guidelines; and change the way we teach public affairs and administration by How did you first get involved in ASPA? Which part of actively involving community partners as instructors the membership experience has been most valuable and speakers. to you? I became involved in ASPA in 1990 when my I also believe organizations like ASPA should budgeting and finance professor and MPA director celebrate community engagement scholarship by insisted that all MPA students join the organization. creating awards that highlight some of the yeoman’s Attending the Annual Conference has afforded me work done around the nation by likeminded an opportunity to network with colleagues, share institutions like Rutgers University—Newark. Our my research with others and form subfield networks students are change agents. They understand the that have lasted up to this day. It also has allowed connection between universities and communities me to meet people in other organizations, such as and embrace the idea that they can be catalysts for NASPAA. Over the last two decades, I have worked change. on committees and councils for both organizations, as well as ABFM, one of ASPA’s largest Sections.
FALL 2018 9 PRESIDENT’S COLUMN: Partnership Governance
JANE PISANO At this moment, it is hard to overstate the of Holland, Michigan is a story of partnerships so importance of the public service, its value to the pervasive that a town and region are continually country and its need to change. Charged with renewed. The first big step was an industrialist’s responsibility to carry out our laws as nonpartisan idea: Install a snowmelt system in downtown actors, public servants have the skills and Holland to counter winter’s snow and ice. This temperament to ensure we remain a government city-private sector partnership grew into a of laws, not of men. That is what students are doing manufacturing base infusing the broader Grand across the nation in our MPA and MPP programs: Rapids area with robust economic growth. Over acquiring the skills and tools they need for a long many years, the Prince family continued to and productive career. Be forewarned: Change will support the local college and invest in quality-of- continue to be a constant and government needs to life measures. I was in Grand Rapids recently to pick up the pace and find new ways to address our visit the Gerald Ford Presidential Museum and can rapidly and profoundly changing world. attest that the Fallows are not exaggerating.
I think it is fair to say that partnership governance We can learn from and be inspired by examples of is a transformational tool whose power is only now partnership governance. These examples remind us COLUMNIST being recognized. There are many case studies of of our nation at its very best: People pulling together partnership governance we can share, dating all to solve problems and create opportunities. My the way back to de Tocqueville, who recognized experiences over many years have put me right in individual and community initiative as central to the middle of experiments and initiatives reflecting America’s growth and prosperity as a core American partnership governance. Some worked; some did value. not. But every one was worth trying. How important is it that this experimenting continues? Extremely. More contemporary examples are everywhere: Public service and the environment in which it • This pring,s Route Fifty reported an initiative of the functions are changing rapidly. For demographic New York City Office of Strategic Partnerships to reasons alone, this rapid change will continue. increase access to computer science education. Birth rates and death rates tell the tale. As the Baby The city partnered with the Robin Hood Boomers retire, fewer people enter the workforce Foundation and a venture capitalist. This $81 to take their place. Women are having fewer babies. million public-private partnership now serves This working age cohort will pay fewer taxes because 54,000 students. The goal: To serve 1.1 million the growth of the working age group is smaller. With youth. fewer taxes, government will need to do more with less and have to do things differently. • Following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, 29 (many small) foundations established themselves as Other changes propel the private sector, the Los Angeles Urban Funders (LAUF), distributing nonprofit sector and individuals; they demand $25 million to three impoverished communities response. At its most basic level, individuals are the through existing and new nonprofits. LAUF’s decisionmakers. They are interconnected in one innovations were building on existing global system. They choose what to buy and with infrastructure and initiatives already underway; whom to communicate. They make life choices like using a bimodal funding approach, requiring how much to save and how much to spend. But, the each funder to support the whole and at least public sector does not provide them with choices, one discrete project; and involving multiple resulting in many who drop out. Our citizens live in a stakeholders whose leadership changed over world spinning at breakneck speed; government has time. LAUF ended in 2006 with important lessons to find a way to catch up. learned and lasting effects. For the funders, their participation forever changed the value placed on When so much seems out of individuals’ control, collaboration and neighborhood driven ideas. the aggregation of individual choices shapes the outcome. It is in this context that presidents often • A third example is drawn from James and Deborah have used public servants as “the enemy.” For this Fallows’ new book, Our Towns: A 100,000-Mile and other reasons, the public is deeply skeptical that Journey into the Heart of America. Their portrait government can deliver.
10 FALL 2018 JANE PISANO COLUMNIST
Here is a measure of our challenges, according to a That said, many partnerships do not work out. If you recent study sponsored by the Pew Foundation. have a choice, tread carefully before committing to one. The central question is: Partnerships for • Americans want big—but unspecified—changes what purpose? The partners need to be clear about in the federal government’s design and structure. what their priorities and mission are, where they are in their institutional life cycle, whether they • Voters in both parties say government needs to be are willing to take risks required and how they will more open and transparent. allocate funds (and how much?). There has to be • State and local governments are considered transparency and trust, too. more favorably (60-70 percent) than the federal Will partnership governance work for ASPA? It has government (30-40 percent). to. Our field has grown too big and too diverse with We cannot ignore this threat to public servants. What too many organizations of differing scope and size distinguishes democracy in the United States from to do anything else. Within our “big tent” field are nations around the world is its highly decentralized practitioners and academics, subject area experts nature. We have a long history of people pulling and generalists. For ASPA, the field’s size and together. I believe it is past time to focus on state and diversity are a plus and partnerships are the way local governments, whose governance is closest to forward. the people and where experiments in partnership Our purpose is to prepare the public service to governance abound. respond to the needs of the 21st century. We know ASPA, with its partners, has been, and will continue we have to turn around an environment in which to be, a voice for government and governance at all public service is not held in high esteem. We know levels. Since 1939, we have provided support for the we have to operate successfully within our fiscal field of public administration with its public service means. And, we seek to bring in a diverse and mission prominently featured. ASPA’s organic ties talented workforce. to the National Academy of Public Administration We will focus on our challenges and opportunities: and NASPAA provide a base for broad, effective Strengthen Chapters and Sections; increase partnerships. These partnerships will magnify our membership; celebrate our breadth (practitioners academics’ and practitioners’ voices. And, ASPA’s and academics); and make a difference in the areas message? Document what is working. Write case of public finance, infrastructure, social equity and studies about cities and states addressing challenges public service. in new ways. New ways like partnership governance. This is why I am involved in the promise of ASPA. What we are doing this year is what we will Based on many years working in partnerships, this is feature at the 2019 Annual Conference. We will what I think our case studies will show. use the conference to experiment with panel content, with a special focus on four key issues: • Whether the budget is very large or very small, a public finance, infrastructure, social equity and partnership involves many people. public service. These issues will be presented as • Leadership and management come from multiple conferences-within-a-conference, with ample organizations, each with its own organizational opportunities to include practitioner and academic culture. presenters, feature partnerships between ASPA and key constituencies, and include time for • Multiple constituencies must be listened to—and discussion and debate. There also will be a global heard—with respect. public administration track. My colleagues and I look forward to your participation next March in • There usually are multiple funding sources. Washington, DC where we will be focused on the future, even as we celebrate ASPA’s 80th Anniversary. • Vision and mission must be aligned. Jane Pisano is professor in the University of Southern • The artnershipp culture must be marked by California (USC) Sol Price School of Public Policy. transparency and trust. She has been on the school’s faculty since 1991. This is not for the faint of heart! But, it can be done; Pisano served as president and director of the Natural many leaders are doing it. And, more will follow History Museum of Los Angeles County from 2001 to as tools based on past successes are developed 2015. She can be reached at [email protected]. that new organizations and projects can adopt. Partnerships matter because they can move us forward. Partnerships build community and communities build partnerships.
FALL 2018 11 How Bureaucracy Can Save America DWIGHT VICK We live in no ordinary time. exploitation toward children and the elderly? They see us at the worst moments of our lives. Since 1981 (or even earlier), aspirants for political office have run on an anti-bureaucracy platform. They are the utility workers who guarantee our water Anti-government messages have spiked, identity supply is clean, remove our sewage and guarantee politics have become mainstream and very real electricity in our homes. They are the emergency and perceived acts of ethnic, gender and racial managers who guarantee our tornado alarms sound discrimination abound. Many citizens demand and flood and fire warnings are announced. The cultural understanding and peace; others demand a road construction crews repairing our roads. The return to undefined “simpler times.” economic development officers working to attract businesses to our communities, providing us with To some, such calls sound like political correctness. employment opportunities. While the movement increased awareness, it caused many to avoid asking questions about a group They are food inspectors and industry regulators that or program or policy, fearful of being judged or guarantee restaurants are compliant, that the gas we labeled as “__ist.” Not only does it leave unanswered put in our cars will not destroy the engines, that the COLUMNIST questions; it also breeds resentment. Years of detergent to wash our clothes does not irritate our aggressive political campaigns against the fourth skin, that the medicines we take are safe and who pillar of government end with elected officials register us to vote. relying on it for policy implementation. Public servants face a barrage of frustration from the people They are our neighbors. Our friends. Our siblings. served who accuse them of being financial leeches, Our spouses. Our parents. Our children. Us. geeky policy wonks, or an “____ist” who suckle off Not leeches. Not just policy wonks. Not devoid of the government’s teat and are devoid of human compassion. Us. compassion. We all have had to implement policies we personally Who are these servants? The military and National did not like. There are bad apples in the bureaucratic Guard personnel who defend our nation, fight for barrel. But, if we compare that number to the large our freedom or evacuate flood zones? The agents number of nameless, faceless bureaucrats who serve who protect our borders, airports, bus stations and their communities, the number is exponentially less ports and guarantee safe travel and imports? They than our attention gains. must look at our feet and search our belongings to guarantee we are safe. Have you visited Atlanta’s We public servants are the front line of defense that international airport? Did you see the things they guarantees all of us are treated equally at city hall, confiscate? Or, the leaf blower on display? It was county courthouses, state agencies and even the taken from someone’s luggage. And, they do this all halls of Congress. We provide stability. We have day. Every day. institutional memory. We serve despite the long onslaught; it is us they turn to when all else fails. How about the teachers who spend $5,000 from their own pockets to provide basic classroom supplies? This call to service lately has come with a price. They work all year long attending professional development seminars and updating next year’s Any label or difference of opinion from a colleague curricula while preparing kids for shootings; watch or constituent places personal and professional and report signs of abuse, mental illness and relationships at risk. Romantic relationships end giftedness while teaching them reading, writing and on first dates because the slightest difference arithmetic. How can they be uncompassionate when in political, social or cultural views becomes an they bandage our children’s scrapes, or leeches immediate deal breaker. We are turned away from when they work 12-hour days, six days per week. restaurants or have clearances threatened due to what seems to be imagined reasons. Chief executives And, the police officers, firefighters, public hospitals, rule by executive order because legislative branches social workers and emergency responders who comprise members who are too divided, too answer the call for assistance when we are ill or adversarial to compromise, an inherent weakness in an accident, who respond to calls of abuse and and cause for removal.
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Public servants feel alone. How are they responding? that extend outside of academia. Academics They are forced to choose between their jobs, where gain respect among practitioners; they, in turn, they are part of the fourth pillar of government, and are recognized for educational and professional their relationships and health. They quit. Resign. experiences in ways other than a 50-minute Retire. Or, remain. If we do not save the bureaucrat, presentation. how can we save bureaucracy? How do we find renewal? We must expand the university-practitioner partnership into our elementary and high schools, First, it is personal. When one points one’s finger, and work to guarantee that social sciences are three point back toward oneself. As public servants, equal to math and science education. Our schools it is time for us to focus less upon the one we point are overwhelmed and often under-resourced. toward others and more upon the three. How do we, Academics and public servants should work with as individual public servants, contribute to these our educational administrator counterparts to situations in the workplace? Yes, public servants visit classes. Many practitioners do; police officers are victimized but are all of the citizens we serve and firefighters visit schools to show they are part perpetrators? Of course not. Have we succumbed of a community, not just those who come to one’s to the decades-long political onslaught and see neighborhood during bad times. Maybe we, as ourselves as victims who focus more upon the individuals, should go to our children’s schools and one who ruins our day rather than the other 99 discuss the importance of voting or community who appreciate our service? Could our ailments service or history. It is time, in this extraordinary be relieved with self reflection? Maybe. Maybe time, that we start. not. Could it hurt? Probably not. But, after this self reflection, what then? We should focus on tomorrow. But, what about today? How do we, as a bureaucracy, save America Second, it is organizational. Public servant leaders for tomorrow? How can we provide consistency must ask hard questions that include street-level when elected officials govern more with executive bureaucrats and citizens. Do we need more training orders? How can we effectively implement policies in ethics? Cultural competency? Community when our elected officials view compromise, the art awareness? What are we doing that causes citizens of politics, as weak? How can we serve citizens who to complain? What are we doing that make potential are so divided that they cannot even agree upon applicants seek positions in nonprofit organizations? basic facts? Why do the citizens we serve perceive nonprofit organizations as “good” when public servants are Today, we become the example where commonly the ones who award and monitor service contracts? held facts apply. They exist in legal precedence and Are we contributing to the struggle between elected policy. We remind ourselves, our allies and our officials and citizens by not being more informed opponents that real or perceived discriminatory acts about what we do and why we do it? When did are attacks on the people we serve. We rely upon the citizens start seeing themselves as customers and citizens we serve and teach that there is no room why? Do they really know what we do? Ask what for negative labelling in the public sector. We rely citizens can do to serve their communities and the upon ourselves, after self reflection. We can educate servants who make our governments work. officials and citizens that bureaucrats are the ones upon whom we rely to make our governments work Third, it is collaboration between our bureaucratic when elected officials return to their homes and agencies and universities where public sector naysayers go to sleep. We can build stronger ties with leaders are taught. Relying upon the occasional citizens, the college and elementary classrooms and guest speaker in our classrooms to provide practical ourselves. We join organizations where we come experience is no longer an option. No longer can together to be heard and to hear each other, not just we who teach public administration live in the ivory our living rooms listening to ourselves. tower and take a skyway to our cars and homes. We must take that elevator down to the street level Most important, we—public servants, a field and see what public sector practitioners face daily. of service and study—no longer see ourselves Likewise, we must allow street-level bureaucrats— as victims but as survivors who overcame an soldiers, teachers, police officers, social workers, extraordinary time. public utility managers—to enter the elevator and be Dwight Vick has been an ASPA member since 1993 welcomed into the tower. These collaborative efforts and has been a contributor to PA TIMES since 2015. allow public administration students to link theory He can be reached at [email protected]. to practice. They have employment opportunities
FALL 2018 15 APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP desired outcomes. about theChallenge’s goalsand Managing Director MikeDonilon spoke withBidenInstitute advance oftheevent,PA TIMES of Delaware thisSeptember. In middle class,attheUniversity solutions togrow America’s ideas exchangetolookatpolicy hosted TheBidenChallenge,an PresidentVice JosephBiden The Biden Challenge policy schools. policy and innovating thinking at many so great public the prospect ofengaging theincredible brainpower that, knewthevicepresident we excited wouldbe at to address anissue ofhischoosing. heard we When across schools challenge thenation to public policy the University ofDelaware, andforhimto issue a great forthevicepresident opportunity to represent Washington, last fall.She thought DC a itwouldbe national conference ofNASPAA, which gathered in the vicepresident to speak to willing the wouldbe director oftheBiden Institute, andmeasked if Maria approached Cathy McLaughlin, executive and Administration at theUniversity ofDelaware. Aristigueta, director ofPublic oftheSchool Policy genesis The came out ofaconversationwith Maria to usingthinktanksandothermethods? academics togeneratenewpolicyideas,asopposed What wasthegenesisofideatousestudentsand the years ahead, butto America’s also future. essential notonly to theeconomy ofour nation in And, hebelieves that revitalizing themiddleclass is It amatter isboth ofaspiration aseconomics. aswell many historically wouldcall Dream.” “theAmerican aburdennot be to theirchildren age—what asthey a child to college, plan forretirement, andhopefully working families to raise afamily, buy ahome, send means providing for andopportunity thetools class inAmerica. By “revitalizing,” thevicepresident workplace—have put incredible stress onthemiddle have to workers led having less andless power in the intelligence—as changesartificial well ascritical that from to globalization technology to Moore’s Law to his wholecareer. He array believes awide offorces Vice President Biden onthemiddleclass has focused “revitalizing themiddleclass”mean? and whatdoeshehopewillcomefrom it?Whatdoes Presidentimportant toVice Biden from? Whyisthisinitiativeso revitalizing themiddleclasscome Where doestheconceptof 16 revitalize themiddleclass? he hopeandexpecttomakethemostprogress to connection amongtheseissues?Inwhichareas does remission. President HowdoesVice Bidenseethe infrastructure, education,employmentandtuition societal mobilityandfactorslikefinancialinclusion, The Challengeisexploringtheintersectionsbetween forum for the exchange of ideas, we will serve asa fortheexchangeforum ofideas, serve will we andprovidingof thebest mindsinthecountry a more than that, that hope we by convening some debate about how to revitalize themiddleclass. But, We ideas andproposals to addspecific hope to the events? Whatisyourtimelinefornextsteps? will comefrom theBidenChallengeanditsrelated What are someoutcomesthattheInstitutehopes themore atlook innovative, theproblem; thebetter. determined—point ofview. He wants a360-degree this challenge anarrow—or, with by theway, pre- America. So, thevicepresident notapproach does thatcountry out-educates out-compete will America community professor, college whosays that any future. He often quotes hiswife, Dr. Jill Biden, a itasthekey to success andhesees inthe America Education has thekey long to success been in creationjob clearly proposition. make itawin-win from benefits long-term investing andthenear-term in onthedeal. Infrastructure isaplace where the is workshe believesAmerica bestwheneveryone the profitsbenefits of and that enterprise,because create thesuccessto share got ofanenterprise in inAmerica,existed where theworkers whohelped He talks about restoring thebargain that once into tostriving get it—is central to America’s future. inthemiddleclass those and for people—for one area oranother. Reestablishing that ladder up is, andthat there to isnosimple limited solution The vicepresident knows how complex theproblem FALL 2018 those those catalyst for more thinking and work in this area. We hope people will leave the conference excited and SCHOOL OF energized.
