JAPAN'S ENERGY 2019 10 questions for understanding the current energy situation 1 2 3 4 Energy Economic Security Efficiency Environment Safety How much How much energy How are electric What steps are being greenhouse gas can supply power rates taken to ensure a stable is being and independently? changing? emitted? safety? 5 6 7 Innovation and Renewable 3E+S Energy Efficiency Energy What is the Are programs being Is progress being government’s basic implemented for research made in introducing & development and renewable sources energy policy? energy efficiency? of energy? 8 9 Reconstruction Nuclear of Fukushima Power How is the progress of the Is reconstruction of generation Fukushima? necessary? 10 Mineral Resources What kinds of mineral resources are used?

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Use this QR code to view the article. 1. Changes in Energy Self-Sufficiency Ratio

How日本は、国内の資源でどのくらいエネルギーを自給できていますか？ much energy can Japan supply independently from domestic Q resources? A In 2017, Japan’s self-sufficiency ratio was 9.6% -- lower than other OECD countries. Comparisons of primary energy self-sufficiency ratios among major Renewal geothermal, How much is energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan? 主要国の一次エネルギー自給率比較(2017年)nations (2017) enerugy （水力除く地熱、風力、太陽光など）( wind, solar, etc. ) 792.6% Hydoro electric 306.0% Nuclear 173.9% Power Crude oil 92.6% 68.2% 52.8% 36.9% 26.7% 16.9% 9.6% 5.3% No.1位 1 No.2位 2 No.3位 3 No.5位 5 No.11位 11 No.18位 18 No.22位 22 No.28位 28 No.33位 33 No.34位 34 No.35位 35 ノルウェーNorway オーストラリアAustralia Canadaカナダ アメリカUSA イギリスUK フランスFrance Germanyドイツ スペインSpain South韓国 Korea Japan日本 Luxembourgルクセンブルグ

出典：IEASource: 「World 2017 estimates Energy fromBalances IEA “World2018」の2017年推計値、 Energy Balances日本のみ資源エネルギー庁「総合エネルギー統計」の2017年度確報値。 2018”. For Japan only, FY 2017 figures are from “Comprehensive※表内の順位はOECD35カ国中の順位 energy statistics of Japan”, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. ＊ The ranks in the table are those of the 35 OECD member countries.

我が国のエネルギー自給率Energy self-sufficiency ratio in 2010年2010 Self-sufficiency Japan 自給率ratio 20.3％

22 011年 011 Self-sufficiency 2017年2017 自給率ratio 2016年2016 Self-sufficiency Self-sufficiency 自給率ratio ％ 2012 2015年2015 自給率ratio 11. 6 2012年 2013 2014 Self-sufficiency ％ Self-sufficiency Self-sufficiency2013年 2014年 自給率ratio ％ ％ 自給率ratio Self-sufficiency ％ 自給率ratio 自給率ratio 8.2 9.6 ％ ％ ％ ％ ％ ％ 7.4 6.7 6.6 ％ 6.4 ％ 7.4

Primary energy sources：Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, solar power, wind power, and other energy in their original forms. Energy self-sufficiency ratio：Of the primary energy sources required for daily life and economic activity, this is the ratio that can be secured within one's own country. Q 日本はどのようなエネルギーを利用していますか？What sources of energy does Japan depend on? 海外から輸入される石油・石炭・天然ガス(LNG)など化石燃料に大きく依存しています。Japan is largely dependent on oil, coal, natural gas (LNG), and other fossil fuels that are imported from overseas. Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan’s dependence on fossil fuels increased and A 東日本大震災以降、化石燃料への依存度は高まっており、2017年度は87.4%です。was 87.4% in 2017. Trends in mix of primary energy supply in Japan 日本の一次エネルギー供給構成の推移 (＊) Hydro electric Renewable energy (＊) Nuclear power 4.4% Renewable energy (＊) Hydro electric 7.6% Hydro electric 4.4% 0.6% 1.0% 3.5% 3.3% Nuclear power1.4% LNG 1.6% Coal Coal Coal 16.9% Nuclear power 22.7% 25.1% 11.2% FY 1973 FY 2010 LNG FY 2017 (year of 1st oil crisis) (before Great East Japan 23.4% LNG (most recent year) domestic supply of Earthquake) domestic supply of primary energy 18.2% domestic supply of primary energy primary energy