What kind of long-term trajectory does Vice President Biden and the Institute have in mind as you continue to examine revitalizing the middle class? How much PUBLIC POLICY & effort and dedication are needed to make the vision a reality? The vice president is an optimist. And, while we ADMINISTRATION all know this is a tough problem—and one that has confronted the nation for a while—we believe there are big steps we can take to revitalize the SPPA announces new academic middle class. Investing in education. Investing in programs: B.S., Master’s, and Ph.D. infrastructure. Investing in job training. Just to name a few. We also believe the prospects for success in Energy and Environmental grow dramatically by bringing the best minds in the nation together to focus on it. Policy plus a Master of Public
Programs of this nature require funding, buy-in and Policy (MPP) program. hopefully support from public sector entities. How has Vice President Biden’s concept been received and what kind of organizations have partnered with him and the Institute in these efforts? The concept of the Challenge has been well received by the academic community. The idea of gathering academics to think about the middle class in this way is different from most academic conferences. WELCOMING This event will be the first academic conference hosted as a collaboration between the Biden Institute and the School of Public Policy. Following NEW FACULTY the conference, we will develop a strategy on how best to harness the ideas and energy from those GREGORY DOBLER gathered to impact the future of the middle class. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Can public administrators, public administration – Data science to explore urban communities educators and others support the Biden Institute and these efforts, even if they are not in attendance, and STEPHEN METRAUX contribute to new policy ideas? ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF PRACTICE Yes. We are going to make available all the – Housing, homelessness, and mental health submissions that came to us, as well as the full dialogue from the conference. And, there is now a website where we hope people will submit thoughts, KALIM SHAH ideas, papers or proposals they want to add to ASSISTANT PROFESSOR the debate. The goal is not simply to have a one – Environmental Policy conference, but to have an ongoing resource that grows and develops as we move forward. CASEY TAYLOR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR – Wildlife management policy KATIE FITZPATRICK ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR – Financial policies for low income households
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Maria Aristigueta Director, School of Public Policy and Administration and Charles P. Messick Chair of Public Administration University of Delaware Maria Aristigueta is director of the School of Public Policy and Administration, professor and Charles P. Messick chair of public administration, and senior policy fellow at the University of Delaware. Her interests lie in creating strong institutions to strengthen democracy, especially related to organizational behavior and performance management. A member of the NASPAA Executive Council, Aristigueta is an ASPA past president and fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. She can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? in federal government. For years, we had students Having always liked research and writing, I wanted interested in state and local government, as a career that allowed me the opportunity to do both. well. Now, it is rare that students want to go into After receiving my MPA, I worked for the General government. Their initial interests appear focused Accounting Office in its regional office in Atlanta. on nonprofits. Once they enter the job market, Once 80 percent of the job involved travel, I found those interests sometimes change and government it difficult to have a family life and considered reappears, as does government consulting. earning my doctorate. I found an interesting job in How have online classes and degree programs local government and interviewed for a position impacted the teaching/learning model? What has with the City of Orlando’s budget office. The chief been your experience with them? administrative officer asked about my ultimate career goal. I answered, college professor. Thinking We have an online MPA program in addition to the I would not get the job, I instead was asked to start longstanding in-person model. If course materials an evaluation/performance management program are well developed and admission remains rigorous, within the office, for which I could hire graduate there are no problems. student interns. Hiring them led me to an adjunct We began our program with the commitment that position at the University of Central Florida which, all faculty teaching in the classroom would develop in turn, led to full-time instruction, to the University an online course, with the help of a professional of Southern California for a doctorate and then developer. The material was required to have to the University of Delaware for a tenure-track the same rigor and students were to be admitted position. I have been here for 21 years. Although I through the same committee that admitted their had done some writing previously, it was here that fellow in-person students. We are in our third year the opportunity, expectations and requirements to online; so far, the quality has not suffered. publish to succeed were greatly expanded. Personally, I prefer to teach in the classroom. I like What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend the discussions and applications that open dialogue that has affected the public administration and policy in the classroom provides. That said, I can see how curriculum over the past 20 years? online courses can facilitate the ability of working I am not sure we have adequately addressed ethics students and others with travel restrictions to gain in the curriculum. Although many advocate for its their MPA and learn, without the stress of travel to inclusion, does this in itself provide appropriate and from work and classes. coverage? Can we measure the inclusiveness of the subject in all course areas? Could a single course do What are the most important subjects that today’s a better job? students must learn on their path to becoming effective scholars and public servants? In your role as teacher and administrator, what is the The courses necessary to become a public servant most substantial change you have seen in the profile are different from those required to be a scholar. of the public administration student? Both sets of students need to understand our Today, students are more interested in working in democratic values and the role they play in public nonprofit management as opposed to government. Entering the field, I thought my ideal job would be continued on page 36
FALL 2018 19 John Bartle Dean, College of Public Affairs and Community Service University of Nebraska at Omaha John Bartle is dean of the College of Public Affairs and Community Service at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. His research is focused on public financial policy and management, budgeting, transportation, and state and local government, and he is currently involved in research on sustainability in transportation, public financial management and tax policy. A fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration, he can be reached at [email protected].
What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend to them. Practitioners must keep up with journals, that has affected the public administration and policy learn best practices and understand the intellectual curriculum over the past 20 years? trends that underpin changes in the field. In short, The ability to share information fast and widely has both groups need to listen, learn and appreciate the dramatically changed the ways we communicate, the other’s perspectives. dispersion of power and the potential to make real- What are the most important subjects that today’s time decisions with timely information. students must learn on their path to becoming How have online classes and degree programs effective scholars and public servants? impacted the teaching/learning model? What has First, everyone must communicate well. If it is not been your experience with them? your strength, do not avoid it; work harder on it. Many public administration students are mid-career. Second, pick a core public administration skill where An online program gives them an opportunity to you can obtain an entry-level job—human resource pursue a degree, even though they may not have management, budgeting or analytical skills, for opportunities in their area, or if their work or family example—and do it well. You need to find a path obligations interfere. It has been a very important that leads upward; these core skills are in common market expansion for us at the University of and very high demand across public and nonprofit Nebraska at Omaha. organizations. Third, as Harry Truman said, “There is nothing new in the world except the history you do I began teaching online classes in 1998, two decades not know.” ago. It improved my teaching because I had to think about the best way to convey material, rather than What do you envision as the future for public doing what I was used to doing. Shortly thereafter, administration/public policy scholarship? I received our college’s teaching award. Course It must be relevant. To me, this is the acid test of quality and mode of delivery are independent. I public administration research. There is room for think it is harder to teach online, but it can be done theory, of course, but it has limited relevance if it as well or better than on-campus courses. It also is does not help explain what is happening and why. the new reality. This is why our field of study began, and continues to be a need. How can academicians and practitioners more effectively communicate with each other to advance excellence in public service? Step into the other’s shoes. Academics must get in the field, understand the realities of life in public service, attend practitioner conferences and listen PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE
20 FALL 2018 PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE
Leisha DeHart-Davis Professor, Public Administration and Government University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill Leisha DeHart-Davis is professor of public administration and government at the University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill’s School of Government, where she directs the Local Government Workplaces Initiative.The initiative conducts organizational research for improving city and county organizations. DeHart-Davis is author of Creating Effective Rules in Public Sector Organizations. She can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? How can academicians and practitioners more I fell into scholarship during my MPP program at the effectively communicate with each other to advance Georgia Institute of Technology. I worked for the Air excellence in public service? Quality Laboratory, which conducts policy relevant Effective communication between the two requires air pollution research, first as a research assistant working together as partners toward a common and then policy analyst. I absolutely loved the work. goal, whether improving public sector workplaces, Collecting and analyzing data that shed light on facilitating community collaboration around the important public problems—in that case, Atlanta’s opioid crisis or building models of civic engagement. air pollution—were a great privilege that launched In our school, faculty work with practitioners on my career. these public challenges. Practitioners benefit by accessing a deeper expertise than otherwise What is the most consequential research your would be available. In turn, our scholars gain department has recently produced? Why? unprecedented access into public organizations, The Local Government Workplaces Initiative making our research more relevant and realistic. produces rigorous organizational research aimed These partnerships involve mutual respect, a at improving city and county workplaces. It follows willingness to tailor communications to a specific an engaged research model that produces both audience and flexibility in working with partners academic scholarship and practical guidance, facing different constraints. tapping an international network of public management scholars and academic fellows to What are the most critical challenges that students inform research design and publish findings. face as they pursue their public service careers? How We also have a consultant collaborative to help can we best educate and prepare them? practitioners translate research into action. Public organizations rarely are flush with funds to attract the best and brightest, so future public service One current project examines employee silence, leaders must learn to create great workplaces. This which takes place when employees intentionally requires knowing ways to motivate employees, withhold ideas for workplace improvement or develop them as individuals and provide meaningful concerns about workplace problems. Employee work serving the public good. It means that public silence is bad for public organizations; it stifles administration students need exposure to theories— innovation, dampens employee morale and yes, theories—that explain how people flourish, hinders organizational effectiveness. In research grow and contribute productively to organizations. co-authored by Russell Hassan of The Ohio State University, OSU doctoral student Zhongnan Jiang In addition to theoretical understanding, the and me, we find that supervisors play an enormously students must become effective organizational influential role in lowering workplace silence. They leaders. My HR students, as future public service can do so by building trust with employees, helping leaders, are expected to: them identify with their organizations and giving them control over their jobs. This and other institute • Invest time and energy in hiring the best research will inform academic understanding and employees. graduate classrooms for years to come; our practical guidance is improving local government workplaces • Develop their employees as if their lives depended now. on it. continued on page 36
FALL 2018 21 Charles Epp University Distinguished Professor, School of Public Affairs and Administration University of Kansas Charles Epp is university distinguished professor in the School of Public Affairs and Administration at the University of Kansas. A fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration, Epp focuses on law and administrative reform in his research, with an emphasis on rights and racial discrimination. His research has been supported by National Science Foundation grants and he is the author of many journal articles and several award-winning books published by the University of Chicago Press. He can be reached at [email protected].
What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend should begin to study and write about the politics that has affected the public administration and policy of administration, an honorable theme in public curriculum over the past 20 years? administration scholarship that has gotten less The growing influence of law on practice, a key attention. trend in professional practice, has not appeared What is the most consequential research your enough in public administration curriculum. Think department has recently produced? Why? of all the legal contexts that shape professional public administration: HR rules, police liability, civil KU’s public administration group has contributed rights and other mandates in federal aid programs; three key things. Rosemary O’Leary, our director, precedents regarding freedom of expression pioneered the study of “guerilla government”—that and religion; public meetings requirements; and is, how professional administrators sometimes work environmental impact procedures. It is hard to to undermine the directives of their political bosses, think of any area of professional practice that is especially, but not only, when those individuals act not profoundly affected by law, rules and legal unethically, unresponsively or unprofessionally. precedents. Lawyers are key participants in most She has a wonderful ethics casebook to improve administrative processes. Unfortunately, the practitioners’ ethical thinking on the topic. Rachel standard curriculum no longer includes much Krause and her collaborators have done leading attention to law, creating a huge gap. We do not research on cities’ responses to the growing need education in the technical aspects of law; our challenge of climate change. In fact, Rachel just won field should not try to turn public administration the Emerging Scholar Award from the American students into quasi-lawyers. We should improve the Political Science Association. Third, our faculty’s way we prepare students to understand and interact research has contributed to practice in how to assess productively with lawyers and the legal environment public perceptions of administrative performance around them. and improve performance in response to the perceptions. Key examples are Alfred Ho’s research How can academicians and practitioners more on participatory budgeting and my research with effectively communicate with each other to advance colleagues Steven Maynard-Moody and Don Haider- excellence in public service? Markel on racial biases in policing. Growing political polarization has radically changed What are the most critical challenges that students the context of public administration practice face as they pursue their public service careers? How over the past decade. Nearly every practitioner can we best educate and prepare them? experiences it. Public administration professors do a good job teaching and studying such classic themes In addition to political polarization, a growing as commitment to public service, professional challenge is the growing economic divide between ethics, best practices in budgeting and finance and the haves and have-nots and its close connection so forth. But, we have been slow to catch up to the to racial and ethnic divisions. These divisions politics that professional administrators face. As shape the constituencies our students will serve professors, we stand to learn from practitioners when they take a job and the students themselves. on how to navigate an increasingly politicized That is, our students increasingly are from either environment. Drawing on their insights, we well-off or economically challenged backgrounds. PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE continued on page 36
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Susan Gooden Interim Dean, L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs Virginia Commonwealth University Susan T. Gooden is interim dean and professor in the L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. A recognized expert on social equity and disparity studies, Gooden is an ASPA past president and fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. She can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? together. Her response always stuck with me. We To be sure, I did not “decide” to become a scholar; must first appreciate each other and then work to it was an evolutionary process. I was fortunate to better understand each other so we can effectively attend a great doctoral program at the Maxwell advance excellence in public service. It is critical. School at Syracuse University, where I became Gender bias in academia is often cited as a significant intrigued by academic life. From there, when I challenge to the profession. Do you believe this is started as a tenure-track professor, I built a strong true? Why or why not? network of mentors and supporters through my involvement with professional associations, Absolutely! We have solid quantitative and including ASPA, NASPAA and COMPA. I was able to qualitative data about all types of bias in the navigate the culture of scholarship and university academy: gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation. academic life and was fortunate to have a lot of help The important question is not whether we believe it and support along the way. is true but rather how we are going to use the data to develop and implement policies and practices to What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend eliminate it. All of us—especially deans, program that has affected the public administration and policy chairs and senior faculty—must carefully examine curriculum over the past 20 years? biases in our search process, faculty workload The continued rise in the cost of higher education. assignments, mentoring approaches, scholarship This trend directly impacts access to our higher assessment and cultures of our organizations. education programs and our future public servants’ What are the most important subjects that today’s qualifications. In addition, public, for-profit students must learn on their path to becoming universities are dramatically reshaping the academic effective scholars and public servants? marketplace. The implications—especially as they relate to training the public sector workforce for the History. Public administration and policy operates long term—are huge, insufficiently considered and within an important historical context. All students not well understood. and faculty must have a broad and nuanced understanding of this intervening context. For How can academicians and practitioners more example, understanding structural racism is effectively communicate with each other to advance fundamental to analyzing public policy alternatives. excellence in public service? They need to know and understand the history of A few years ago, I wrote an article with Farrah their selected public policy area. Graham and Kasey Martin, “Research Partnerships Budget and Finance. It is important to follow at the State-Level: Bridging the Academic- the money to understand the real values of any Practitioner Divide,” that included interviews individual or organization. An analysis of spending with practitioners and academics. One of the patterns, particularly discretionary spending practitioners whom I interviewed shared that patterns, is the best data to identify real priorities. practitioners and academics were “like dogs and cats.” She explained that each one is a different Politics. Politics and administration are bedfellows, species and that one will never be like the other bringing with them strategic advantages and because organizational cultures differ so much. disadvantages. Understanding the practical role of She expressed that so much can be gained when politics is essential for public servants and scholars. they find a way to appreciate each other and work
FALL 2018 23 Marc Holzer Distinguished Professor, Institute for Public Service Suffolk University Marc Holzer is formerly founding dean and university professor for the School of Public Affairs and Administration at Rutgers University—Newark. He is presently distinguished professor at the Institute for Public Service at Suffolk University in Boston. He is an ASPA past president. A prominent international leader in the field of public administration, Holzer has been widely recognized by international public management leadership organizations. He can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? our quality of life as a wide range of legally required As a student in the University of Michigan’s certifications for professions that arguably are less MPA program in the 1960s, I developed a deep critical to our lives. appreciation for the capacity building emphasis How can academicians and practitioners more evident in its curriculum. I had focused on a public effectively communicate with each other to advance service career—local, state or federal—as a way excellence in public service? to help government deliver promised services to citizens, and do so in an equitable manner that One of the most important things we can would help overcome society’s deficits in terms of communicate from our schools to the public wealth, civil rights and education. Michigan’s ASPA service community is that we are all in this together. student chapter and the mentorship of Ferrel Heady Public affairs schools should be convening regular (MPA program head and later ASPA president) dialogues to talk through how we can improve were important, as were faculty members Lawrence public governance efficacy and deliver services Mohr and Robert Friedman, who encouraged me to “as promised” in our constitutions—federal and continue in the PhD program and seek an academic state—founding documents and laws. We need an position. The faculty’s personal recommendations at open discussion of how academe can innovatively ASPA’s 1971 Annual Conference were instrumental deliver requisite knowledge to the entire public and in setting me on an academic career in the nonprofit workforce, and do so through building MPA program at the John Jay College of the City and updating the relevant knowledge base. Our MPA University of New York. At City University, Rutgers and continuing education efforts have developed University and now Suffolk University, I have found powerful knowledge transference models. Yet we opportunities to renew my commitments to teaching still reach only a small percentage of professionals and scholarship daily. responsible for delivering public and nonprofit services. What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend that has affected the public administration and policy What are the most critical challenges that students curriculum over the past 20 years? face as they pursue their public service careers? How can we best educate and prepare them? As a field, we have been reluctant to say that people who run public organizations should have to Until recently, we have not focused on highlighting demonstrate that they are competent to do it. Other evidence that the public sector works. Our fields license, or at least certify, their professionals. organizations have not gathered the data and put We do not. Why are we reluctant to say that there it out there. When anti-government forces attack is a specific core skillset required to run public us—arguing that public service does not matter, we organizations responsibly, equitably and efficiently? should cut government because it does not work or NASPAA’s competency emphasis is a major step we should “run government like a business”—we toward certification, but we have not agreed on are not ready with a compelling defense. Every a necessary set of competencies. The non-credit public administration student should master an certified public manager program is an important understanding of why societies worldwide have initiative, but I do not see that group or university established public and nonprofit organizations; providers advocating for mandatory certification. why they differ fundamentally from profit-making Yet public servants at all levels are charged with organizations; the skillsets and competencies