Oil 75.5% Oil 40.3% Oil 39.0%

Dependency on Dependency on Dependency on ％ ％ ％ fossil fuels 94.0 fossil fuels 81.2 fossil fuels 87.4 Source: “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy ＊ The total may not be 100% due to rounding. ＊ Renewable energy here includes unused energy (, wind power, solar power, and others, however, hydroelectric power is excluded). 1 Resource Procurement Status Q What countries does Japan import fossil fuels from? Japan depends on the Middle East for around 88% of its crude oil imports. For LNG and coal, although dependence on the Middle East is low, Japan still relies on imports from Asia and other A overseas sources. Sources of Japanese imports (2018) ■From Middle East■From Asia-Oceania■From ■From North and Central America■From Nigeria■Others

Others Columbia0.6％ Others Mexico1.1％ Nigeria1.9％ Others 5.0％ 2.1％ Canada1.7％ 0.2％ USA1.7％ Approx. 88% USA3.0％ USA2.8％ Russia4.8％

Oman1.7％ Russia Russia Iraq 1.8％ 8.1％ 0.6％ 10.7％ Oman3.7％ Iran4.3％ 34.6％ 2018 Saudi Arabia 2018 2018 total Japanese 38.6％ UAE total Japanese LNG total Japanese Kuwait 6.0％ 11. 8 ％ 7.7％ imports of crude oil (natural gas) imports coal imports Approx. Approx. Approx. 1.1 billion barrels Qatar 82.85 million tons 113.55 million tons ％ 12.0 ％ 7.9 Australia 71.6％ Papua New Guinea UAE 3.8％ Indonesia 13.6％ 25.4％ 6.2％ 5.0％

Dependence on Dependence on Dependence on ％ ％ ％ imported Crude oil 99.7 imported LNG 97.5 imported Coal 99.3

Source: “Trade statistics of Japan”, Ministry of Finance (Dependence on overseas sources is from “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”.)

Efforts to secure a stable supply of resources：Japan is strengthening its relationships with the Middle East countries that are its main sources of crude oil. Aiming to increase the amount of LNG in the market, which is low compared to crude oil, Japan is also diversifying its supply sources, and working for further acquisition of resource rights and interests.

Column: Global crude oil trade and growing tensions in the Middle East

Global crude oil shipping routes and choke points (2016) Oil stockpiling (number of days) of IEA member countries (2019) Denmark 789 Strait of Hormuz USA 713 Netherlands 402 Strait of Malacca UK 272 Sweden 224 Finland 216 Japan 187 Italy 137 Units: Millions単位：百万B/D barrels/day 122

Iraq Iran 111 Strait of Spain 107 Kuwait Hormuz Persian Gulf Australlia 59

Qatar Gulf of Oman 0 200 400 600 800 （number of days） Saudi Arabia United Arab Source: IEA Emirates ＊ Numbers of days are calculated based on IEA standards. Oman When calculated based on IEA standards, Japan’s number of Red Sea days is approximately 20% less than stipulated in the standards of the Oil Stockpiling Act. (Japan maintains a 提供：ISNA/AP/アフロ stockpile of 232 days when calculated based on the The Strait of Hormuz is an important shipping route. It is the largest single route for standards in the Oil Stockpiling Act.) the transport of crude oil in the world, however, it is susceptible to the effects of Oil is stockpiled in case it suddenly becomes Middle East tensions. difficult to obtain a supply of crude oil due to a An oil tanker flying a Japanese flag was attacked in June 2019. destabilized political situation in the Middle East. Crude oil choke points：These are key locations where large numbers of oil tankers pass through from countries all over the world pass through. In the event that one of these points becomes impassable, global oil prices are expected to skyrocket.

2 2. Economic Efficiency Changes in Electric Power Rates Q How are electric power rates changing? Electric power rates have been rising since the Great East Japan Earthquake. Rates declined from A FY 2014 to 2016 as a result of falling oil prices, but it is rising again. Changes in average electric power rates

（Yen/kWh） Crude oil CIF price（Yen/kl） 26 80,000 25.5 25.0 24.3 24.2 24 23.7 Around 25% increase 22.3 22.4 Homes 60,000 22 Around 23% 21.3 increase 20.4 20 Crude oil 18.9 CIF price 40,000 18 17.5 17.7 17.3 16.6 16 15.7 15.6 Industries 20,000 Around 38% increase 14.6 Around 27% 14 13.7 increase

12 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018（FY）

Source: Created based on monthly reports of generated and received electric power, and financial materials, of electric power companies. Crude oil CIF price：Transaction price consisting of the import price plus related costs such as transport cost and insurance cost.

Changes in electric power rates Changes in the mix of power sources (supply) in Japan

(billion kWh) March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake ■Hydro electric ■Renewable 1,200 (except hydroelectric) ■Nuclear 7.3% 106.05 ■Oil, etc. 2.2% ■LNG thermal Compared with FY 2010 before the earth- 7.9% ■Coal quake, electric power rates in FY 2014 8.1% showed a large increase of around 25% 900 25.1% for homes and around 38% for industries. 3.1% Aiming to increase the energy 8.4% self-sufficiency ratio and create a mix of sources on fossil fuels Dependency of power power sources that is resistant to changes 8.6% in international oil prices, the is working to stabilize electricity 600 rates by various methods such as 39.8% promoting competition between business 29.0% operators through the full liberalization of the electricity retail market that was started in FY 2016, restarting nuclear 300 power generation once safety has been ensured, and lowering the cost of 32.7% renewable energy in order to increase its 27.8% introduction. 80.9%

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017（FY） Source: “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

Global energy indicated by electric power rates Energy is an important element that supports the lives and economic activities of the Japanese people. Electric power rates are one indicator when measuring economic efficiency.

Reference：https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/3es_graph04.html Use this QR code to view the article. (Japanese only)

3 Factor1：Fuel prices

Fuel prices affect electric power rates and energy cost.

The past decline in crude oil prices and the current situation

International crude oil price WTI Japan imported LNG price /Coal CIF price Coal CIF price International crude oil price WTI (USD/barrel) Japan imported LNG price (USD/MMBTU) （Yen/1,000kcal） 120 Coal CIF price (right axis) (＊ Million British Thermal Units) 25 12 Arab Spring IEA Outlook Crude oil CIF price（Yen/kl） (New Policy Scenario) 100 10 2030： 96 USD/barrel 20 2040： 112 USD/barrel 61 USD/barrel The production reduction in December 2019 80 agreement by OPEC and 8 non-OPEC oil producers 15

60 6 US shale oil boom Decade since 2010: Since the start of the “Arab Spring”, crude 10 oil prices have hovered around 100 USD due to geopolitical 40 risks in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Subsequently the price has fallen due to sluggish demand, oversupply 4 caused by steady production of US shale oil, and other factors.

5 20 2

Source: Created based on NYMEX announced figures and IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 0 0 0

January 2010 January 2011 January 2012 January 2013 January 2014 January 2015 January 2016 January 2017 January 2018 January 2019 Source: Created based on NYMEX announced figures, IEA World Energy Outlook 2019, and average imported energy CIF prices (JPY).

Factor2:Cost of renewable energy

Thanks to the introduction of the Feed-In Tariff scheme (FIT) in 2012, the installed capacity of renewable energy systems is growing rapidly. On the other hand, the purchase costs have reached 3.6 trillion yen (approximately 33 billion USD), and the cost of the surcharge to ordinary households based on the average model (260 kWh/month) has risen to 767 yen/month.Japan is working to expand the cost-efficient introduction of renewable energy sources in order to maximize the use of renewable energy while also reducing the burden on the people.

Changes in installed capacity of renewable energy Changes in surcharges following introduction (excluding large-scale hydro electric power) of the FIT scheme Surcharge price Surcharge price

4 2.95 （10 kW） 2.90 Yen/kWh 7,000 Surcharge price Yen/kWh ■Solar (Average model) (Average model) ■Wind 2.64 Yen/ Feed-in tariff scheme Surcharge price Yen/ month ■Hydro electric Yen/kWh month 767 6,000 754 ■Geothermal (Average model) 2.25 Yen/ ■ Average Yen/kWh FIT costs 686 month FIT costs annual growth (Average model) Around 3.6 5,000 Around Yen/ 3.1 trillion yen trillion yen ％ 585month FIT costs 22 Around 2.7 trillion yen 4,000 FIT costs Around 2.3 trillion yen Average Surcharge price 3,000 annual growth 0.75 ％ Yen/kWh 9 Surcharge Surcharge Surcharge 2,000 (Average model) Surcharge price Yen/ 0.22 195 month Surcharge Around Around Around 1,000 Yen/kWh 2.1 2.4 2.4 Around 900 Around trillion yen trillion yen trillion yen (Average model) billion yen Yen/ 1.8 57 month trillion yen 0 2010 2 011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Around 250 billion yen Around 650 （FY） billion yen Source: Created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy based on JPEA solar Around 130 batteries shipment statistics, NEDO wind power capacity/generation statistics, surveys for billion yen potential water power, current status and trends of geothermal power generation, and FY 2012 FY 2014 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 certification results from the RPS system/FIT.