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Naim Kapucu Professor and Director, School of Public Administration University of Central Florida Naim Kapucu is professor and director of the School of Public Administration at the University of Central Florida (UCF). He also is founding director of UCF’s Center for Public and Nonprofit Management. Kapucu has published widely in areas of public policy and administration, crisis leadership, nonprofit management and disaster management. He can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? practitioners in many ways. Each of our academic I decided to become an academic during my first programs has an advisory board comprised of year in college while I was majoring in public and facilitated by practitioners. The boards meet administration and political science. I never have regularly and provide feedback on our academic changed my mind or regretted my decision. I loved programs and curriculum. We engage the reading the classics, the fundamentals of philosophy practitioners through our research and annual and social sciences. conferences, for which they serve as planning committee members. They provide mentorship as How have online classes and degree programs part of community service, as well as experiential impacted the teaching/learning model? What has learning, and sometimes teach as adjunct faculty. been your experience with them? My school celebrates Public Service Recognition I joined UCF’s School of Public Administration Week each year with university and community in 2003 and started teaching online the next year, leadership and ASPA’s Central Florida Chapter. initially with some hesitation and concern. After During the celebration, we recognize public service completing UCF’s workshop on the subject and professionals, both elected and appointed. We also teaching my first online class, I actually liked it. celebrate our honor society inductees, students in I do not plan to teach online exclusively, but the our programs and our alumni’s successes. These mix of in-person and online courses provides events give us the opportunity to bring together great flexibility and access to professionals and our faculty, staff and practitioners to celebrate non-traditional students. If the curriculum is well- excellence in public service and education. designed and executed, and the courses are taught by full-time, experienced faculty, the programs What are the most critical challenges that students should help students rather than hurt. face as they pursue their public service careers? How can we best educate and prepare them? This fall, we launched an online option is especially beneficial for public service professionals interested First, practical, relevant knowledge. Public in an MPA. Our Master of Nonprofit Management administration is an applied discipline; it prepares has been offered entirely online since 2004 and future public service professionals. MPA and MPP we made the MPA available online this past year. students need to gain practical, relevant knowledge This fall, we are launching an online Master of for their careers in public service. Academic Emergency and Crisis Management. Designing, programs provide knowledge, scholarship and developing and teaching online takes more time methodological rigor. Most also provide internship than regular courses, especially during the first and service learning opportunities. Our students, year or two. The classes need rigor and explicit especially pre-service ones, must take advantage communication for students to succeed. I find that of all available experiential learning opportunities students take time in their responses, and that their to prepare for public service positions. Internships interaction with faculty and peers and the quality of can be at a local, federal or international agency, their work usually are very good. and the Presidential Management Fellowship is a good opportunity for students planning to work in How can academicians and practitioners more the federal government. There also are certificates, effectively communicate with each other to advance training and webinar opportunities of which excellence in public service? students can take full advantage. This is extremely important for public service continued on page 39 programs. We collaborate productively with
FALL 2018 25 Jack Knott Dean, Sol Price School of Public Policy University of Southern California Jack Knott is dean and the C. Erwin and Ione L. Piper chair and professor of the Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California, and a leading scholar in the fields of political institutions and public policy. A past president of NASPAA, the international association of schools of public affairs, he has published three books, including Reforming Bureaucracy: The Politics of Institutional Choice, and numerous journal articles and book chapters. Knott can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? advice, mentorships, internships, seminars, teaching I began my graduate education as a master’s and workshops. student at the School of Advanced International Fourth, we develop partnerships with outside Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, with community organizations, think tanks and the goal of finding a position with an international government agencies to connect research and organization or business. There, I took classes from academic ideas to practice. Current partnerships some outstanding professors who introduced me include the Brookings Institution on health to advanced scholarship in political science and policy, the United Way of Greater Los Angeles on international relations, subjects I studied with homelessness and the Abode Housing nonprofit great interest and passion. I became intrigued with on supporting low-income youth. Of course, we international relations theory and comparative also connect practitioners to our students through politics and policy, wanting to better understand internships with many government agencies and why countries cooperated or engaged in conflict, nonprofits. including the role of national security, international trade, differing governance systems and policy How have online classes and degree programs choices. My desire to contribute to a better impacted the teaching/learning model? What has understanding of these subjects led me toward a been your experience with them? PhD at the University of California, Berkeley, with The Price School has two blended online degree the goal of becoming a scholar and teacher. At programs, launched a third online degree this fall Berkeley, my studies gravitated increasingly toward and will add one more next year. These programs comparative policy and administration. have the same admissions criteria and rigorous How can academicians and practitioners more curriculum as our in-residence programs. The effectively communicate with each other to advance online degrees attract older, employed students excellence in public service? who cannot move to Los Angeles full time, reach a broader audience and meet an important We build effective engagement with practitioners educational demand. The consistent interaction with in four ways at the Price School. First, we engage faculty, innovation in pedagogy and asynchronous prominent practitioners in our executive education and synchronous components all contribute to a programs, designed to foster real-time learning and satisfying learning experience. application in work and organizational settings. We offer programs for county officials and local mayors; Many of these classes use innovative technologies nonprofit executives, state legislators and staff; and and methods adapted to our in-residence classroom. international programs for public and nonprofit Our online students experience a blended format, officials. as students attend multi-day on-campus sessions several times during the program. We have found Second, we work to engage practitioners in that this design provides strong affiliation with designing applied research projects and interpreting the school and program and allows students to the findings collaboratively. demonstrate the skills and competencies they have Third, we employ “practitioner in residence” acquired and honed through the online component. programs, “professor of practice” appointments We are confident that our online programs and practitioner advisory boards to connect provide students with meaningful outcomes, as demonstrated by the fact that our online MPA PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE practitioners with faculty and students through
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Claire Connolly Knox Associate Professor and Director, Master of Emergency and Crisis Management Program University of Central Florida Claire Connolly Knox is associate professor and the Master of Emergency and Crisis Management program director in the School of Public Administration at the University of Central Florida. Her research interests include environmental vulnerability and disaster response, Habermas’ Critical Theory and scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). Knox is chair of ASPA’s Section for Emergency and Crisis Management, chair of FEMA’s SoTL Special Interest Group and associate editor of emergency management for Public Administration Review. She can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? with effective tools for facilitating these hard It definitely was not my first choice, having never conversations—and they are hard. Complex and envisioned myself as a scholar or teacher. I entered dynamic issues, from migration to climate change the MPA program at Florida State with every to human rights, will continue to impact vulnerable intention of re-entering the federal government and individuals in our communities, both directly and eventually becoming EPA’s Region 6 administrator. indirectly. These issues are not new, nor will they That was Plan A since I was in elementary school. cease to exist. However, our students must enter the The turning point was teaching my first public profession with the knowledge, skills and abilities administration course. I found myself upset in to serve their communities more effectively and Mary Guy’s office because I did not want to admit meaningfully. that I loved teaching; it was not Plan A. She gave Gender bias in academia is often cited as a significant me great advice: “In the classroom, you have the challenge to the profession. Do you believe this is opportunity to change a future generation. You true? Why or why not? might not have that opportunity working at the EPA.” While I listened to her, it took longer to envision I have heard horror stories in other disciplines, myself as a scholar. As a practitioner, I directly especially STEM, but public administration is not observed the frequent disconnect between science immune as males have dominated our discipline. It and policymaking in coastal Louisiana’s restoration is changing, but we need improvements within our program, which drove me to graduate school. As professional associations and universities. First, we a doctoral student, however, I quickly realized need family-friendly conferences. Offer a nursing that the policy theories I studied did not explain room in the conference hotel without waiting until that phenomena. It forced me to find a different someone asks for it; there still is a stigma and not theoretical paradigm (post-positivist) that would everyone will speak up. Many of us cannot afford challenge the status quo (positivist). This led to my to stay in the conference hotel; walking back to love of Habermas’ Critical Theory and fueled my our hotel means missing entire panel sessions and desire to be a scholar, a pretty fantastic Plan B. networking opportunities. Second, tenure clocks need to stop automatically for mothers, fathers and What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend partners. We need paid maternity/paternity leave; that has affected the public administration and policy simply moving our classes to an online format curriculum over the past 20 years? is not viable. Third, make service assignments Ethics and cultural competency are making an transparent and hold individuals with little to no exciting comeback with different voices leading the service accountable. Studies show that women charge. Check out this summer’s special issue of shoulder a heavier service load than their male the Journal of Public Affairs Education. There tends counterparts, which cuts into research time. Fourth, to be an underlying assumption that someone, cite women in our research and include research by somewhere, will engage our students with cultural women as required reading on syllabi. Finally, when competency and ethics; yet there is often only one introducing a group of colleagues, do not refer to class offered, often an elective. Ideally, it should the men as “Dr. X” and the women as “X.” We have be meaningfully integrated in multiple courses. As experienced this at every university level. faculty, many of us are not trained on or provided continued on page 37
FALL 2018 27 Donald Moynihan McCourt Chair, McCourt School of Public Policy Georgetown University Donald Moynihan studies public management, especially performance management and the role of administrative burdens. He is former director of the La Follette School of Public Affairs at the University of Wisconsin— Madison and is the inaugural McCourt chair at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University, as well as visiting professor at Oxford University. He is the author, with Pamela Herd, of Administrative Burdens: Policymaking by Other Means, from the Russell Sage Foundation. He can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? to think about big concepts and normative values My decision to enter academia was a matter of in a way that sometimes is subsumed in graduate luck and having a wonderful mentor, not a careful training. plan. I am a first-generation college student and What will we teach and promote as core parts of did not have academic role models in my family the of the public administration/policy curriculum 10 or community growing up in Ireland. I received a years from now that we are not today? scholarship for a one-year master’s program at the Maxwell School at Syracuse University. At the time, As I am finishing a book on the topic, a self-serving I had not thought of becoming a PhD student, but answer is that we will study how administrative spending a year in the United States sounded like burdens shape citizen-state interactions. Too much a great adventure. Soon after I arrived, I began to public administration research has been about the work with Patricia Ingraham, who encouraged me to administration and too little about the public. We apply to the PhD program. Without her, I probably need more research from the citizen’s experience. would have ended up returning to Ireland and As a citizen, I have interacted with government joining the civil service. She is one of a small number services—as an immigrant, as a parent seeking of people who I honestly can say changed my life’s services for his child—in ways that my public trajectory. Once we worked together, I was hooked administration training did not give me a language on the potential to use research as a tool to explore to understand. I believe in good government and big questions and improve public service outcomes. wanted a framework to diagnose problems and She was an incredibly generous mentor throughout consider solutions when government creates my program and someone to whom I will always be learning, compliance or psychological costs for deeply grateful. citizens. Burdens matter; they affect whether people will be able to exercise fundamental rights What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend of citizenship, like voting; they affect whether that has affected the public administration and policy people can access benefits that can improve quality curriculum over the past 20 years? of life, like health care. In 10 years, I hope public The shift to undergraduate public administration administration students will be trained to think programming is remarkable; it was almost about the potential for administrative burdens to non-existent when I was a student. Now, arise and ways to minimize them—in the same approximately 65 NAPSAA schools have some kind way we train them today in cost-benefit analyses or of undergraduate curriculum. It has altered our performance management. understanding of public administration from being Gender bias in academia is often cited as a significant solely about developing applied skills to also being challenge to the profession. Do you believe this is about broader civic competence. The shift also true? Why or why not? reflects an understanding that good governance is a concept with broad appeal among students, not just Gender and other biases are a problem in academia, those planning to work in the public sector. We see as they are in almost every industry; there is too a generation of students who care about evidence much good social science evidence on this point to and competence in public services. From a scholar’s ignore. There still is discomfort in talking about this perspective, working with undergraduates forces us and much to do, as well as legitimate disagreement PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE
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Tina Nabatchi Associate Professor of Public Administration and International Affairs Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Tina Nabatchi is associate professor of public administration and international affairs at the Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. She also is faculty research associate at the Program for the Advancement of Research on Conflict and Collaboration, where she co-directs the collaborative governance initiative. Her research focuses on citizen participation, collaborative governance, conflict resolution and challenges in public administration. Nabatchi can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? which students and the instructor come together in a I graduated from college at a very young age and live, technology mediated, face-to-face environment, was still on a journey to find myself, so I moved to has worked incredibly well. Students digest the Vermont and threw myself into a little of everything. material before coming to class, which enhances the I skied and learned to play the bass guitar. I paid discussions and activities during the live sessions. my bills the old-fashioned way: waitressing and Moreover, online programming allows us to reach bartending and doing other odd jobs like candle those who otherwise would not be able to access making. After a few years, I decided I wanted a learning opportunities due to time or location. I am master’s degree but had no idea in what field. sure not all online programs are created equal, but I Exploring my interest in public service, I took a have been very happy with what we are doing. public organizations course at the University of How can academicians and practitioners more Vermont, became hooked and enrolled in the effectively communicate with each other to advance MPA program. While earning my degree, I realized excellence in public service? I loved academia. As graduation approached, I applied for PhD programs. As a doctoral student Practitioners and academics need to have more at Indiana University, I thrived: I studied things conversations. We need to talk with and listen to one I found interesting, did community service and another. This is an obvious answer, but it still needs played bass in several bands. It was fantastic. If being to be said. The truth is that beyond an occasional a professional student was an actual job, I would 90-minute panel at some annual conferences, there gladly have done it for the rest of my life. When I are relatively few opportunities for practitioners and finished my PhD, the Maxwell School of Citizenship academics to come together and have meaningful, and Public Affairs hired me. Since then, I have had in-depth discussions with one another. As a field, the pleasure of working with incredible scholars who we need to be more conscious about creating share my love for research, teaching and service. opportunities and spaces for such discussions.
How have online classes and degree programs At the Maxwell School, this need is not only impacted the teaching/learning model? What has something we talk about, but something we work been your experience with them? hard to do. In addition to other efforts, bridging the gap between academics and practitioners was a The Maxwell School recently launched an online significant theme this summer when we celebrated executive MPA program for mid-career professionals the 50th anniversary of the first Minnowbrook who want to advance their work in or with the public Conference convened by Dwight Waldo. For the first sector. From the start, I have supported adding an time in that conference’s history, both academics online degree to our in-residence programs, but and practitioners were invited, a catalyst for I confess I was skeptical about how well it would continued dialogue throughout the year and beyond. work for teaching and learning. I no longer have doubts. Certainly, the quality of online education What are the most critical challenges that students will vary with the platforms and technologies used; face as they pursue their public service careers? How however, I could not be more pleased with the can we best educate and prepare them? approach Maxwell has taken. The combination of I often hear public administration students—and asynchronous materials that students consume sometimes their faculty—claim, “‘Hard’ skills land at their leisure—videos, readings and text-based jobs.” This always makes me want to yell. “If ‘hard’ activities among them—and synchronous sessions in continued on page 37
FALL 2018 29 Kimberly Nelson Albert and Gladys Hall Coates Distinguished Term Associate Professor University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Kimberly Nelson joined the University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Government in 2013. In 2017, she was named Albert and Gladys Hall Coates distinguished term associate professor. Prior to joining UNC, Nelson was a faculty member at Northern Illinois University. Her research focuses on how forms of government affect innovation, corruption and management outcomes. Nelson also works with and trains local government officials in strategic planning, organizational design, leadership and form of government choices. She can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? coursework as helping or hurting the teaching/ You could say I fell into it. I did not have family or learning model. Instead, it requires a different friends in academia, but I always was interested in approach. Programs and faculty must find new public service, in finding a way to give back. That ways to connect with students, as the online model interest led to an MPA degree, working for a couple lessens face-to-face interaction, even in digital form. of years afterward and discovering that I missed the Fortunately, technology offers ways we can augment classroom. So, I researched PhD programs and was the online experience, such as role play videos or lucky to find an exceptional mentor, Jim Svara, early collaborative sessions between students. in my career. The coursework and research helped How can academicians and practitioners more me realize my passion for studying and teaching effectively communicate with each other to advance local government management. excellence in public service? In your role as teacher or administrator, what is the Academics need to engage with practitioners most substantial change you have seen in the profile and find ways to apply their research to practice. of the public administration student? Without exposure to practice, scholars can make The profile of the average residential student differs conclusions that do not fit with practitioner somewhat from an online student who tends to be experience. Academics should ask practitioners for older and in the middle of the career cycle. Overall, feedback on conclusions and seek perspectives on the most substantial change has been the increased problems that research may help mitigate. I also interest in nonprofit management as a field of study think existing scholarship can benefit practitioners within public administration. As a specialist in local if we make it accessible. Scholars can transform the government management, the trend is troubling works, make them more approachable for non- to me given the gap in the number of people in the academics and publish them as white papers or blog pipeline for local government jobs and the number posts distributed through ASPA, ICMA and other of jobs to fill. It presents a terrific opportunity for organizations that connect with practitioners. young people interested in making a difference in Gender bias in academia is often cited as a significant others’ lives. But, the current generation does not challenge to the profession. Do you believe this is easily see the connection between public service true? Why or why not? and a career in local government management. Yes. Women certainly have made recent progress How have online classes and degree programs as journal editors and editorial board members, impacted the teaching/learning model? What has but that representation is not equivalent to the been your experience with them? proportion of women in the profession. Studies Online education meets a need that residential show a bias in student evaluations based on gender, programs cannot always fill. For students unable to which is problematic given that teaching evaluations attend a residential program—military members, are used in the promotion and tenure process. These those living far from a university or whose work issues, coupled with the fact that women continue commitments do not allow them to attend to bear most of the caregiving responsibilities in an classes—a high quality online program increases average family, means that they face challenges in access to higher education in a way that residential their pursuit of tenure and promotion that men do PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE programs cannot. I would not characterize online not experience equally.
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Rosemary O’Leary Director and Edwin O. Stene Distinguished Professor, School of Public Affairs and Administration University of Kansas Rosemary O’Leary is director of the School of Public Affairs and Edwin O. Stene distinguished professor at the University of Kansas. She is the author or editor of 12 books and more than 125 articles and book chapters on public management and public policy. A senior Fulbright scholar and National Academy of Public Administration fellow, O’Leary has won 13 national research awards, including five senior scholar achievement awards and three best book awards. She also was a member of NASA’s Return to Flight Task Group assembled in response to the Columbia space shuttle accident where she advised NASA on organization culture. President of the Public Management Research Association, O’Leary can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? Rachel Kraus’s NSF-funded research asks, What After earning JD/MPA degrees, I worked as a effect does the organization and management of local government attorney and public manager. By government organizations have on sustainable policy the age of 28, I managed a 50-person staff and $2 output and outcomes? Ward Lyles was awarded million-plus budget. One day, my boss, the head the prestigious NSF CAREER award to research of the agency, ordered me to “fire the bastard!,” compassionate sustainable local government referring to one of my most creative, if slightly planning. Holly Goerdel published a pathbreaking eccentric, employees. The employee tried to be a article on organizational sustainability. Dorothy catalyst for change within government. After hitting Daley’s NSF-funded work examines climate risk roadblocks, he became an independent “guerrilla,” governance. Bonnie Johnson’s research focuses working clandestinely with advocacy groups, leaking on urban planners as leaders. Kirk McClure’s work information to the press and meeting behind our on reforming the low income housing tax credit backs with elected officials. program was presented to the U.S. Senate Finance Committee. Joel Mendez and Bradley Lane are I refused to “fire the bastard” and stuck up for my researching sustainable urban transportation. employee, arguing he was a creative force in our organization and, more than anything, just needed In the area of law and public policy, Chuck Epp’s to be mentored. That exchange was the kiss of death Making Rights Real has been reprinted in several for my relationship with my boss and one of several “classics” books. It analyzes how local governments incidents I felt I handled like a rookie. If only I had a have addressed legal issues of police use of force PhD in public administration, I thought, then I would and employee sexual harassment, long before the have all the answers. Ha. It took me six months as a #MeToo and Black Lives Matter movements. Most PhD student to figure out no one has all the answers. recently, Steven Maynard-Moody and Chuck Epp, But, by then, I was immersed in the wonderful with Don Haider-Markel, published Pulled Over on world of research and teaching; the rest is history. racial disparities in police stops at the local level and That exchange with my boss was the inspiration for ways police might address these disparities. These my book, The Ethics of Dissent: Managing Guerrilla books have won major awards, and Pulled Over was Government. cited in a Supreme Court opinion.