Feed-In Tariff Scheme (FIT)： This is a system in which the electricity generated by renewable energy is purchased by electric power companies at a fixed rate for a certain period of time. The electric power companies collect the costs of purchasing this renewable energy by means of a surcharge that is paid by the electricity users. 4 3. Environment Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Q How much greenhouse gas is being emitted in Japan? The amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Japan increased after the Great East Japan Earthquake. However, in FY 2017, emissions dropped to 1.29 billion tons. Japan must continue efforts at reducing A emissions. Changes in Japan’s greenhouse gas emissions

FY 2013 FY 2017 FY 2015 FY 2010 1,410 (million t-CO₂) 1,324 1,291 1,305 Greenhouse gas 1,400 emissions 175 other than CO₂ from 1,200 168 177 181 energy sources 1,000

Other than CO₂ emissions 800 electric power from energy 682 662 628 617 sources +37million 600 t-CO₂ 86.0% 1,11０ 400 (million t-CO₂) Amount due to electric 200 455 573 519 493 power

0 FY 2010 March 2011 FY 2013 FY 2015 FY 2017 Great East Japan Earthquake Source: Created based on “Comprehensive energy statistics”, "environmental action plans (FEPC)", and "calculation results for the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Japan (Ministry of the Environment)" Greenhouse gases：There are 6 main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogen oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.

Column - Outlook for global CO₂ emissions

Global CO₂ emissions are continuing to increase.The increase is particularly large in the rapidly-growing Asia region. Energy transition and decarbonization in Asia and other regions will be important.

Changes in global CO₂ emissions Outlook for CO₂ emissions 8 CO₂ emissions（10 tons） CO₂ emissions（108 tons） ■Others 400 ■South Korea Stated Policies Scenario 350 ■Brazil ■ Effficiency 322.6 323.1 ■China 300 ■Russia 303.7 300 ■Japan Renewable ■Italy 200 Fuel ■France 269.8 102.9 104.9 Switching ■Germany Nuclear 250 ■UK 97.2 CCUS ■ 230.3 100 Others ■USA 87.9 Sasutinable Development Scinario 5.7 5.9 203.4 5.3 4.5 4.2 200 3.7 20.3 20.8 75.5 15.9 2000 2018 2050（FY） 4.4 67.9 10.8 3.2 Stated Policies Scenario… 4.0 Scenario incorporating the policies and plans presently 150 announced by each country. Even if the targets are 3.0 91.4 90.6 2.1 8.9 78.9 achieved, CO₂ emissions in 2050 are expected to reach 1.9 55.1 35 billion tons. 5.3 31.4 JAPAN 21.5 Sustainable Development Scenario… 100 13.4 13.7 Scenario in which the Paris Agreement goals including 20.4 14.1 limiting global warming to 1.5°C are achieved. Analysis 11.4 4.2 11.8 4.5 3.9 14.3 3.3 14.4 3.6 3.7 11.1 3.4 shows that in order to eliminate the gap between the 10.4 3.7 11.5 2.9 11.5 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.2 “ideal” of reducing CO₂ emissions to the level 3.4 9.4 5.3 5.4 4.8 4.0 3.3 prescribed in the Paris Agreement (Sustainable 2.9 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.4 Development Scenario) and the “reality” indicated by 50 4.1 7.3 3.7 the Stated Policies Scenario, implementation of all 5.4 including far-reaching 47.8 56.7 56.1 52.5 49.2 48.3 options will be required programs for energy efficiency, introduction of renewable energy, reducing the use of fossil fuels, 0 utilizing nuclear power, and CCUS (carbon capture, 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016（FY） utilization, and storage). Source：“Handbook of Japan's & World Energy & Economic Statistics 2019”, The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan ＊ The total values may not match due to rounding. Source：“World Energy Outlook 2019”, IEA

5 Global Warming Countermeasures ～Paris Agreement～

What is the Paris Agreement? Q The key points of the Paris Agreement (adopted November 2015) are the following. ・The agreement was adopted at COP21 as a new framework for reducing greenhouse gases in and after 2020 to replace the Kyoto Protocol. A ・All major emitting countries including developing countries, are obligated to take action. ・Efforts shall be made to limit global warming to 1.5°C, sufficiently below the level of +- 2°C compared to before the industrial revolution. ・All signatory countries should submit reduction targets every 5 years. ・All signatory countries should create and communicate their long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development strategy (Long-term Strategy). What is in Japan’s long-term low greenhouse gas emissions development Q strategy, titled “The Long-term Strategy under the Paris Agreement”? The key points of The Long-term Strategy under the Paris Agreement (submitted to the UN in June 2019) are the following. A ・Aim to accomplish a “decarbonized society”, carbon neutrality throughout the world as early as possible in the second half of this century. ・Aiming to realize a virtuous cycle of environment and growth, carry out the following: ①Promotion of Innovation, ②Promotion of Green Finance, and ③Business-led Promotion of International Application and International Cooperation.

Greenhouse gas reduction targets of major nations

Comparison to Comparison to Comparison to Japan reduction targets are in Country 1990 2005 2013 comparison with the 2013 level. USA Reduction targets are in comparison with the 2005 target level. EU targets are in comparison with the Japan ＊ ▲18.0% ▲25.4% ▲26.0% (by 2030) 1990 level. Reduction When the targets are all converted to target ▲26～28% USA ▲14～16% (by 2025) ▲18～21% comparison with 2013 levels, you can see that the target of Japan is high. Reduction target ▲40% EU (by 2030) ▲35% ▲24%

・ Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60 - 65% per unit of GDP by China 2030 compared with 2005 levels. ・ Reach peak greenhouse gas emissions in or around 2030.

・ Reduce emissions by 37% by 2030 compared to expected 2030 levels South ＊ Only Japan uses fiscal years Korea with no measures taken.

Status of greenhouse gas reduction in major nations Since FY 2014, Japan has reduced emissions for 5 consecutive years, and has already reduced emissions by approximately 12% compared to the reference level of FY 2013. This is the second largest reduction among G7 nations following the UK.

1.41billion tons 1.24billion tons 490million tons 450million tons Japan France （11.1tons/person） ▲11.8％ （9.8tons/person） （7.4tons/person） ▲9.3％ （6.7tons/person） Emissions Emissions Population Population Population Population 1.24billion tons 450million tons 127.45 million 126.53 million 人 66 million 66.99 million （9.8tons/person） （FY 2013） （2018 preliminary figure） （6.7tons/person） （FY 2013） （2018 preliminary figure）

570million tons 460million tons 940million tons 870million tons UK Germany （8.9tons/person） ▲19.3％ （6.9tons/person） （11.7tons/person） ▲8.1％ （10.5tons/person） Emissions Emissions Population Population Population Population million tons 870million tons 460 64.13 million 66.49 million 80.64 million 82.92 million （6.9tons/person） （FY 2013） （2018 preliminary figure）（10.5tons/person） （FY 2013） （2018 preliminary figure）

6.71billion tons 6.46billion tons 4.47billion ton 4.32billion ton USA （21.2tons/person） ▲3.8％ （19.7tons/person） EU （8.8tons/person） ▲3.4％ （8.4tons/person） Emissions Emissions 6.46billion tons Population Population 4.32billion tons Population Population 316.06 million 327.17 million 506.60 million 513.21 million （19.7tons/person） （FY 2013） （2018 preliminary figure） （8.4tons/person） （FY 2013） （2018 preliminary figure）

6 4. Safety Natural Disasters

What steps are being taken to ensure a stable energy supply and Q safety in the face of intensifying natural disasters?

Japan is constructing a disaster-resistant infrastructure and taking steps to ensure rapid recovery A following a disaster.

Damage to the electric power infrastructure caused by typhoons and torrential rains

Collapsed wind turbine Damaged floating solar power plant Collapsed power transmission tower in Awaji City, Hyogo Prefecture in Ichihara City, Chiba Prefecture in Kimitsu City, Chiba Prefecture （August 2018 typhoon） （September 2019 typhoon） （September 2019 typhoon）

Large-scale blackout caused by an earthquake Large-scale blackout in Hokkaido caused by Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake （September 2018） Following an earthquake in Hokkaido with a maximum seismic intensity of 7, Japan experienced its first-ever large-scale blackout affecting an entire region. The blackout resulted from a combination of factors, including stoppage of the No. 1, 2, and 4 generators at the Tomatouatsuma Power Station, and multiple hydro electric power generators that were forced offline by power transmission line accidents which affected 4 lines on 3 routes.