What is the most consequential research your There is even more highly consequential research department has recently produced? Why? being done at our School. Jacob Fowles is researching the impact of race and ethnicity on The School of Public Affairs at the University of state higher education spending. Alfred Ho’s work Kansas is known for its award-winning research on performance-oriented reforms across levels on local government management, urban policy, of government has been presented in multiple public management, public law and public finance. countries. Ben Merriman has a new book coming out We recently merged with another unit, bringing five with University of Chicago Press titled Conservative new experts on urban policy to our school. Viewed Innovators which analyzes the use of novel legal and as a whole, their most consequential research administrative practices in conservative states. concerns sustainability and city management.
FALL 2018 31 Sarah Deer, our MacArthur Genius Award winner, collaborative governance. Fourth, changing views testified before Congress on her award-winning of leadership and management acknowledge the research on sexual violence against women within importance of collaborative leadership under the Native American tribal nations. Alesha Doan is right circumstances. Finally, citizens seek additional working on federally funded research on sexual avenues to engage in governance, which can result assault on college campuses, while crafting a book in different forms of collaborative problem solving on women in the military with Shannon Portillo. All and decisionmaking. of this research is highly consequential, respected and influential. Based on my research with Catherine Gerard and Yujin Choi, we know that the skillset needed to Gender bias in academia is often cited as a significant work across boundaries is facilitation, collaborative challenge to the profession. Do you believe this is problem solving, conflict management, negotiation true? Why or why not? and strategy/vision. There also is a need for Outdated conceptions of leadership pose a emotional intelligence and such “individual fundamental challenge for individuals and attributes” as being open minded, patient, risk organizations. Public administration research and taking, challenge oriented, unselfish, persistent practice on leadership long have ignored issues and respectful. Can these skills and “attributes” be of gender. This is at least partially a function of taught? Yes! how leadership is conceived, recognized and What do you envision as the future for public rewarded. Leadership is a social process, and administration/public policy scholarship? public administration has missed the boat by not researching women’s perceptions of leadership, Public administration must meet its outdated as well as their experience of both others and conceptions of leadership head on. In our new book, themselves as leaders. Increasing representation of Leading in Place: Leadership Through Different Eyes, women in visible positions of leadership is as much Rita Hilton and I coin the term “leading in place” a challenge of addressing and adjusting the way roles to describe an under-researched phenomenon of are structured and operative leadership prototypes, leadership that unfolds beneath the CEO and top as it is preparing and supporting women to compete executive team level, without positional authority— in existing structures. or over and beyond positional authority—that keeps teams and organizations moving toward “Women leading” has been a widespread mission achievement in the workplace. Outside occurrence, but most societies and organizations the workplace, it unfolds across community and do not widely recognize or reward it. According volunteer organizations, typically without formal to research I carried out with Rita Hilton, women designated position. Leading in place is a spectrum tend to view leadership as a behavior, rather than of behaviors proactively enacted in response to a position. This also is due to organization systems observed need, whether in gaps left by those with and cultures based on stereotypical male prototypes designated positions of leadership or perceived of leadership, and implemented (by men and opportunities beyond existing boundaries and women) in ways biased toward a traditional male practice. It is a proactively self-selected activity. perspective. Leading in place, by men and women with or without position, is beneficial not only to all places What are the most critical challenges that students of work, but to society itself. It needs to be rewarded face as they pursue their public service careers? How as a desired form of leadership around the world. can we best educate and prepare them? One of the most important is the growth in To describe, operationalize and analyze a robust collaboration among public, private and nonprofit conception of leadership, women’s voices must be organizations, as well as with the public. Why? integrated into mainstream views, including public First, most major challenges are larger than administration research, not treated as a niche one organization, requiring new approaches perspective. Organization leaders and researchers to addressing public issues. Second, the desire must critically examine whether their model of to improve the effectiveness of publicly funded leadership assumes a stereotypic, traditional, male programs encourages public officials to identify new prototype, and consciously make room for other ways of providing public services. Public servants styles. If organizations do not provide transparent are urged to do more with less; collaboration access to leadership roles for people of varying styles may be a way to do this. Third, technology helps of leadership, or if women do not see themselves as government agencies and personnel share leaders, or if we as a society do not see the problem, information in an integrative and interoperable we have an out-of-whack view of leadership that way, with the outcome being a greater emphasis on must be critically examined. PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE
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Norma Riccucci Board of Governors Distinguished Professor School of Public Affairs and Administration Rutgers University—Newark Norma Riccucci is board of governors distinguished professor at the School of Public Affairs and Administration at Rutgers University—Newark. She is the author of numerous publications and books in the areas of public administration and management, most recently Policy Drift: Shared Powers and the Making of U.S. Law and Policy (New York University Press, 2018). Riccucci can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? How have online classes and degree programs I was very much influenced by the New Public impacted the teaching/learning model? What has Administration as an undergraduate student. The been your experience with them? value of social equity especially resonated with Initially, I was not supportive of online classes in me, given my upbringing and experiences. Both our school, as I believed they compromised the personally and professionally, I have worked to educational experience. I saw online teaching promote social equity on behalf of women and as a way for universities to increase revenues at people of color. My PhD dissertation focused on the expense of pedagogy. Once the classes were this issue and I continue to work on issues aimed launched, I agreed to teach one to fairly weigh the at promoting equity in public sector workforces, costs and benefits of this emerging trend. Teaching including pay equity between women and men. My fully online does seem to benefit in-service students, work on representative bureaucracy and legal issues, as it provides them the time to perform and such as affirmative action, continues to dominate complete work without having to meet once or twice my research agenda. I am particularly concerned a week. with the status of affirmative action now that Justice Anthony Kennedy has retired from the United States Personally, I find online teaching to be challenging Supreme Court. He wrote the majority opinion in the as I prefer face-to-face contact. Without it, we 2016 case, Fisher v. University of Texas, which upheld lose more robust conversations about topics that the legal status of affirmative action in university inevitably emerge in on-the-ground or traditional admissions. A Trump appointee will eviscerate all classes. For me, the interaction factor is greatly progress made around diversity in higher education compromised. But, higher education seems to be and beyond. Many of us will pay close attention to moving in this direction. this issue in the next few years. Gender bias in academia is often cited as a significant What is the most consequential, yet overlooked, trend challenge to the profession. Do you believe this is that has affected the public administration and policy true? Why or why not? curriculum over the past 20 years? Gender bias in society continues to permeate The slow disappearance of administrative law every aspect of life, including academia. Professor courses as a core requirement for MPA students Leisha DeHart-Davis recently ran a Qualtrics is one of the most overlooked trends. Although survey asking about the extent of diversity in the law may be folded into other MPA courses, a field of public administration. The responses freestanding course seems noticeably absent from varied; some responded that the field is diverse, curricula. Law, especially U.S. constitutional law, yet the majority stated that it is not. In my view, provides the fundamental framework for the practice the field has been successful in creating a pipeline and study of public administration. Without its for white women but needs to ensure that they are comprehensive coverage, students are not fully being successfully promoted to full professor. All prepared for the exigencies encountered in public women are underrepresented in positions of power employment. John Rohr brought constitutional law in our field, including chairs, deans and journal front and center to public administration several editors. I do believe that people of color—men and decades ago. But, the field has slowly moved away women alike—are underrepresented in the field. from this tradition resulting in deficiencies in how We can do a better job developing the pipeline for we prepare our students for public service. them, recruiting them into our PhD programs and continued on page 40
FALL 2018 33 Patricia Shields Professor, Political Science Department Texas State University Patricia Shields is professor in the political science department at Texas State University. She publishes widely in public administration methods, theory, gender issues and civil-military relations, and has edited Armed Forces & Society since 2001. Shields received the Leslie. Whittington Excellence in Teaching Award from NASPAA, the Laverne Burchfield Award from Public Administration Review and the Rita Mae Kelly Research Award for Outstanding Research in Gender-Related Issues from ASPA’s Section for Women in Public Administration. She can be reached at [email protected].
How did you decide to pursue a career as a scholar? About 20 years ago, I heard a speaker predict that all Becoming a scholar was not so much a decision as courses would be online by 2015. It would just be a a calling. For me, it started early: the eighth grade; question of percentages. I agree. With the assistance working on papers was energizing. Immersion in of virtual learning environment technology like a topic, the discovery of threads that materialize Blackboard, faculty use cyberspace to communicate and tie together in surprising ways, the freedom to with students and deliver a 21st century course even learn, synthesize, create and express. These parts of as they see them face-to-face. research captivate me. What is the most consequential research your Much of this answer is based on reflection. I am department has recently produced? Why? not sure I recognized at the time how energizing As I wrote in my article, “Pragmatism as Philosophy scholarship could be. We have busy lives; of Science: A Tool for Public Administration,” scholarship and its deadlines and peer review can public administration deals with the stewardship be stressful. Perhaps I became a self-aware scholar and implementation of the products of a living when I realized when diving into literature that I democracy. This definition employs the ideas of was capable of coming up with interesting, original classical American pragmatists John Dewey, Jane and worthwhile questions. Years of doing research Addams, William James, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and skills honed in completing my PhD gave me the Jr. and Charles Sanders Pierce. And, it takes into ability and networks to tackle these questions and account the important role of public administration’s build a scholarly record. values. As stewards, we ensure that resources and people are used with care and efficiency. We are How have online classes and degree programs active, implement programs, resolve problems and impacted the teaching/learning model? What has make things work. And, we work within and are a been your experience with them? central part of a living democracy. This imperfect, In the early days of the Texas State MPA program, always changing democracy ideally represents the two night classes weekly appeared to work well will of the people we serve. as a typical course load for practitioner-students. Today’s traffic is insufferable, now making the course My Texas State colleagues and I, including Nandhini load an almost insurmountable obstacle. Through Rangarajan, Hassan Tajalli, Emily Hanks, Travis online options, students reduce their driving time Whetsell and Robert Brom, have contributed to and enjoy the benefits of seeing their professor and public administration by investigating the rich ideas fellow students. within Classical American Pragmatism and applying them to the theory, practice and methods of public I am new to the online teaching adventure, having administration. taken the Texas State-required online instructional training in Fall 2017 and offering my first course Gender bias in academia is often cited as a significant this fall. The training was beneficial as it showed me challenge to the profession. Do you believe this is how online courses employ a different paradigm. true? Why or why not? Learning, assessment and community occur in different ways. To the extent faculty deliver courses The academic community has recognized gender that recognize and respond to the differences, both bias and done much to improve the environment. That said, the gender bias that women in public PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE environments will serve students and our field. administration must address relate to the nature
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MARIA ARISTIGUETA continued from page 19
policy. From a practical standpoint, they must broaden knowledge and allow them to practice their be able to engage in critical thinking and adapt ability to conduct research for publication. to succeed in a rapidly changing public service environment. For public servants, I would emphasize the need for knowledge in organizational behavior—from For scholars, I would focus on our field’s theoretical ethics to financial management, budgeting to policy underpinnings, quantitative and qualitative research analysis, and decisionmaking tools to program methods and courses in specialty areas that can evaluation.
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• Provide candid yet enabling feedback to What do you envision as the future for public employees on an ongoing basis. administration/public policy scholarship? The public administration field can increase its • Understand that race and gender bias workplace relevance by strengthening its partnership with processes and commit to minimizing such bias in practitioners. There is a misconception that all employee experiences. working with them will reduce research quality • Intentionally hire a workforce that looks like and constrain intellectual latitude. This is not the community it serves; diversity is normal, true. We have the autonomy to set the research contributes to more effective workplaces and is agenda and tell practitioners when an approach or good and right. technique will work. But, we also are committed to meeting the needs of individual cities and counties. • Create pay systems that are transparent, equitable Partnering with practitioners can increase the and informed by employee perspectives. relevance of public administration research without compromising its rigor. • Pay people what they are worth unless prevented by politics or the economy.
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Our programs should develop curricular materials polarizations, can serve the public interest and their to help them better understand and address the agencies’ missions productively. I envision a future economic divisions within our communities. where our scholarship analyzes these tensions Programs also should be attentive to students’ and ways that administrators navigate them. I economic needs, as they may become lasting envision a future where our scholarship contributes burdens that affect their service. For example, to bringing communities together in support of consider what it means for the professional shared visions of opportunity and productive practitioner to carry student loan debt for a outcomes for all, contributing to rebuilding trust and considerable portion of his or her career. Our confidence in public agencies by helping agencies programs can and should play a productive role in respond frankly and productively to concerns teaching and addressing these challenges. about inequitable treatment, and which directly addresses political and economic divisions in ways What do you envision as the future for public that respect disagreement and contribute to shared administration/public policy scholarship? missions. Finally, I envision a future scholarship The context of professional administration always in which these developments are led by a diverse has been political, but what we see today is sharper and forward-looking community of scholars who and more difficult for professionals to navigate. Our learn from a diverse and forward-looking field of field should open a new scholarly agenda on how professional practitioners.
PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE professional administrators, in the context of these
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CLAIRE CONNOLLY KNOX continued from page 27
What are the most critical challenges that students What do you envision as the future for public face as they pursue their public service careers? How administration/public policy scholarship? can we best educate and prepare them? I envision a future with a continued and increased The most important one is linking theoretical effort to analyze administration and policy issues knowledge with practical experience; our discipline from a post-positivist paradigm. Scholars have led is not alone. As a former practitioner, I value real this effort—Stone, Fisher, Ingram, DeHaven-Smith, world opportunities that allow students to gain key Dryzek and Schneider to name a few—but we need skills and competencies in the evolving fields of more. This requires us to include the paradigm not public administration and emergency management. as an afterthought, but as a core component of a Students walk into my courses and immediately public administration degree. It allows us to strip engage with practitioners and community partners away long-held assumptions and move “other” from every level of government and sector through voices from the margins to the center. By focusing experiential learning, field trips, volunteering on the social constructions of narratives underlying and guest speakers. It can be simple. Bringing a policies and plans from a post-positivist perspective, practitioner for a roundtable discussion can shift the we can provide alternative explanations for policy classroom dynamic and lead to more meaningful change, as well as plan and policy implementation conversations. But, is it the most effective way outcomes. We continue to support failing policies; to educate them? This is where we need more we are leaving children behind, not winning the empirically based scholarship of teaching and war on drugs and not restoring the Everglades. learning (SoTL). For emergency management and I am forever grateful to Dr. DeHaven-Smith for homeland security, I have led a concerted effort to introducing me to this “alternative” paradigm, increase SoTL research by creating a SoTL special which finally allowed me to question the anomalies interest group and award, housed within FEMA’s I directly observed in my federal government Higher Education Program. experience.
TINA NABATCHI continued from page 29 skills land jobs, ‘soft’ skills earn promotions!” Yes, I think most “scholarship” in public administration hard skills like budgeting, policy analysis, program is limited and uninspiring. The field has economics- evaluation and quantitative methods are important; envy and we fetishize quantitative methods and they even may be what sets one apart when securing value models over frameworks and theories. Few, an entry level position. However, they are not what if any, scholars enter the field to test for changes moves a person from the entry level to middle in the margins of variables that matter little in the manager position, let alone a senior leader position. bigger picture. Yet this is exactly what we incentivize Higher level positions generally require skillsets that in research, particularly for doctoral students and include soft skills like negotiation, collaboration, junior scholars. I am not suggesting that quantitative conflict management, convening and facilitation, methods are bad or invaluable. Rather, I am among others. These are skills that impress and lead suggesting that such methods often are applied to to promotions, that enable one to lead people and boring and insignificant research questions. What organizations and work across boundaries. These would I like to see going forward? Better research are the ones that are needed to navigate increasingly questions that address and integrate macro-, complex and challenging policy issues and an meso- and micro-level issues. More attention to the increasingly fraught and uncertain public service. frameworks and theories that undergird models. We need to do right by our students and remind Broader acceptance of methodological diversity. them of this—and provide them with opportunities Better integration of concepts and ideas from other to learn and practice these and other soft skills, in disciplines. Stronger connections with practitioners addition to developing hard skills. so we conduct research they need and they consume research we produce. More consideration of the “so What do you envision as the future for public what?” question in every aspect of research. In short, administration/public policy scholarship? I would like to see less attention to paper production I almost did not answer this question because I do and more to knowledge production. not want to antagonize people. But, I feel compelled.
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compelling evidence that government and nonprofit are in the shadows of life; the sick, the needy and organizations often are our best investments. the handicapped.” I want students to measure the success of our government and society by how we What do you envision as the future for public help people who cannot help themselves. administration/public policy scholarship? We should help students and practitioners I have supervised many international PhD students appreciate the common needs of our society for over the years and their quality has risen sharply. security, education, environmental protection and At some point, it may be that Asian and European other critical concerns—and then influence them to public management scholars will outpace American pursue careers in that direction. We can make sure ones. Their commitment is clear, their dedication they are guided by such visions as Senator Hubert to building societies through better governance is Humphrey’s admonition about government that “... definitely there and the global center of gravity of the the moral test of a society is how that society treats field may be shifting. those who are in the dawn of life, the children; those who are in the twilight of life, the elderly; those who
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students have won, or been runners up in, our Among other initiatives, we have formed a Safe annual Capstone competition with our in-residence Communities Institute for advancing community students for the past three years. public safety for racially diverse and unique populations. What are the most critical challenges that students face as they pursue their public service careers? How What are the most important subjects that today’s can we best educate and prepare them? students must learn on their path to becoming The most important challenges include the effective scholars and public servants? extreme polarization and politicization of public First, in today’s world of complex debt financing, administration and governance; the increasingly infrastructure and social programs, it is increasingly blurred lines between the public and private sectors; important that students have a solid foundation the pervasive anti-government and anti-bureaucracy in public finance and financial management. attitudes and culture in the United States; and Second, the large scale of public organizations and the challenge of achieving a productive and complexity of the federal system requires students responsible use of social media and new information to understand public management, organizational technologies without unduly restricting freedom behavior, intergovernmental collaboration and and privacy. We have sought to address these issues policy implementation. Third, they must know through a variety of programs at the Price School’s how to conduct policy analysis of alternatives, Bedrosian Center on Governance. microeconomics and performance evaluation. Fourth, it is critical that they understand the growing Another major challenge concerns the speed of intersection in solving public problems between the technological change, which outpaces the regulatory public and private sectors. Students need knowledge and governance processes to address social, ethical of contracting, networks and public-private and economic consequences. In partnership with partnerships, and an understanding of the role of USC’s business and engineering schools, we have philanthropy, nonprofits and social innovation in established the Neely Center on Ethical Decision solving public problems. Finally, students need an Making and Leadership, which focuses on these understanding of the legal and institutional context issues. of public administration, including the evolving norms and expectations that result from political, A final challenge concerns how to work and live technological and social change. together in an ethnically and racially diverse society. PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE
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NAIM KAPUCU continued from page 25
Second, communication. Regardless of the position skillsets and professional preparations. But, I believe and sector, communication—both written and three apply to both: oral—is key. Students can take courses in the subject or find opportunities to conduct public 1. We need to know history, especially for the presentations. Public service professionals cannot community we serve. avoid public presentations. 2. We need to understand the community for effective public service. Third, relationship building and networking. Public service professionals need to know how to build 3. We need to know our associations and in-person and virtual networks to be successful. It publication opportunities. is hard to balance face-to-face interaction in the information or social media age. Virtual networks We all need to be effective relationship builders and can complement, but cannot replace, in-person boundary spanners. ASPA provides an excellent contact. platform for practitioners and scholars to join together on a regular basis, and at the national and What are the most important subjects that today’s local levels, to network and build relationships. students must learn on their path to becoming effective scholars and public servants? Public Administration Review provides ample opportunities to publish with emphasis on practical It is hard to generalize for public service relevance. professionals and scholars, as they require different
DONALD MOYNIHAN continued from page 28 about the road to take. I work with many disciplines; fields, ours is an applied science. If our work does public administration has progressed well compared not have the potential to have practical application, to others. Compared to 10 years ago, there now is it is reasonable to ask why the field exists. an acknowledgment that gender bias is real and a willingness to debate the right steps to ensure The potential always exists to improve research’s everyone has a fair chance. relevance by better communicating it to practitioners. Another path to relevance is to rethink Part of the solution is raising awareness about our our approach to research and embrace public inherent biases and finding ways to overcome administration’s identity as a design science, a field them. For example, our professional networks that tests new ideas to see if they work. The rise of tend to look and think like us; when we draw from behavioral public administration, with its emphasis our professional network, we tend to unthinkingly on experiments, provides a model for how to mix replicate our own demographics and views. That strong rigor in research models with the potential for is a failing. We know homogenous groups tend to strong relevance. have more blind spots and make worse decisions than more diverse groups. As a scholar, I have My hope is that the future of public administration been involved in the Public Management Research is one where scholars partner with governments Association. When I served as its president, I and funders to test the effects of new reforms. ensured gender balance in all the committees I This requires some changes not just on the part appointed. This was not hard; there is a deep pool of scholars, but practitioners, too. If you have of talent in our profession. It just took a little extra a new idea to test and see if it works, partner mindfulness to make it a goal and look beyond one’s with a university to create an experiment. It also own professional network. would help to have more financial support for this type of research; public funding for public What do you envision as the future for public administration research in the United States is administration/public policy scholarship? woeful compared to other countries. I am not As long as I have studied public administration, suggesting that design science is the totality of public there has been handwringing about its relevance. administration research, but it seems like a relatively Are we doing work that the public and policymakers underdeveloped area where our field has a potential care about? It is a legitimate concern. Unlike other comparative advantage.
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ultimately the professorate. We have an obligation to and Herbert Simon about the definition of science ensure they successfully complete their programs, and its relevance to advancing knowledge in are placed in faculty positions and mentored to public administration. I have called for pluralism move up the ranks. Persons of color also are under- in research methods; the research question should represented as chairs, deans and journal editors. We dictate the methods, thus making all methods need more progress. acceptable for study and theory building. This seems appropriate given the applied nature of our field. What do you envision as the future for public Some continue to maintain that the only way—the administration/public policy scholarship? “one best way”—to promote knowledge is through I envision the continuous melee over appropriate positivism. There may never be agreement on the research methods. The behavioral movement in issue, but I hope that in a multifarious field such as the social sciences greatly affected the study of ours, greater tolerance might be afforded on this public administration, calling for greater use of matter. It would help PhD students, many of whom quantitatively empirical research methods. This continue to struggle with the issue. led to the famous debates between Dwight Waldo
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of the academic field itself. Who are the thought discretion. At their best, critics of the “deep state” leaders being cited? Whose ideas dominate voice concern over excessive and misplaced discussion in the classroom? Analysis of syllabi administrative discretion. Our response will shape reveals that it is quite common for entire courses to future scholarship. In addition, technology and include only work by men. global expectations about “quality” will continue to internationalize scholarship. We will observe it in This problem extends to our past. Public the research teams, topics and databases we use to administration history provides us the ideas of investigate questions. our founding fathers. One of the reasons I have investigated Jane Addams and consider her an The skillset and money needed to publish in a top important pioneer in our field is that we must journal increasingly will be a roadblock to single reexamine our history and incorporate the works of authored work. Trends in open access publishing, women. The absence of the women of our past is a internal inconsistencies in journal ranking contemporary problem. methodology and criticism from organized young scholars challenge the way scholarship is evaluated. What do you envision as the future for public There also is a push to diversify editorial positions. administration/public policy scholarship? We will see more women in them; they, in turn, We long have used the politics administration will use their judgment to shape scholarship. If dichotomy for discourse on the role and function of you consider the old fashioned efficiency/equity public administration. Most scholars reject a strict balance, I suspect scholarship will shift toward dichotomy and recognize the role of administrative equity. PROFILES OF EXCELLENCE
40 FALL 2018 “Education is our fi rst line of defense. In the confl ict of principle and policy which divides the world. . . America’s hope, our hope, the hope of the world is in education” -- Harry S Truman
Sarah Beth Oded Gurantz Kitch David Switzer PhD, Stanford PhD, Louisiana PhD, Texas A&M Assistant Professor State University Assistant Professor Economics of Assistant Professor Pubic Management Education Environmental Public Service, Brian Kisida Weijie Wang Education Policy Ethics & Democracy Policy PhD, University of PhD, USC Higher Education Arkansas Collaborative Assistant Professor Governance, Program Evaluation Strategic Human Policy Analysis Resource Education Policy Management
Welcomes new faculty! Tips for Academic Job Navigation By Sean McCandless and Rashmi Chordiya
Navigating the academic job market is rewarding yet tricky. Some strategies may make the process more manageable, especially for those starting out.
1. Publish. Peer-reviewed publications are the “gold standard” toward getting an academic job. It is becoming increasingly common for PhD students to have publications under their belt by the time they become an assistant professor.
2. Have a research pipeline. Search committees want to know about your research. In application letters and interviews, discuss how your projects contribute to your agenda. Some likely job questions: What are your pipeline projects? How will you remain productive in research? How does this research, teaching and service. A possible opening pipeline contribute to the advancement of the field? line for research could be:
3. Get teaching experience. Ask your department First, my research focuses on______. More for teaching and teaching assistance opportunities. specifically, [narrate what you have done]. [Then Try to teach at least once in person and once online. briefly mention your future research plans and Regardless of your experience, attend professional generally discuss publications]. development opportunities, which reflect your commitment to teaching. Expect questions like: Discuss teaching, service experience and anything What courses have you taught and what would you else about the program (and your qualifications) that like to teach? What is your teaching philosophy? interest you. Mention courses you could teach: How would you include values of social justice in your teaching? How do you promote diversity and I feel very comfortable and confident about inclusion in your classes? teaching both in-person and online courses. There are several courses at the undergraduate 4. Research schools. Departments need to know and graduate levels that I would be qualified that you know about them. Research who works in to teach. For instance, in
APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP APPLYING [your program’s name] in [Date]. I am interested in 7. Comport yourself. Each person you meet gives this position because [specify about 3-4 things that clues about what departments want. Develop interest you that you will discuss further]. questions you want to ask and a list of responses to likely questions. Some might include: What is Discuss major elements of the job ad to showcase the teaching load? What classes most need to be your fit. Have at least one paragraph each for taught? What are publishing expectations? What are
42 FALL 2018 conference attendance expectations and support to 11. Start looking early. Job ads come in waves attend? What does it take to be a successful faculty throughout summer, fall and spring. Check often and member at this institution? What service does the set aside two days a week to search ads, including on department most need help with? LinkedIn and PublicServiceCareers.org, among others. Be prepared to talk about anything in your materials and to answer questions like, Why should we We have found these strategies to be helpful, though hire you? And, wear clean, ironed, comfortable, they are not comprehensive. That said, remember breathable and professional clothes. Choose meals the reasons you got into the field, as well as your that are easy (and not messy) to eat. passion for research, teaching and service. And, think of the positive benefits you will bring to 8. Write thank you notes. Write and send thank countless students over your career. you emails within one or two days after leaving the campus when memories are still fresh. Sean McCandless holds a PhD in public affairs from the University of Colorado Denver. He was ASPA’s 9. Consider options. If you receive an offer, find out Students and New Administrative Professionals the time by which you need to make a decision. Ask Section (SNAPS) chair from late 2015-2018. He colleagues for their opinions. Take time to process will start his position as assistant professor at the the information. If you do not receive an offer, University of Illinois—Springfield in Fall 2018. He can relax and examine what you might do differently. be reached at [email protected]. Remember that you may not have done anything wrong—someone else was just a better fit. Rashmi Chordiya holds a PhD in public affairs from the University of Texas at Dallas. She is SNAPS 10. Rest. Carry a snack and water with you, which chair for 2018-2019 and will start as assistant will help you to stay calm and focused and prevent professor at the Institute of Public Service, Seattle early burnouts. After job talks, relax and take care of University in Fall 2018. She can be reached at yourself. [email protected].
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18AU340 • AC-0255 • PRINTED 05/18 • 8620 SPECTRUM CENTER BLVD., SAN DIEGO, CA 92123 APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP deeper learningdeeper and skill development. Skimming However, incorporating feedback isessential for difficult if you have many students or assignments. just not agrade. This feedback, mayGive be know that itisokto reach out. mayyou; overwhelmed you those need to letthem anything.needs notassume Do students contact will discussion post, anemail send andask ifheorshe notsubmitdoes anassignment a ormisses Take there when isaproblem. notice Ifastudent to theendofcourse. closer get maintenance oroutages themonasthey andcheer announce duedates, remind system themofIT software, preview upcoming course content, screen. Regularly communicate through thecourse is areal onthe otherside oftheircomputer person impersonal, ensurefeel so that students know there learning can Online Establish presence. afaculty student retention inanonlinecourse: Here are things some Ifoundinpromoting useful students these support ifIcould. to figure it. need Iresolvedthey to try out how to income students are reluctant to ask forhelpwhen previous that experience firstgeneration andlow unacceptable to me. Iknow from research and finishingpersonally thecourse andprofessionally for theireducation made thethought ofthemnot That many students likelyborrowed to pay money reason to theirsuccess. double downto support satisfy me. students Ifthese were at allthemore risk, high attrition rates. However, that didnot answer toward non-traditional students typically have it since onlineundergraduate programs geared was that there might alotIcould notbe doabout or turned intheirassignments. My initial thought the number of students whohad in notyet logged of class,weeks the first Ifound frustratedmyself by I never had taught anonlinecourse before. During management formy DPA alma mater. online undergraduate course inpublic personnel an 11-year classroom hiatus, Iwas asked to teach an into practice: to Following put theory opportunity student learning outcomes. Last spring, Ihad the facultyaboutand talking with ways to improve administrator, Ispendalotoftime thinking As auniversity institutional effectiveness By KatherineMcGuire 44 Student Retention Improving Online missing adue date andgetting a zero a becomes professional lives. For many students, however, aboutlessons ofpunctuality theimportance inour to teach life deadlines asanopportunity strict see Faculty deadlines. about rigid too be not Do often resources. that gave themadditional information andlinks to ofanassignment,specifics Icreated an FAQ sheet address it. students When had questions about the realized theskills gap, Icreated additional content to andtelegraphicand 5”rule bullet-points. I When in essay on theirslides instead ofusing form the“5 PowerPoint wrote they presentations; paragraphs students didnotfollow best practices forcreating (mostly) manage many thetechnology, ofmy orskills. could they While knowledge prior about and careful flexible not to makeBe assumptions in Table 2.5. response to thereading material; review information for including your insights sure onX.Be to tieyour Thankand give criticism. constructive Example: you improve theirwork.something And,find to praise students can increase theirunderstanding and grading Focus tool. andconcrete onspecific ways copy andpaste into ofthe thecomments section the material. You can develop standard phrases to to intheirunderstanding digor needing deeper of reveal patterns where students are making errors student responses before assigning grades help will FALL 2018 downward spiral that results in their becoming that present challenges to course completion, such overwhelmed and demoralized, even withdrawing as overlapping roles as learners, workers and/or or going AWOL in a course. A more important life caregivers. Have high expectations for your online lesson is to let go of perfectionism and rebound students, but also a willingness and flexibility from mistakes or adversity. Consider strategies to support them as they navigate their complex like one-time grace periods or dropping the lowest educational journey. grade to make due dates a tool for teaching students about time management and balancing priorities. Katherine McGuire is director of institutional research As Evelyn Boucher of Amherst College notes in the at Oxford College of Emory University. She has Chronicle of Higher Education, “Strict deadlines worked in the field of higher education institutional only serve to reproduce the inequalities of access effectiveness for nearly 20 years and has taught and inclusion that universities are trying so hard to at Valdosta State University, Appalachian State correct.” University and Southern Virginia University. She can be reached at [email protected]. Remember: Students often choose online courses to accommodate precisely the same life circumstances
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FALL 2018 45 Make Your Mark
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WOMEN IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR AT JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE: Addressing Gender Equity in Academia and the Public Administration Field By Nicole Rishel Elias and Maria D’Agostino
The mission In addition to these events, WPS has conducted of Women research on gender competency to explore how it in the Public can impact MPA curricula and pedagogy. This work Sector (WPS) has been presented at four conferences, including at John Jay ASPA, NECoPA and NASPAA. It also has hosted College networking events at conferences in partnership is to raise with Academic Women in Public Administration and awareness ASPA’s Section on Women in Public Administration. and provide It will continue to foster a sustainable consortium opportunities of students, faculty, public service practitioners and to address community members through future events and gender issues projects that share experiences, information and in public resources. service. Specifically, it Gender Dialogues: A Space for Community is designed to: and Conversation WPS launched its blog in September 2017. Its • Educate participants on the context of women’s purpose is to begin a conversation with academics, experience in the public sector. practitioners and students surrounding sex/gender • Engage with participants through activities and in the public sector. It is a space for thoughtful discussions that share experiences, information dialogue about these topics and others; the and resources. possibilities are endless. WPS wants to consider the role that sex/gender plays in public service and ways • Foster a sustainable consortium of students, it shapes the way we think, govern and are served by faculty, public service practitioners and sex/gender identities and markers. community members to collaborate in personal development, education, research and outreach This past summer, WPS began a blog thread, “Big projects. Questions Surrounding Gender Equity in Academia and the Field of Public Administration,” with WPS at John Jay College began in Fall 2013 when we responses from authors, journal editors and board recognized the need for students and faculty to focus members, and leaders in this area of scholarship. on women in public service within and beyond the Below is the original blog post. John Jay community. Since that time, it has hosted 23 events attracting 1,725 participants, educating John During the 2017-2018 academic year, sex and Jay and the larger academic, practitioner and service gender dynamics became a primary focus community on women’s issues in public service. across disciplines. For example, central topics Examples include networking events; speaker series included underrepresentation of women in events with New York City Department of Probation academic leadership and scholarship, gendered Commissioner Ana M. Bermudez and Mary Luke; a content within top journals and editorial board professional development workshop with civil rights membership and the #MeToo movement attorney Melissa Brand; and a discussion with New prompting sexual harassment and assault within York City Public Advocate Letitia James. academia and campus settings to come to light. This interest in gender taking form underscores
FALL 2018 47 APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP 48 They They call forthe teaching of public administration professionalin nolack with ofwomen training. managementsenior even positions though there Curriculum,” highlights thepaucity in ofwomen Making theCase forEnhancing Leadership inProfessionalDisparity Management: City The recent research Beatyby and Davis, “Gender are likelyservice. to suffer their during demands of teaching andresearch, ofwhich both in balancing theiradministrative roles the with directors similar struggles typically experience yetprogram menandwomen leadership persist; genderedsome characterizations ofwomen’s and thus promotion potential. found They that and possible constraints onresearch andteaching rewardssuch aslength ofservice, andburdens, reportwomen different inthe experiences role, MPP program directors andwhethermen are more asMPA likely than mento serve and (MPP) programs. explore They women whether Administration (MPA) andMaster ofPublic Policy relates to director inMaster positions ofPublic Stabile, Terman andKuerbitz asit assess gender Public Administration Programs,” andPolicy , “Genderarticle andtheRole ofDirectors of their 2018Journal Public of AffairsEducation powerexisting imbalances inorganizations. In ofthe#MeTooas part movement to counter the intop managementwomen roles isdiscussed all fields, including academia. formoreneed The Women inleadership are underrepresented across and taking action. challenges and proposing newways ofthinking nextconsidering steps foraddressing these invite reflection, andongoingresponses dialogue issues We critical embodies forwomen. these Here, highlight we recent that scholarship inacademiawomen andpublic administration. recent research andwomen’s roles that on focus time to pause, reflect andengage indiscussionon up onallour reading should andwriting, we take areAs we our summer start projects, andcatch administration. greater inthefieldof equity public gender collaboration projects andfruitful that promote have taken understanding, steps to further and Academic Women inPublic Administration forWomenSection inPublic Administration atin thePublic John Sector Jay College, ASPA’s practitioners alike. Organizations such asWomen forfaculty, students andfuturecompetency forMPAthe need to promote curricula gender they can sent theauthors to [email protected] creativeencouraged be to intheirsubmissions which and respondentblogger submissions. Individuals are welcome guest [email protected]. They a fellow co-founder. WPS reached She can at be D’Agostino is associate professor and at thecollege reachedShe can at be [email protected]. Maria Criminal of JusticeCollege andco-founder. WPS Nicole is assistant Rishel Elias professor at John Jay this discussion. assault, andothersalient topics to contribute to content harassment sexual andpedagogy, and of representation gendered ofwomen, curriculum and members ofacademia interested inthetopics board leadership roles members, inservice those departure, ask authors, we journal and editors Using thisrecent asapoint scholarship of what published. be will becausein thefield editors are the gatekeepers of boards iskey to shaping thedirection ofresearch representation asjournal andeditorial editors Administration.” They maintain thatwomen’s AFeminist ofPublic Positions: Editorial Critique onarootfocus cause ofthisproblem in“Power in imbalancesgender intheclassroom, Feeney et. al. address theproblem. addressing Beyond these context inthefieldandprovides strategies to taught intheMPA classroom donotmatch the keep thefield relevant, thecontent andconcepts content) ofpublic administration inorder to “thethreebetween C’s” (concepts, context and that although preach scholars congruence administration journals. Meghan Hatch maintains solo, lead andtop 10authors inleading public Scholarship,” publish women less than menas Women’s Representation inPublic Administration Knepper emphasize in“A Tale ofTwo Journals: readings. AsGina J. andHillary Scutelnicu less than write 20percentwomen ofrequired how achieve greater we inacademia equity when Administration Curriculum.” Here, Hatch asks Voices: Misalignment of theThreeC’s in Public challenge articulatedby Meghan Hatch in“Quiet this presents anotherfundamental uswith should highlight issues. sex/gender However, There isnodoubt that theMPA curriculum more theleadership curriculum. visible within ofpublicworld administration by making gender programs can better prepare forthenew women positions. conclude that They professional training why more donotattain women executive senior intheMPAareas ofinquiry including curriculum to reflect its changingworld by including specific FALL 2018 APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP
POLITICIAN’S POODLES OR JUST AN OBLIVIOUS, INCREASINGLY IRRELEVANT DISCIPLINE: Some Thoughts on the Current State of Public Administration Research and Scholarship By Allan Rosenbaum
The past half century has not been kind to the in reasonably democratic elections, they increasingly public sector in most parts of the world. Demands are moving to monopolize the institutions of for government services have grown, yet providing governance and undermine civil society. adequate funding has become ever more difficult as taxes are cut, and then cut more. Simultaneously, This is not to mention the impact of a resurgent the widespread, often erroneous, glorifying of the oligarch-dominated Russia, which has actively efficiency of the private sector at the expense of the sought to disrupt, undermine or overthrow public sector has taken its toll on the functioning democratic governments from the Baltic, to Brexit, to of government and those working in and managing the Balkans, not to mention considerable successes it. Government agencies at all levels are constantly in Georgia, Ukraine and the United States. In the under attack and egregiously understaffed. United States, a highly toxic combination of the most significant inequality since the onset of the Great Civil service systems also have come under attack as Depression, decades of stagnant or declining middle politicians across the political spectrum advocate a class incomes, growing fears (whether justified or return to essentially the patronage systems prevalent not) of racial violence and what many perceive as a century ago. Even in the European Union, where unchecked immigration has led to the election of civil service reform was critical to the admission the least accountable, most nationalist, anti-public of new states, political leaders are backsliding to sector and monarchically inclined president of the manipulate the systems to serve elite political past century. interests. In the United States, public employee compensation and pensions have become topics of As concern about the future of U.S. democratic political controversy, as often dubious evidence— government has risen in public opinion polls, even slanderous hearsay—is mobilized to make the president and some of his appointees have the case that public administrators are overpaid aggressively sought to undermine traditional and incompetent. Similar issues in other parts of institutions of democratic governance that have the world generate controversy, even when public long held the confidence of the citizenry and helped employee salaries are so low as to virtually guarantee bind a diverse country. Particular noteworthy have corruption or moonlighting. been sustained attacks on the most important institutions that ensure political and administrative Equally fraught has been the situation for democratic accountability: a free investigative press, governments in which many public administrators independent judiciary and law enforcement sector. work and are central to the sustaining of equitable, effective and accountable public administration. Especially notable has been the dramatic decline The past decade has seen the rise or intensified in executive and administrative self restraint, as impact of authoritarian political and governmental well as congressional oversight, key elements in leadership and one-party rule in many countries— maintaining accountable democratic government. China, Egypt, Hungary, Nicaragua, Poland, Turkey As government-by-chaos has become the norm, and Venezuela, to name a few. Nations once thought the president appears to be intentionally working to be making small steps toward, if not firmly on the to destroy international alliances that have played road to, democratic government have seen stronger important roles in ensuring some measure of global strongmen and dominance by political parties with stability and significantly contributed to increasing highly authoritarian tendencies. Sometimes chosen democratic development.