Hokkaido frequency Current in the Hokkaido/Honshu (Kita-Hon) Linkage Line

1.Tomatouatsuma Power Station generators No. 2 and 4 stop. 9. Power is restored to the Eastern area. 11. Thermal power output increases. 10. Frequency drops 14. Tomatouatsuma Power Station due to the increase generators No. 1 stops. in demand. ＊1 2. Receiving of Kita-Hon emergency power starts. 12. Tomatouatsuma Power 7. The load dispatching center Station generator No. 1 output drops. 3. Load instructs the hydro electric and 15. Load shut-off shut-off thermal power stations that were 13. Load shut-off occurs. occurs. occurs. stopped for balance to start up. 4. Wind Sequence of power stops. 16, 17-1, 17-2 ＊2 5. As a result of the transmission 8. The AFC function of the Kita-Hon Linkage Line 16. Thermal power line accidents, power supply to temporarily balances the frequency at 50 Hz. stations Shiriuchi No. 1,. the Eastern and Kitami areas Date No. 2, and stops. Hydro electric power Naie No. 1 stop. stops. 17-1. Hydro electric and 6. The frequency drop stops at other power generation Measurement not possible stop. 46.13 Hz and begins recovering. at or below 45 Hz. 17-2. Because all power supply Earthquake occurrence in the Hokkaido area had disappeared, 18. Blackout the Kita-Hon Linkage Line stopped transmitting power. ＊1: Includes estimates but regarded highly possible due to data available. ※1 データから考えて推測などを含むが可能性の高い事実として認められること。 ＊2: It is not certain at the present time, however this sequence of events is possible or at least cannot be ruled out. ※2 現時点で明らかではないが可能性のある又は否定出来ないこと。 Source: Created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy from the final report of the Verification Committee for the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake. Reference: https://www.occto.or.jp/iinkai/hokkaido_kensho/hokkaidokensho_saishuhoukoku.html

Damage caused by tsunami Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, which suffered a steam explosion due the effects of a tsunami following the Great East Japan Earthquake（March 2011）

Photo：Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Photo & Video Library 7 https://photo.tepco.co.jp Program1：Renovating the electrical power network

Action① Updating technical standards for the power grid and replacing aging equipment Numbers of power transmission towers constructed across Japan by year of construction

9,000（Towers） Approximately 60% were 8,000 constructed 36 or more years 7,000 ago (depreciation period).

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 （Year of construction） Source：Cross-regional Network Long-term Policy （Organization for Cross-regional Voltage： DC250 500kV 275kV 220kV 187kV 154kV 132kV 110kV 77kV 66kV Coordination of Transmission Operators, JAPAN, March 2017）

Action② Reinforcing interconnection lines, and promoting expanded grid areas and interchanges Status of interconnection lines construction Hokkaido Interconnection facilities between Hokkaido and Honshu: 600,000kW ⇒ 900,000kW（2019） （Further reinforcement（300,000 kW） is being studied.） Interconnection line between Tohoku and Tokyo: Tohoku Hokuriku 5.73million kW⇒10.28million kW （planned for 2027） Chugoku Kyushu Kansai Interconnection facilities between Chubu Kanto Tokyo and Chubu (50/60 Hz conversion): Shikoku 1.20million kW million kW Okinawa ⇒3.00 （planned for 2028）

Interconnection lines：This refers to power transmission lines, frequency converter, and AC/DC converters that connect the power grid equipment in the supply areas of neighboring power companies, allowing the exchange of power across area borders. Program2：Conforming to new regulatory requirements for higher levels of safety Safety measures conforming to new regulatory When nuclear power plants are restarted, the Nuclear Regulation requirements and their effects（examples） Authority requires conformance with new regulatory requirements. Accident prevention and response preparation measures are Countermeasures to ensure uninterrupted power supply being reinforced. Reduction in frequency of reactor core damage resulting from these measures＊ New regulatory requirements（July 2013）