FALL 2018 49 APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP “performance.” During that 45 articles same period, had “management” in theirtitle, while174 had PAR’s to analyze orchallenge them. To illustrate, over created by our political leadership, notseeking preoccupation to accommodate political realities For much of thediscipline, there has the been policymakers” create through actionsorinaction. of addressing public problems that our “real world almost allscholarlyjournals inthefield terms This isnotan atypical response editors of by methodologies. assessingupon ofdifferent theutility research measure,good focused onecan findarticles For delivery. ofvolunteersand use forservice of greater emphasis compliance onvoluntary supplement local shrunken capacity andtheplacing in greater intergovernmental cooperation to the coproduction engagement ofpublic services, reliance ontheprivate andnonprofit for sectors onincreased focused it inthethemesofarticles political ethosasbest aspossible. sector sees One not, to accommodate thedominant anti-public “realities”defined is, consciously intended or quickly politically see, to 21st theanswer century issues ofmost public administration journals will public administration research. Asreaders ofrecent as the“large forces” that define our approach to address what has Roberts Alasdair characterized oreventhe public attempting sector to examineor might suggest alternative approaches to defining and researchers are not For themost part, public administration scholars and Pierson). dramatic reductions ingovernment funding (Hacker continually reduced staff public sector capacity and accommodating andreality thelogic century, of the nation’s political leadership foralmost ahalf and asdefined public sector redefined by much of This isentirely consistentwith thecontemporary publicof theanemicor“hollowedout” sector. characteristics theprincipal accommodation with and administrative strategies that facilitate development oflong- andshort-term management research are scholars analyzing andfurthering (PAR),Review isthat public administration (JPART)and Theory and Public Administration of, forexample, theJournal Public of Administration answer, at least asonereads themost recent issues how has developments? itresponded The these to is thepublic administration research community and Where future onecannot helpbut ofdemocracy, ask: activism,sector capped by profound threats to the In andsuccessful anti-public thefaceofpowerful It HasBeenandMightGo Public AdministrationScholarship:Where 50 almost 80 year history, 399 articles have 399articles almost 80year history, pursuing research that • • • • today’s public sector, questions like these: thatscholarship address, given thecircumstances of one can find public administration research and Waldo,Dwight onecannot helpbutwhere wonder In ofMary Parker thespirit keeping with Follett or plans to avoid disaster andfiscal default. budgetary contributiondefined public employeepension governments to move frombenefit to defined journals point forstate to theneed and local back management andthelike. More specialized new reality by introducing NPM techniques, cut- sector can accommodatepublic its fiscally starved onhowwith articles anincreasingly filled been theyears,Over public administration journals have had “inequality.” had theword “democracy” andagrand total ofthree •
W T A T I just intheUnited States throughout but theworld? not real problems society, very contemporary facing respondto the to effectively lessening theircapacity governmentthe effectivenessof as an institution and inequality. wealth and extraordinarily dramatic increases inincome thenation’sof workers, stagnant growth economic rates thegreat have at produced, least for majority contrast, themost recent lower of tax decades four In and inequality. income inpoverty declines and dramatic growtheconomic century thepast of high oneof rates, tax period, thegreatest produced oneexplainbeing, how 1980?That 1940to does producegreater will well- asserted, economic rates, lower tax with preoccupation which, itis agencies? HouseWhite and and government departments obvious inthe disjuncture policymakers between pronouncements and policy contradictory by is exacerbated implementation complex of policy where thenormalin ambiguity involved ability operate to in an environment effectively greatly mobility? undermine social nets and, whether intended to ornot,safety helped national governments sustain to established social of strategies intended destroy to thecapacity been that undermines thenation’s democratic stability? updramaticallydriving thegrowing inequality success theU.S. of economy, while at time thesame consumer demand force that inthe is adriving shrinking American middle class, undermining amajor role played and pensions ina salaries n the face of four decades of policymaker policymaker of decades four of n theface o what extent cutting have and budget tax o what extent have attacks onpublic employees’ re increasing attacks on civil service systems and re increasing service attacks oncivil hat onpublic is theimpact administrators’ FALL 2018 APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP
• As we continually limit governments’ capacity of most journals in the field and an ever greater to act effectively, do we undermine its capacity preoccupation with methodological technique. As to provide the physical and technological Pollitt suggested, this has led to an unwillingness of infrastructure needed to support today’s private journal editors to publish historically focused critical sector commerce, not to mention future societal analyses of policies, programs and institutions. innovation. The greater emphasis on methodological One could list many more questions that public purity has come to define contemporary public administration scholars and researchers might administration research and scholarship. To be address, if they were so inclined. This issue is not sure, methodological rigor is an important element a new one. Only last year, the late Christopher of high quality scholarly research. Yet it is not the Pollitt, writing in the International Journal of principal purpose. To see this phenomenon at work, Public Management, commented on the increasing one needs only attend conference panel sessions detachment of public administration research from or university seminar presentations where the ratio real world policy and administrative problems, of questions on the methodology of the research especially for practitioners. He pointed out that likely exceeds those on the actual substance of the discipline’s journals were strangely silent in the research by ratios of six, eight and ten to one. addressing administrative and policy implications Granted, methodological issues are very much a of such pressing contemporary topics as climate part of the development of effective research. Yet change, demographic change, technological change the reality is that research problems are too often and inadequate governmental resources. defined more by their susceptibility to particular methodological analysis than by their substantive The very significant detachment of public significance. administration scholarship from the real world of policy and administrative problems that Pollitt These factors contribute to narrower—a cynic suggested characterizes contemporary research might suggest less consequential—research topics, in the field has not always been the norm. A but perhaps the most important factors are the review of 80 years of Public Administration combination of a misguided desire for absolute Review demonstrates this. Its initial issue featured certainty and a collective lack of imagination. prominent political scientist Joseph Harris and Regarding the former, one sees a discipline less well-known practitioner Arthur Flemming writing focused on the “art” aspect of the craft and more analytical descriptive articles on the impact of on the “science.” Regarding the latter, there seems national emergencies on the nation’s civil service to be collective resignation on the part of the field’s and defense organizations. The next issue included scholars, a willingness to be defined by and accept prominent practitioner Louis Brownlow and equally the dominant ethos imposed by 40 years of political prominent political scientist Charles Merriam and ideological warfare which redefined the nation’s writing about governmental efforts to address political landscape. planning initiatives necessary to facilitate the country’s mobilization for war. In 1967, a lead article Taken together, these developments have resulted in had Rufus Miles laying out the need for the creation a narrowing of the discipline from one that explored of a federal department of education. One decade the nature of the modern public sector, the forces later, James Sundquist assessed the effectiveness of shaping it and what it should be doing, to one of how Jimmy Carter as a public administrator; one decade best to manage public programs. Despite this reality after that, Charles Goodsell wrote about the impact and its implicit limits, public problems continue of Charles Beard on public administration. to grow in significance; addressing them is more difficult and complex. Now more than ever, it is Public Administration Scholarship: What critical that public administration scholars begin to Drives It? address matters that define and redefine the public sector, both within the United States and elsewhere. Why has there been a collective breakdown by the In many cases, this means returning to very basic public administration scholarly research community concerns, many of them forgotten over four decades. when it comes to addressing the most pressing and important issues facing the field? In his 2017 essay, Public Administration Scholarship: Where Pollitt identifies key factors, including enhanced professionalization and narrowing specialization It Might Go of public administration research. One might add Refocusing the research agenda, regardless of the university tenure and promotion systems that re- relevance of the topics addressed, will be viable and enforce the worst tendencies toward ever narrower effective only if there is a reasonable possibility that specialization and the increasingly narrow focus what one writes is likely to be published. Perhaps
FALL 2018 51 the time has come for the American Society for Third, the public sector—the government, run by Public Administration to consider moving in the public administrators—is the source of much of direction that its sister association, the American the most important innovation in modern society. Political Science Association, took some years Most new inventions transforming the developed back when it introduced a journal less focused and, even more significant, less developed world, on the more abstract and theoretical parts of the have been the product of research and development discipline and more directly addressed, still in a carried out by government employees or directed scholarly and rigorous manner, current political and guided through government-initiated issues and controversies. Such a journal—for contractual relationships with nonprofit or private example, a Journal of Policy, Politics and Public sector entities (Mazzucato). The computer and radar Administration—could play a major role in bridging were pioneered by the British government during the academic-practitioner divide with which World War II. The Internet, geographic information associations have struggled greatly. systems, hydraulic fracturing, medicines combating AIDS and other epidemic-like health concerns all The types of issues and problems with which such a have been significantly shaped by, or the direct journal would deal? result of, important government research initiatives. Much of the technology that has made the owners of Research on the essential role of a strong Apple and Google multi-billionaires is the product of government and vigorous public sector in U.S. government research. solving society’s problems. One significant consequence of attacks on Taken together, these three realities—the awesome government has been declining recognition that authority granted to government; its crucial strong and effective government—which public role in enabling the functioning of the other administrators manage and lead—is the single most major institutions; and its ability to produce or important and indispensable institution of any facilitate major innovation in society—ensure modern society. This is especially true with more that effective government is the one irreplaceable highly economically developed countries in Asia, and indispensable institution of modern society. Europe and North America. There are three reasons Consequently, the role of those responsible for why this will continue to be the case. operating, managing and sustaining government— public administrators—is the most important one First, government, and only government, has the there is in modern society. authority to legitimately utilize force to maintain the rules of order that an effectively functioning A half century of prevailing anti-government modern society requires. It is only government that attitudes have obscured these fundamental possesses the legitimate right to take away one’s realities and helped to undermine the effectiveness property, liberty and, in some countries, life. These of government by discouraging talented are awesome powers that are not legitimately the individuals from pursuing the profession of province of any other societal institution but one public administration and disillusioning those managed by public administrators. This alone sets currently working in it. The very first task of public government apart from all other societal institutions. administration research, not to mention relevant It is also why holding government and those education and training, is to demonstrate that an managing it fully accountable at all times is critical effective public sector is absolutely central to the to societal well being. future well-being of all societies.
Second, it is government that sets the rules Research on effectively addressing the vast for virtually every other institution of society; complexity of the problems facing the public it plays an absolutely essential role as the sector. necessary pre-condition and facilitator/enabler Every generation, especially its public of other institutions of a modern society, whether administrators, have felt that its problems are the commercial, nonprofit, religious or social. When most complex and threatening that society has government plays this role effectively, society is faced. However, despite the world’s extraordinary likely to prosper and develop in positive ways. social and economic progress, it is hard to find When it does not, as we have seen with the failure any time since the end of World War II when the of financial sector regulation in many Western problems for countries on both sides of the Atlantic APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP APPLYING democracies, the possibilities for personal and have been more difficult, sometimes to the point of institutional corruption, greed and taking great risks seeming intractable. This array of contemporary, with society’s resources can lead to economic and highly vexing problems runs from science and social disaster. technology to those reflecting many dimensions of human tragedy.
52 FALL 2018 APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP
At one end of the continuum is the highly politicized factors ranging from the decline of unions to the rise debate over climate change and global warming. of automation and perhaps to the frequently blamed Even before the withdrawal of the United States from impact of globalization on international trade and the Paris Climate Accords, the reality was that, while migration. Yet perhaps the most significant reason there was general agreement on the need to address is the most overlooked: The dramatic decline in the these issues, there was no widespread agreement resources of the public sector throughout the world, on how to do so and, in particular, who should a topic especially relevant for public administration bear what degree of responsibility for solving the research and scholarship. problem. In a 2018 report, the World Inequality Laboratory Issues of human migration, driven in many cases by indicated, “Economic inequality is largely driven a combination of desperate poverty and legitimate by the unequal ownership of capital, which can be fear for the personal safety of one’s self and family, either privately or publicly owned” (p. 14). Over the have produced massive dislocation of millions of past 50 years, public sector capital has remained people. This has created unrelenting problems of relatively constant while privately held income unresolved social and financial costs and led to and wealth resources have doubled and tripled, complex issues of managing societal assimilation reflecting declining government revenue resulting of migrants coming from very different cultures. from declining tax rates, growing private sector Perhaps more significant, the political controversy deregulation and increasing privatization of societal created appears to threaten the very fabric of society. resources. These not only lessen government’s capacity to address fundamental societal issues, Adding to this ever growing array of societal including inequality, but also have serious problems is the disarray into which long established consequences for the future of the middle class and international relationships seem to be falling. middle-class economic consumption, the most Relationships among regions and within countries important driver of a successful economy and long- are becoming increasingly difficult to sustain. Issues term economic productivity. once commanding a high degree of consensus now seem problematic at best and increasingly the Research on the sustaining of democratic source of growing confrontation. Whether the issue institutions. is defense spending, agricultural policy or energy The 20th century witnessed major movements consumption, old conflicts remain and new ones are toward democratization. Between 1950 and emerging. 2000, the number of governments around the world characterized as reasonably democratic Research addressing dramatic growth of doubled from approximately 50 to 100. inequality throughout the world. However, democratization is neither simple nor Underlying many societal problems is the dramatic straightforward. Nor is it adequately assessed by and potentially catastrophic growth of income tallying up institutional rearrangements at two inequality, both within countries and among different points in time and doing a mechanistic them. Even in Europe, where income inequality is assessment of changes in them. Democracy is and less severe than other major parts of the world, it will always be a work in progress. As the past decade is becoming more significant. In 1980, the top 10 has demonstrated, liberal democracy is not the percent of all European income earners received inevitable outcome of society’s march forward. At approximately 33 percent of all earned income. 2016 the least, there will be steps forward and backward data, compiled by the World Inequality Laboratory, in democratic and non-democratic countries. indicated that the top 10 percent now receives 37 percent. The 2016 figures were 41 percent of all In addition, democracy is a far more fragile income for the top 10 percent of income earners in reality than frequently recognized. This fragility is China, 46 percent in Russia, 47 percent in the United significantly enhanced by the fact that democratic States and Canada, 54 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, governance is never simple, often unpretty and 55 percent in Brazil and India and 61 percent in the sometimes ineffective. As Winston Churchill Middle East. supposedly commented about democracy in the United States, government will always come up Given the disparity in income distribution among with an appropriate solution to any problem, but national populations, the disparity in wealth only after it has tried all other alternatives that have distribution is even greater. In countries as diverse failed miserably. Whether this statement is true or as the United States and Russia, the top one percent apocryphal, it is all too often accurate. This reality of the population controls close to 50 percent of the seems to increasingly encourage the growth of anti- country’s wealth. The reasons for worldwide growth democratic attitudes, both in the United States and in inequality are complicated, involving many
FALL 2018 53 many other countries throughout Europe and the References rest of the world. Alvaredo, Chancel, Piketty, Saez and Zucman, ((2018) “World Inequality Report 2018” World Public administrators and research scholars— Inequality Lab individuals committed to promoting good governance—have a great responsibility to be Brownlow, L., (1941) “A General View” Public the protectors of, explainers of and advocates for Administration Review, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 101-105 sustaining and enhancing the democratic character of the countries in which they work. Committed Flemming, A.S., (1940) “Emergency Aspects of Civil to the highest standards of governmental integrity Service” Public Administration Review, Vol. 1 No. 1, and administration, they bear a large burden in pp. 25-31 providing society with information and guidance Goodsell, C.T., (1986) “Charles A. Beard, Prophet on the public services that individual citizens seek for Public Administration” Public Administration and need from government. In so doing, they can Review, Vol. 46 No. 2, pp. 105-107 support and significantly enhance democratic governance. Hacker, J. and Pierson, P., (2016) American Amnesia, How the War on Government led us to Forget What Conclusion Made America Prosper. New York. Historians and political scientists suggest that much of the world goes through periods when a particular Harris, J.P., (1940) “The Emergency National Defense ideology or approach to governing tends to be Organization” Public Administration Review, Vol. 1 dominant; then, major, often unanticipated events No. 1, pp. 1-24 bring significant changes in prevailing attitudes Kagan, R., (2008) “The Return of History and the End and philosophies. Beginning in the 1980s, societies of Dreams” New York: Random House. witnessed an era when the dominant ethos focused on minimizing government and encouraging various Kauzya, J. and Rosenbaum, A., (2006) Excellence forms of “governance” that delegated important and Leadership in the Public Sector: The Role of responsibilities to the private and nonprofit sectors. Education and Training; New York, United Nations There, government assumed the role of a mere partner that joined with the private sector and Mazzucato, M., (2015) The Entrepreneurial State: civil society to guide development of the broader Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. 2nd community. The financial crisis one decade ago Revised ed. Anthem Press seemed to usher in a new era. The 2016 U.S. election, Merriam, C.E., (1941) “The National Resources and elections with similar outcomes in other parts of Planning Board” Public Administration Review, Vol. the world, have seemed to suggest otherwise. 1 No. 2, pp. 116-121 When they arise, new eras present new challenges Miles, R.E, Jr. (1967) “The Case for a Federal that place new demands on the institutions Department of Education” Public Administration preparing people to manage the governments that Review, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 1-9 will shape the changing times. However, it often seems that public administration scholarship has Pollitt, C., (2017) “Public administration research ignored many of these challenges, despite the since 1980: slipping away from the real world?” fact that many of the issues are familiar to those International Journal of Public Sector Management, concerned with building an effective and vibrant Vol. 30 Issue: 6-7, pp.555-565 public sector and involved in educating the next generation of public administrators. Whether Roberts, Alasdair, (2013) Large Forces: What’s new or old, these challenges require a renewed Missing in Public Administration, CreateSpace attention to the focus of their research by the public Independent Publishing Platform administration scholarly community. Sundquist, J.L., (1979) “Jimmy Carter as Public Allan Rosenbaum is director of the Institute for Public Administrator: An Appraisal at Mid-Term” Public Management and Community Service at Florida Administration Review, Vol. 39 No. 1, pp. 3-11 International University and past president of the American Society of Public Administration and the APPLYING SCHOLARSHIP APPLYING International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration. A member and vice chairperson of the United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration from 2014-2018, he can be reached at [email protected].
54 FALL 2018 QUALITY PROGRAMS
The UCF School of Public Administration is now home to three accredited graduate programs. Our Master of Nonprofit Management is the first in the world to be accredited by NASPAA while our Master of Public Administration celebrates 20 years of NASPAA accreditation. Our Master of Science in Urban and Regional Planning is accredited by the Planning Accreditation Board.
We also offer the following programs:
• B.A./B.S. in Public Administration • B.A./B.S. in Nonprofit Management • B.A./B.S. in Emergency Management • Master of Research Administration • Master of Emergency and Crisis Management
To learn more, visit ccie.ucf.edu/SPA. SOCIETY NEWS Paul Posner of Honoring theLegacy Accountability Office (GAO), where his career for strategic issues at thenow-U.S. Government to joining Mason,Prior Paul was managing director program. of theObama administration’s stimulus economic Regan,Pris provides the first definitive examination authored Mason with colleagues Tim Conlan and Paul’s recent Under Governing book, Stress , co- budgeting, voter identification insecurity. andfood concentrated onfederalism, fiscal austerity, national local levels andinthenonprofitsector. His research challenges to governance at thefederal, state and which addresseson thePublic Service, emerging today. He was also founding director oftheCenters ranking inthefield toward the top, where it remains careers elevating inthe21st century, its service to better prepare graduate students forpublic University. He refashioned theprogram’s curriculum Public Administration program Mason at George andGovernment’s ofPolicy School Master of Paul was professor anddirector oftheSchar missed.” be he will and anextraordinarily dedicated and public servant, administration has to offer. He was a steadfast friend Ihavepeople ever known andoneofthebest public Janice Lachance wrote, “He was oneofthebest members that Paul had away, passed then-President practicing inthefield. In herannouncement to ASPA to fully integrate teaching andresearch those with by such individualsasWoodrow Wilson whoaspired administration were andpolitical science founded Paul maintained that thefieldsof public to thechallenge.”rise hard. thegoingtough, When gets itisour business to profession notbecause itiseasy but because itis renowned scholar. He oncestated, “We enter our hewas amentor,a bureaucrat; astatesman anda Paulconcept ofpublic service. was more than just but hisdistinguished career epitomized the Not only didPaul’s lifetouch countless individuals, held inthehighest regard. and dignity are qualitiesthat Paul and possessed individual.Respect, acherished decency was truly His lifechanged thefaceofpublic administration; he awaypassed andmany continue hisabsence. to feel It has more been than oneyear since Paul Posner By Tonya Neaves 56 them. as amentor to many of often served service—and individuals who, like him, had apassion forpublic He surrounded highly motivated with himself no matter thestage ofone’s professional path. could makeHe everyone adifference, believed countless students’ andnewprofessionals’ lives. itcannot showlegacy, you how heimpacted deeply thissynopsisWhile provides at look Paul’s abrief andCameroon,Georgia to name just afew. public management—Belgium andtheRepublics of participated to advance thecore competencies of forget themany international inwhich he trips show, “Ballers.”and hisfavorite TV not usalso Let Redskins, drawing parallels football games between He was also enthusiastic about theWashington kind ofcamping onecan gear imagine.and every vehicle was packed tightly abicycle, kayak with and typically found it. Anavid outdoorsman, his for living lifeto thefullest. He lookedforadventure What you may notknow about Paul was hispassion faculty member Timothy Conlan. presentedService, by panelist andSchar School Achievement Award forDistinguished Public Staatsbestowing himtheElmer upon Lifetime panel, ASPA honored Paul’s by legacy posthumously Reflections on Much: L. Posner.”Paul the During presidential panel inPaul’s “He Gave honor: Us So During ASPA’s 2018Annual Conference, Ihosteda chair in2016. ASPA president from 2010-2011andNAPA’s board Two ofhismost significant as wereroles serving National Academy ofPublic Administration (NAPA). ASPAboth andthe contributing to the profession, was involved in management. He and policy fiscal intergovernmental federal budget and GAO’s work onthe responsible forthe There, he was than 30years. spanned more continued onpage59 FALL 2018 SOCIETY NEWS
INNOVATION AND FLEXIBILITY: Tailoring Public Administration Programs to Adult Learners By Genea Stephens
Public administration covers a broad range of the field professions and employers throughout all levels of of public government. Public leaders of today and tomorrow admini- must have a multi-disciplinary foundation to stration. prepare them for the variety of challenges they will With a small face, serving a broad range of stakeholders and core of full- harnessing limited resources to solve complicated time faculty political, social and economic challenges. According overseeing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational curriculum, Outlook, public administration jobs will continue to we rely on grow over the next decade. part-time faculty, professionals working in the field, who can share day-to-day experiences with students Students should carefully evaluate every aspect of and also have academic qualifications. Nearly half of their school and program choices. That said, two Ashford’s part-time faculty hold terminal degrees. major criteria—curriculum and faculty—warrant particular attention. Student feedback is a great way to measure how effectively curriculum and faculty are performing. Relative and Practical Curriculum Here are just a few of the things Ashford students A strong public administration degree program said in end-of-course surveys: should offer a variety of multi-disciplinary courses that incorporate less tangible aspects of • I would highly recommend this exceptional public service, like values and ethics. According professor…he brings much knowledge, expertise to NASPAA’s accreditation standards, this means and experience into the classroom to students. This preparing students to serve professionally “with helps bring into focus the material in the book and competence, efficiency and objectivity; acting research into real world thinking and scenarios ethically…to uphold the public trust.” which enhances the learning process.
Strong critical thinking, problem solving and • This class is outstanding for professionals working communications skills are key to developing an in the public sector. ability to gather and analyze information to make • Professor made this class engaging and provided thoughtful, informed decisions. For example, quality feedback on discussion response and Ashford University’s multi-disciplinary, liberal assignment feedback. What I thought would be a arts public administration bachelor’s and master’s daunting course turned out to be one that I will degrees are designed to help students develop this utilize often. multi-faceted view of the world, one where students see beyond one perspective. NASPAA’s standards Genea Stephens is public administration program indicate “students should be able to apply their chair at Ashford University, an open-access knowledge, understanding and problem-solving institution and is regionally accredited by the Western abilities in new or unfamiliar environments…or Association of Schools and Colleges Senior College multi-disciplinary contexts related to public affairs, and University Commission. Its online learning administration and policy.” environment and courses in the program are designed for adult learners with a focus on connecting theory Consummate Faculty and practice to develop marketable knowledge, The quality of faculty involved in delivering skills and abilities. Its online classes are offered in curriculum to students is equally critical. At accelerated five-week undergraduate courses and six- Ashford, it is important for instructors to go beyond week graduate courses that provide an accessible and the theoretical and connect students to practical innovative higher education experience. Stephens can applications of knowledge in real-world situations. be reached at [email protected]. Our professors are not only academically qualified, but also have hands-on experience working in
FALL 2018 57 SOCIETY NEWS Public Service Emotional Labor in both.” mistake. cannot decisions made be without Good but have totally overlooked theemotive. That isa havewe teaching been students about the cognitive regardless ofhow feel,” they Guy said. “For 100years, workers) have(Public service to appear composed have disharmony, thedissonance can incredible. be thecognitive andtheemotive.between we When “We doour best work have whenwe harmony cognitive aspect, but because oftheemotive. often leave They cope? jobs, their because not ofthe and how are they to doit?How expected do they mismatch what between are they to do expected exhausted. How facea whenthey feel dothey workersworkday finishthe public service feeling Conversely, theemotive component iswhat makes arethey doing somethingmeaningful. what about makes good theirwork, feel people that of thework. However, theemotive component is rarelysupervisors recognize itasasubstantive part Professional appraisals donottouch onitand typicallyjob ismissing from descriptions. job Guy explains that theemotive component ofa done.” the otherperson’s emotionsinorder thejob to get of one’s own emotions, asmanagement aswell of According to Guy, emotional labor is“management in regard to emotionally intense work demands. about emotional especially labor in public service, Denver ofPublicwidely School Affairs has written Professor MaryGuy oftheUniversity ofColorado to are thetools cope? they with notequipped how theirwork makes What themfeel? happens if situations onadaily basis. How with cope dothey inemotionally findthemselves tense public servants situationsothers whose often are dire at best. These make ittheirlife’s andadvocate for work to serve teachers,school officers, police workers—social individuals—first responders,workers, case public isnotforthefaint ofheart. Committed Public service By Toula Wellbrook 58 to manage theemotive component oftheirjobs. more mature workers typically are better equipped isanotherfactor.Experience Guy has found that Eastern andWesternappear between workers. donotactually subtleemotions they feel, differences burnout require whentheirjobs themto display authentic feelings. Because workers are at of risk cultures are masking less with comfortable their anddisplayfeel anoppositefeeling. Individualist that requires workers tohow disguise actually they having amask,” to “wear ofemotional aform labor culturesin collectivist tend less to be burdened by are nuanced differences among cultures: Workers correlated satisfaction. job with However, there the emotive component ispositively ofthejob of theemotive issimilar across cultures andthat She explainspublic that service. theexperience culturework in everyday the experience affects Currently, Guy researches thedegree to which Factors ThatImpactEmotionalLabor Guy said. faculty to helpour students learn how to manage it,” thatin public service, itisincumbent usas upon personal lives. “Thereso is much emotional intensity help students theirwork parse lives from their student rather than to thecurriculum, connected the endofsemester.goals, The personal to the care that goals plans with are they to achieve by Guy encourages also herstudents to develop self- emotional labor. them realize what already they dointhecontext of which out helpsto tease theemotive andmake discussions onwhat constitutes day agood at work, jobs. She engages mid-career students inclass understand andmanage emotional labor intheir her course content that so herstudents can learn to jobs.component Guy ofpublic has service adapted interest inknowing more about theemotive and Sharon Mastracci. She increasing now senses 10 years ago, co-authors with Meredith Newman it. She published onemotional her firstbook labor her students develop their own language around emotional labor,how to perform andhow to help being onanewfrontierGuy describes ofteaching Emotional Labor Preparing StudentstoCope with FALL 2018 Emotion means something extreme to many people—anger or jubilation—but it is more nuanced THE LEGACY OF PAUL POSNER than that. “It is the emotive component of the continued from page 56 job that contributes to job satisfaction,” Guy said. “We need to equip our students with the capacity Paul’s sense of humor, good counsel, leadership, and to perform it, just as we teach them to perform warmth continue to be missed. The Schar School cognitive labor. This can help them reduce its has established a scholarship fund in Paul’s name downside, which is burnout.” to award qualified MPA students with financial assistance. For more information or to make a Toula Wellbrook is the director of marketing and donation, visit http://advancement.gmu.edu/ communications for University of Colorado Denver posnerendowment. School of Public Affairs. Her career in the nonprofit and higher education sectors in the United States and Tonya Neaves is professor in the Schar School of United Kingdom spans nearly 20 years. She can be Policy and Government at George Mason University, reached at [email protected]. as well as director of its Centers for Public Service. She can be reached at [email protected].
ASPA ad / half horizontal page: 8 x 5.1 inches / August, 2018 Expand Your Career Options with a Cornell MPA
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FALL 2018 59 Cultivating the Next Generation By Robert Waters
The decision to commit to a career in public service a leadership role and working directly with people is one of the highest callings a human being can to improve their lives. Giving me greater flexibility undertake. In any organized society, the ability to in the job market will allow me to work in a field of order public life, distribute resources and determine interest where I will be able to make a difference. But, public priorities in a civic forum and civil manner is the biggest reason for pursuing the MPA was my own key to enabling economic and social development self fulfillment and because I am the first of many and progress. That is why it is my honor to serve as generations to get my master’s degree. Ever Upward! dean of the School of Graduate Studies at Excelsior College, overseeing the college’s MPA program. Craig Breverman, Current Excelsior College MPA student In an environment where public administrators As a senior enlisted member in the military, I chose often and conveniently are castigated and the value an MPA program because I wanted the graduate-level of public service diminished, the need for talented knowledge accustomed for senior federal government leaders in the nonprofit, government and social managers. Recognizing my specialty in the military enterprise sectors is more important than ever. as human resources generalist, the MPA fits perfectly Developing curriculum and hands-on activities with the work I am already doing. My courses align that prepare students for the public sector roles perfectly with work I do on a regular basis. Core subjects like Ethics and Public Administration and SOCIETY NEWS they will play is especially important for Excelsior’s MPA graduates. Many of our adult students are Theory have made me a better manager; others like first generation college students from populations Public Management in a Political Environment underrepresented in society. Approximately half of and Statistical Analysis for Decision Making have our students and alumni serve in the military or law prepared me to participate in senior management enforcement. They often are exploring their first or teams. next civilian role in which to serve. Since starting the program, I have responded to oil Those of us dedicated to public administration spills and hurricanes. Online courses allow me to are actively committed to cultivating the next “take the course with me” and complete the course generation of leaders, prepared to address a new set at my own pace. Looking to the future, I anticipate of challenges with the skills necessary for the task: the degree will give me a competitive edge when critical thinking and analysis, the ability to utilize applying for high profile government positions while technology to solve complex modern problems, in uniform and, when matched with my military the knowledge to manage and lead with agility experience, make me a strong candidate for executive and desire to support and build thriving stable positions in civilian government. communities. For these reasons, it is most valuable to hear from those in the “educational trenches.” Angelique Goliday, Excelsior College Faculty Gladys Rodriguez, MPA Excelsior College As a public administrator serving as an adjunct 2018 Graduate faculty member in the MPA Program, I most I started my bachelor’s degree at SUNY Broome in appreciate the college’s commitment to education as a 2014 and completed it at Excelsior in 2016. With public good. The school emphasizes the importance of online courses, I could work full time and take care academic rigor while showing a unique appreciation of my family. I tried the traditional model but that for meeting the needs of a very diverse student did not work for me. My most valuable experience population. The college embraces the fact that each at Excelsior was with the people. I chose the MPA student has unique abilities and talents and meets because it best aligned with my interests of pursuing his or her needs without compromising program
60 FALL 2018 integrity. In doing so, students obtain the skills and the experience they need to make an impact in their communities.
Excelsior students are equally committed to the college’s values. They participate from across the globe, some serving in the armed forces and making time to complete their degrees. The program is not a means to an end for them. Rather, they are passionate Master of Public Administration in about our service and roles as public administrators. Our learning environment is collaborative and the experience mutually beneficial. I can honestly say Environmental that I have grown as an educator and administrator during my tenure at Excelsior. The organizational values and mission are clear; the faculty, staff and Science and Policy students are committed to them. The only public policy program in the country to The teamwork required to run a successful MPA require basic applied environmental science so program cannot be understated. Given the mission that students can make science-based policy of public servants around the globe, we as educators and management decisions. aspire to excellence for our students, staff, faculty, organization and the public. We are grateful to ASPA January 15. and our public administration colleagues for their Fellowship Deadline continued support. To learn more, visit mpaenvironment.ei.columbia.edu Robert Waters is dean of the School of Graduate Studies at Excelsior College, before which he served as dean of Excelsior’s School of Public Service. From 2001-2012, he was associate vice president for academic affairs and special assistant to the president at the University of Maryland, College Park. Waters can be reached at [email protected].
FALL 2018 61 California State University, San Bernardino Department of Public Administration Committed to Ethical Public Service
Dr. Montgomery Van Wart Dr. Anna Ni Dr. Kimberly Collins Dr. Alexandru Roman Dr. Jonathan Anderson Arizona State University Syracuse University El Colegio de la Frontera Norte Florida Atlantic University Indiana University
Dr. Marc Fudge Dr. Anthony Silard Dr. Thomas McWeeney Dr. Sharon Pierce Rutgers University IESE Barcelona Georgetown University Cal State San Bernardino
jhbc.csusb.edu/mpa Training Today’s Leaders By Christopher Bosso
Today’s public sector leaders need skillsets and perspectives that go beyond longstanding competencies in organizational management, budgeting and strategic analysis. Daily and complex demands require that they understand the impacts of new technologies, such as Uber and Airbnb, on their communities, the tensions raised by ubiquitous and readily manipulatable social media, and the utility and limits of sophisticated data analytics and algorithms.