Measures against intentional aircraft Anti-terrorism Approx. collisions Installation of air-cooled 1/19 measures emergency generators Measures against the proliferation of (newly introduced) radioactive materials Severe accident Earthquake countermeasures Measures against container damage measures (newly Measures against reactor core damage introduced) Conventional (in the case of multiple instruments regulatory requirements malfunctioning) Standards for prevention Preparedness for internal overflows Approx. (newly introduced) 1/3 of severe accidents Reinforcement of pipe systems (design standards) Preparedness for natural phenomena (Volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, and forest Strengthened fires have been newly introduced.) Preparedness for natural or newly Tsunami countermeasures phenomena Preparedness for fires introduced Preparedness for fires Reliability of power sources Reliability of power sources Approx. Performance of other Performance of other instruments 1/250 instruments Construction of seawalls Performance against Performance against eathquakes eathquakes and tsunami and tsunami Strengthened ＊ Results of probabilistic risk assessment（PRA）（internal PRA, earthquake PRA, tsunami PRA）in the No. 1 Safety Improvement Assessment Source: Documents of the Nuclear Regulation Authority Report of the Kansai Electric Power Company Takahama No. 3 Reactor （submitted January 10, 2018） 8 5. 3E+S Basic Policy Q What is the government’s basic energy policy? With the underlying premise that Safety is always the primary concern, programs are being carried out in order to simultaneously achieve improvement of Energy Security, Economic Efficiency, and Environmental A Suitability (3E+S). Japan is a country with very limited natural resources.There is no one source of energy that is superior in every way and in every circumstance. It is essential to create a multi-layer energy supply structure where each power source delivers its maximum strength and complements the weaknesses of the others.

Self-sufficiency rate Energy Energy Security（ ） Security Exceed the level from before the Great East Japan 3E+S Earthquake (approx. 20%). Approx. 25% (currently 9.6%)

Electricity cost Economic Economic Efficiency（ ） Safety Efficiency Reduce costs from their current level. (FY 2013 9.7 trillion yen FY 2030 9.5 trillion yen)

＊ When formulating the

Safety always Environment（Greenhouse gas emissions） comes first. Environment Achieve targets for reduction in greenhouse gases that are comparable to Western countries. (26% reduction from FY 2013 levels by FY 2030）

What will the future primary energy supply and mix of Q power sources look like? The figure below shows the ideal energy supply and demand structure (energy mix) for FY 2030 that will A be realized by measures based on the government’s basic energy policy.

Primary Energy Supply Mix of Power Sources (Total generated electric power) Geothermal 519 million kl (Total generated 1.0 to 1.1% electric power) Approx. Renewable energy Approx. 489 million kl 1.060 trillion kWh 1.065 trillion kWh Biomass 11% 3.7 to 4.6% Renewable energy Nuclear power 1% 13 to 14% Wind 1.7% Renewable energy Renewable energy 16% 22 to 24% Nuclear power Solor 7.0% Natural gas 23% 11 to 10% Nuclear power 3%

Nuclear power LPG 3% Natural gas 18% 22 to 20% Hydro electric 8.8 to 9.2% LPG 3% Natural gas 40% Coal 25%

Coal 25% Natural gas 27% Geothermal 0.2% Biomass 2.1% Wind 0.6% Solar 5.2% Coal 33% Hydro electric 7.9% Oil 36% Coal 26% Oil 30%

Oil 9% Oil 3%

FY 2017 FY 2030 FY 2017 FY 2030

9 Accomplishing a “decarbonized society” Q Is the accomplishment a “decarbonized society” possible? In order to accomplish a “decarbonized society”, Japan will explore every possible change to the energy A supply structure and promote innovations. Flow of energy choice Japan achieved economic growth through past policy choices to reduce dependence on coal and oil. The country is making steady progress towards achieving the target energy mix in 2030, decarbonization has become visible as a possible direction for 2050.

1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice 4th choice 5th choice Change from domestic 2 oil crises Liberalization and global Great East Japan 50 year targets of the coal to oil (1960s) (1970s) warming (1990s) Earthquake and 1F Paris Agreement - Dramatic decline in energy accident (from 2011) (from 2030) Dself-sufficiency - Soaring prices - Kyoto Protocol (adopted 1997) - Largest supply crisis - Participation of many nations Energy self-sufficiency Electricity rates (1970 = 100) - Issue of reducing CO₂ - Value of safety Agreement on ambitious 1960 1970 1970 1980 emissions - Emergence of renewable targets → → energy as a choice - Structural innovations in 58% 15% 100 203 technologies, industries, and ＊Consumer price index systems

From1960 From 1970 From 1990 From 2011 From 2030 Shift away from coal Shift away from oil Shift away from carbon (domestic coal, oil) (Oil crises → Soaring oil prices) (Uncertainty in oil prices, global warming)

Innovations aimed at realizing decarbonization In order to accomplish a “decarbonized society” as early as possible in the second half of this century, it will be necessary to realize a virtuous cycle of environment and growth through disruptive innovation. We must gather wisdom of the world and move forward while exploring all possible options such as hydrogen, carbon recycling, renew- able energy, batteries, and nuclear power.