At the same time, these leaders must develop insights into how to foster more sustainable and resilient communities as they confront considerable technological, economic, social and ecological stresses. The programs in the School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs tap into Northeastern University’s deep well of expertise in network science, data analytics and visualization, urban informatics, urban sustainability and community resilience to meet the needs of today’s professionals as they confront challenges Speed your that go beyond traditional notions of administration and management. Faculty, staff and students pursue cutting-edge research in way to a an array of critical problems, from regional issues through the Boston Area Research Initiative (BARI) and the Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy, to the global, through the Social Impact Lab and Global Resilience resilient Institute (GRI).
A recent BARI study highlighted the unintended effects of an algorithm used in Boston’s school assignment system, career which in some ways served to reinforce, not counteract, longstanding geographic, racial and socioeconomic disparities. Through GRI, researchers assess urban food system access and resilience, seeking to pinpoint links in CREATE SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES the food supply chain whose failure would endanger the health of the most vulnerable. WITH OUR NATIONALLY ACCREDITED
The school pairs this knowledge with professional MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION competencies instilled in the classroom and sharpened through Northeastern’s internationally recognized commitment to experiential learning, from part- time internships to immersive cooperative education Develop your ability to address public problems through assignments with public, nonprofit and private sector applied interdisciplinary research, client-based institutions. One recent MPA graduate used her internship opportunities with Boston’s Department of Neighborhood practicum projects, internships, and Northeastern Development to manage projects designed to improve University’s cooperative education program. residential access to affordable housing. Her internships ultimately led to a full-time position with the department. Deepen your competencies in organizational leadership Other experiential opportunities reflect the realities of and management, budgeting, policy analysis, and norms team-based decisionmaking in today’s distributed work of ethics and accountability. environment. Student teams work on a range of projects for external clients, ranging from an evaluation plan for an area nonprofit working with low income youth to a capstone project to devise an economic development strategy for a small city emerging from decades of struggle. By graduation, a Northeastern MPA student is informed MORE INFORMATION by theory, deep in relevant competencies and rich with experience—and ready to serve the public good.
Christopher Bosso is professor and associate director of northeastern.edu/policyschool Northeastern University’s School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs. He can be reached at c.bosso@northeastern. edu. Learn more about the school’s programs and research portfolio at www.northeastern.edu/policyschool.
FALL 2018 SOCIETY NEWS Montjoy inPublic Administration Review’s special infrastructure. In otherwords, by aswritten Robert inability to adequately safeguard system election itwas to protect sworn democracy through its Today, thesystem ischallenged to safeguard the rights. Federalist nature andtheirdesire to upholdstates’ and theirpolicies, reflecting the Founders’ anti- decentralized electoral thestates system comprises tyranny.” definitionof the very The U.S.’ uniquely appointed, orelective, may justly pronounced be of one, afew,ormany, self- andwhetherhereditary, executive, inthesame hands, andjudiciary, whether wrote, “Theaccumulationpowers, ofall legislative, federalism. In theFederalist Papers, James Madison Dualmuch ofitaspossible inthehands ofthestates: Founders’ desire to limitfederal power andplace as The U.S. systemgovernance of the upon is based equipment online.election should connected notbe the interconnected nature why ofcyberspace—and decentralization intheConstitution and enshrined of theprinciple would showbetween aconflict and data protection procedures. The result initiatives,election system election protection analyzing therelationships among public policy, year’s mid-terms, public administrators should be Facebook pages attempting to interfere inthis in 2016andnewly discovered anddisclosed With documented Russian interference election infrastructure protection, cyberlawandcybercrime. as incritical aswell in general cybersecurity, not proactive. Today’s educated to be leaders need inpublicespecially administration, remains reactive, oflife, aspect is ingrained but policy, inevery theUnited Stateswithin andabroad. Cybersecurity to hacking andinterference forallsystems from difficult. Data grow exponentially asdoexposure of keeping thedata safe has ever more become “bad actors” are active incyberspace. The challenge andmorein thecloud skilled andonlocal servers are made available online, more data are stored More government-relatedcybersecurity. services or federal level, isnotimmune to thechallenges of Public administration, whetherat thelocal, state System Infrastructure Critical Declares U.S.Security Election ofHomelandDepartment By Tom Hyslip,JonathanLancelotandRosemariePelletier 64 of election tampering arises yet again. arises tampering of election them unable to agree standards. upon possibility The extreme state within legislatures partisanship render the decentralized nature oftheelectoral process and infrastructurecritical are and thenorm becoming In interference, anage ofelection cyberattacks on it rulemaking except authority area. inalimited the U.S. Assistance Commission Election but denied In 2002,theHelp Vote America Act (HAVA) created government guidance orassistance. infrastructure ofcritical piece federal without infrastructure, itisupto each state to protect this Absent anational standard forprotecting election for administration.” responsibleprimarily and townships) are (counties, cities local jurisdictions law,of election and architects the primary federal government, are “The states, notthe administration (2008), symposium onelection purchasing procedure…The second major task vendors, usually according to standard government “First, theequipment ispurchased from commercial Two events could have to thisdevelopment. led them.” with conducted systems that ofelections andtheintegrity were years, raising ofthose questions about thesecurity management systems over itsold ofsix aperiod remoteinstalled access software onelection SystemsElection andSoftware Company (ES&S) admitted inaletter to afederal lawmaker that “The nation’s top voting machine maker has July 2017: The first case, as on reported Motherboard.com in security. andnational policy administration, cybersecurity in governance, andforeign defense policy Two cases should invested concernthose Case Studies FALL 2018 consists of preparing a deploying the equipment for each election, a task that may require continuing vendor support.” The question: Who authorized adding remote access software and hardware, and what was the logic that led to the decision? Opening election management up to worldwide networks contains implications of multiple variables and dangers that are difficult to detect.
The second case is in the Commonwealth of Virginia. In June 2017, students in the Master of Science in Information Security and Assurance program (MSISA) at Norwich University, led by Program Director Rosemarie Pelletier and Academic Associate Program Director George Silowash, “attacked” two voting machines that had been purchased on ebay. They, along with MSISA Advisory Board members, decided that a “hack the vote” exercise would give students hands-on experience with Diebold voting machines and prove whether this type of machine could be hacked or tampered with. Within minutes of beginning the test, students discovered a sim card with personal identifying voter information from a precinct in the Commonwealth of Virginia. They immediately shut down the hack and gave the sim card to Pelletier, who called the Virginia Governor’s office and returned the card to Commonwealth officials. While not election tampering, this case shows how critical confidential voter information could have fallen into the wrong hands.
The probability of real or attempted election tampering, coupled with evidence of thousands of instances of malware launched to take over and hold computers hostage, mean that public administrators must be well educated in traditional fields of public administration and best practices in cybersecurity.
Thomas Hyslip is currently the resident agent in charge of the Department of Defense, Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS), Cyber Field Office, Eastern Resident Agency. He is currently an adjunct faculty member at Norwich University. He received his DS in information assurance from Capitol College. He can be reached at [email protected].
Jonathan Lancelot is currently a graduate scholar at Norwich University, a technical consultant at Apple, Inc., a freelance foreign policy advisor and political activist. He is a former staffer for U.S. Senator Bill Nelson of Florida and IT Advisor for Lockheed Martin and the Department of Defense. He can be reached at [email protected].
Rosemarie Pelletier is the director of Norwich University’s Master of Public Administration and Master of Science in Information Security and Assurance programs. She can be reached at [email protected].
FALL 2018 We Don’t Just Talk Politics. We Teach It. Working for a U.S. Congresswoman, Clarin Gniffke wanted to broaden her perspective on politics. At Regent University, she found more than exceptional online courses — she found confidence. “With core classes like American Political Thought, you realize issues in law, ethics, philosophy and worldview will come up again and again in your career. You gain a stance you can defend,” she says. If you’re looking how to analyze, communicate and solve problems let our expert faculty prepare you for the next step in your public service career.
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GSPIA: 60 Years of Preparing Local and Global Leaders By Katie Weidonboerner
As the University of Pittsburgh’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA) celebrates its 60th year, its programs continue to evolve to meet the needs of students and the communities they serve.
GSPIA remains firmly rooted in founding Dean Donald Stone’s vision to start a new and innovative professional school that would prepare leaders for every level of public service. His vision has built a network of more than 8,000 graduates, effecting change worldwide.
This year, GSPIA was one of only four policy schools Medal of Freedom recipient and Pitt alumna and the only public university to be ranked in Frances Hesselbein led to the Frances Hesselbein the top 20 by U.S. News & World Report in both Leadership Forum at the school’s Johnson Institute International/Global Policy and Administration for Responsible Leadership. The collaboration has and Local Governance Management. GSPIA also brought three primary areas of focus: developing is ranked #1 among public university schools leaders of character and competence; providing and #7 overall in the specialization that reflects dynamic global mentorship, training and service its major focus, International/Global Policy and opportunities; and engaging, informing and Administration. enhancing the leadership journey of generations of leaders from around the world. For six decades, GSPIA has created a legacy that inspires changemakers to make public institutions At its core, GSPIA stands firm in the principles on better, create a higher quality of government which it was founded. It is a leader in education and promote social responsibility throughout and a pioneer in research, one of the world’s most the world. Its faculty have penned a new school comprehensive schools of public service, with a mission statement to set a clear path for the school’s local-to-global character and more than one dozen future, outlining a goal to prepare students to different programs of study. It offers master’s degrees make significant contributions to society though in public administration, public and international quality teaching, rigorous research and service to affairs and international development; a mid-career communities—at the highest standards of ethical master’s degree in public policy and management and professional conduct—domestically and (available online or on-campus); and a Ph.D. in around the world. GSPIA also has revamped and public and international affairs. And, its 48-credit modernized its core curriculum, allowing students MPA program, training students for leadership roles more freedom to personalize their education. at all levels of public service, is designed to advance the core value of social equity fundamental to GSPIA also welcomes three new faculty members today’s public management. this year: Gary Hollibaugh, Daniel B. Jones and Erica Owens. Hollibaugh and Jones will serve primarily in Katie Weidenboerner Deppen is the director of the MPA program. communications for the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs In addition, GSPIA has enhanced its leadership (GSPIA). A graduate of Sarah Lawrence College, programs, reaffirming its commitment to preparing Deppen has more than 10 years of experience in the ethical and responsible leaders. Historically, news industry. Before coming to GSPIA, she served it has offered a leadership course to two-year most recently as the assistant editor of the Courier degree students and now does so to its Master of Express and as a staff blogger for the PA Wilds. She Public Policy and Management (MPPM) online can be reached at [email protected]. students. Last year, a collaboration with Presidential
FALL 2018 67 SOCIETY NEWS and globally.” addressed to be need locally, regionally, nationally administration are important topics andpolicy that day,” onevery focus School said. “Public Gooden explored many oftheissues that at we theWilder lecture andattend thisglobal conference, which “It anhonor to deliver was thisprestigious truly countries attended. and public officials. Participants from more than 60 facilitates academics italso world; dialogue between practice ofpublic administration inallregions ofthe knowledge onthemain trends regarding and theory practice. It to promote seeks theexchange of management, governance, and public policy administration, administrative sciences, public international scientificevent on public focused June 25-29inTunis, Tunisia. TheIIAS Congress isan Administrative (IIAS),held Sciences of theInternational Institute of Braibant Lecture at the2018Congress womanand thefourth to deliver the fromthe firstperson the United States Wilder interim dean, became School Virginia CommonwealthUniversity ASPA Past President Susan Gooden, Sciences InstituteofAdministrative International Gooden Addresses 2018Congress of Members intheNews watergate/#/0. spokesman.com/stories/2013/jun/18/chronicling- onlineat http://www.Read thefullstory collection. isthemost extensivecollection inGonzaga’s Washington Post reporting ofthetime),this from across (beyond thecountry newsclips andstories notebooks with University this summer. Filling 84 to at theRare Gonzaga Library Book ofWatergatecollection news coverage Paul Blake donated his large NationalIV Council Representative J. ASPALongtime member andDistrict Library Watergate NewsCollectiontoRare Book National CouncilMemberDonates 68 each and every day to thebestofour ability.”each andevery our constituents efficientlyserving andeffectively a uniquegroup ofindividuals—all dedicated to members andcolleagues me. forhonoring We are Collo said. thank “I Mark andmy fellow association it, didnotexpect Iamhumbled,”I certainly Del by surprised thisaward was“I truly and,although decade. to theassociation formorehis tireless than service a Collo asthisyear’s Del selected honoree because of Mark of Montgomery County, prothonotary Levy, 72nd Annual Conference. Association President of Prothonotaries andClerks at ofCourts itsrecent honoredbeen by thePennsylvania State Association Berks County Jonathan Prothonotary Collo has Del of Courts Association ofProthonotaries andClerks Del ColloHonored byPennsylvaniaState Riverside County ofPomona, andthe City California. planner asacity in has also experience Oliver and Ph.D. from theUniversity of Texas at Arlington. from California State Polytechnic University Pomona New Rochelle inNew York. He received hisMPA was MPAOliver program director at of theCollege program. professional to those Prior affiliations, its Master ofPublic andAdministration Policy asprogram theuniversityjoined to serve director for ofNationalformerly University Louis inChicago, has that Malcolm Oliver, University announced California Lutheran Earlier thissummer, New MPA Director LutheranAnnouncesOliveras California FALL 2018 We lead the way in developing new models of governance by redefining ideas about public management and policy both in the classroom and in public institutions.
Leading academic programs Distinguished faculty
National Academy of Public Administration Fellows
US News & World Report, 2018 Barry Bozeman Stuart Bretschneider 6 Michael Crow Jonathan Koppell School of Public Affairs Karen Mossberger Local Government Thom Reilly #2 Management Homeland Security and Research Productivity in #3 Emergency Management Public Administration #4 Information Technology #6 US Public Management and #7 Leadership #15 Worldwide — ShanghaiRanking of World #10 Public Finance Universities, 2018 #9 Overall Recent PhD graduate — US News & World Report, 2018 job placements
Recruiting MPA students Gabel Taggart University of Wyoming, Political Science Marvin Andrews Fellowships in Urban Management Casey Boyd-Swan Kent State University, Two-year program starts each fall Department of Political Science (applications due March 15, 2019) Full tuition waivers Chul Hyun Park University of Arkansas, Paid internships Clinton School of Public Service • 1st year: Alliance for Innovation Hyunjung Ji • 2nd year: local city government University of Alabama, Political Science spa.asu.edu/andrews WHAT IMPACT WILL YOU MAKE? BUILDING PUBLIC SERVICE LEADERSHIP IN HAWAII
PROGRAMS OFFERED Masters in Public Administration » Part-Time Plan » Full-Time Plan » Accelerated Plan Graduate Certificate » Nonprofit Management » Public Administration Evening classes available
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NASPAA 2018_colorv4.indd 1 9/4/18 3:06 PM RECRUITER UNC MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
POSITION TITLE: Instructional Faculty: Full or Associate Professor – rd Master of Public Administration Director START DATE: Fall 2019 2 SALARY: Commensurate with education and experience 3 SUMMARY OF POSITION: in city ways to earn The George Mason University’s Schar School of Policy and Government is an MPA seeking an innovative scholar, at the Full or Associate Professor level, to lead management the Master of Public Administration (MPA) Program starting no later than Fall by US News & World On campus and 2019. The School has a strong institutional commitment to the achievement of excellence and diversity among its faculty and staff, and strongly encour- Report “Best Graduate online (MPA@UNC) ages candidates to apply who will enrich Mason’s academic and culturally School Rankings” inclusive environment. The School offers both graduate and undergraduate programs in public administration, public policy, government, and a variety of specializations. Responsibilities: We seek an energetic individual to provide leadership, management and vision for the MPA program. The Director works closely with the Dean, Associate Deans, and other program Directors. Required Qualifications: Applicants should have an established academic 18 record with a Ph.D. in public administration, political science or related field. The candidate should be able to teach MPA core and elective classes with Faculty influencing the the expectation that the Director will be an active scholar while providing the future of public administration: public face of the program. Preferred Qualifications: Experience with NASPAA, ASPA or other Whitney Afonso Ricardo S. Morse professional organization(s) is desired. Senior management experience in the government, public or non-profit sector is preferred. We encourage faculty Maureen M. Berner C. Tyler Mulligan members to be active in seeking outside funding for a variety of research, service, and training areas; experience in generating funding support would Leisha DeHart-Davis Kimberly L. Nelson be a benefit. Margaret F. Henderson William C. Rivenbark The Schar School’s highly-ranked, NASPAA-accredited MPA program has Michele M. Hoyman Dale J. Roenigk over 250 students and 3000 graduates. The Schar School of Policy and Gov- ernment has over 80 faculty members representing a variety of disciplines. Jeffrey A. Hughes Carl W. Stenberg III The School hosts three Ph.D. programs (including Political Science, Public Willow S. Jacobson John B. Stephens Policy, and Biodefense), more than 10 Master’s degree programs (including MA in Political Science; Master’s of Public Policy, and Master’s of Public Kara A. Millonzi Charles A. Szypszak Administration), and two undergraduate degree programs (BA in Government and International Politics; BS in Public Administration). The School is housed Jonathan Q. Morgan Shannon H. Tufts on two campuses in Fairfax and Arlington, Virginia. The faculty of the school come from many academic backgrounds including political science, public policy, computer science, anthropology, economics, engineering, and others. More information can be found about the Schar School at https://schar.gmu.edu/. TO APPLY For full consideration completed applications must be received by October 1, 2018. Salary will be commensurate with education and experience. A complete application will include a letter of interest, a CV, and the names of three references; you must apply and submit all materials on the George Mason University website, https://jobs.gmu.edu. The position will remain open until filled. For full consideration, applicants must apply for position number F8613Z at http://jobs.gmu.edu/; complete and submit the online application; and upload a letter of interest, a CV, and the names of three references. MASON AD STATEMENT Mason is currently the largest and most diverse university in Virginia with students and faculty from all 50 states and over 135 countries studying in over 200 degree programs at campuses in Arlington, Fairfax and Prince William, as well as at learning locations across the commonwealth. Rooted in Mason’s diversity is a campus culture that is both rewarding and exciting, work that is mpa.unc.edu meaningful, and opportunities to both collaborate and create. 71 Educating the Next Generation of Leaders
DEGREES Master of Public Service Master of Master of International Executive Master of Public and Administration International A airs Policy Service and Administration (Online)
RESEARCH INSTITUTES, CENTERS, CERTIFICATE PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMS Advanced International A airs Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy Homeland Security Mosbacher Institute for Trade, Economics, and Public Policy Nonprofi t Management Scowcroft Institute of International A airs Public Management Center for Nonprofi ts and Philanthropy Women, Peace, and Security Program
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