Main elements Decarbonization oriented future

Transport Vehicles, systems Electrification, autonomous driving, materials (210 million tons) Fuel Electricity, hydrogen, bio fuels Innovations

Industry Processes CCUS, hydrogen reduction, smarter use of energy (300 million tons) Products Non-fossil energy materials

Consumers Heat sources Electricity, hydrogen, others (120 million tons) Devices Expanding IoT for devices, M2M control Thermal power CCUS, hydrogen power generation, others Electric power Nuclear power Next-generation nuclear reactors (490 million tons) Renewable energy Electricity storage × System innovations

＊ Figures in parentheses are 2017 emissions ＊ CCUS: Carbon dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage Source: Created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. Actions for both the medium and long term Large-scale reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through innovation and international collaboration will be essential for energy transition and decarbonization.

Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions（-80%） （-26% from FY 2013） Innovation is key. 1,110 million t 930 million t 200～300 million t Emissions not related to electric power generation Heat Far-reaching programs for energy ● Utilizing carbon as a resource through (businesses, homes) Heat the cCarbon dioxide Capture, Utilization (businesses, homes) efficiency in each sector 120 and Storage (CCUS) 90 ● Decarbonized power and heat with carbon-free hydrogen Industry 300 Industry ● Contributing to reductions in glo- 330 bal emissions through overseas, private-sector-led initiatives Global hydrogen alliance Global deployment of low- Transport carbon products and services 210 Transport 150 Electric power generation Reduction in emissions through a ● Achieving independence from FIT change to renewable energy in as power policy Electric power primary power sources and ● Network reconstruction focused generation through increased efficiency of onlarge-scale renewable energy 490 Electric power thermal power generation introduction & decentralization generation 360 ● Construction of an investment environment that improves predi- ctability

FY 2017 FY 2030 2050 10 6. Innovation and Energy Efficiency Hydrogen, Electricity Storage Technologies, and Carbon Recycling Q What kinds of innovations lead to decarbonization? Possibilities include production of CO₂-free hydrogen from renewable energy sources, A wide-ranging use of hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles and other equipment, and carbon recycling. Programs for creating a hydrogen-based society The use of hydrogen is being promoted in a wide variety of fields, including fuel cell vehicles and household fuel cells, through the construction of supply chains aimed at enabling large-scale hydrogen supply and international trade in hydrogen.

Production Transport and supply (supply chain) Use

Overseas unused energy Nationwide promotion of Fuel cell vehicles（FCV, FC buses, etc.） Transport Gasification hydrogen stations sector Brown coal （160 stations in 2020, 320 in 2025） CCS Byproduct hydrogen

Overseas Water renewable energy electrolysis Power （ENE-FARM, etc.） generation Fuel cell cogeneration Renewable energy sector Modification Solar power Water electrolysis Large-scale network for maritime Wind power hydrogen transport Fuel cell combined power generation system ＊ Use of hydrogen as a means of energy storage Launching ceremony for lliquefied [HYBRID-FC] (absorbing fluctuations in renewable energy output) hydrogen pilot carrier Hydrogen power generation （CO₂-free thermal power generation）

March 2020 demonstration project for large-scale hydrogen production using renewable energy - aiming Others for use during the Tokyo Olympics Use in the industry sector (Power-to-X) (Namie Town, Fukushima Prefecture)

Carbon Recycling（reuse of CO₂） This is technology used for capturing CO₂, and utilizing it as a raw material resource in concrete or plastic, thereby controlling CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere.

Fertilizer Chemical products, Fuel minerals, etc. CH₄ Methane, CH₃OH methanol CH₃OH packaging material,containers and other chemical products CaCO₃ CH₄ vegetables Fuel C₂H₄ construction material Recycling R&D

Catalyst development, artificial photosynthesis, use of algae, use of biomass, methanation, Thermal power generation / City gas / Iron and steel / concrete production, plant factories, etc. Chemical industry / Clay and Diverse range of uses in daily living and stone products / Pulp / Others industry.

CO₂ CO₂ CO₂ CO₂

Recovery Recovery CO₂ CO₂ Storage and use

CO₂ may become useful in the future?! “Carbon Recycling” to utilize CO₂ as a resource. Research is proceeding into carbon recycling as an important means of reducing CO₂ in the atmosphere. In June 2019, Japan formulated a roadmap for the possible uses of CO₂ and the technologies required to achieve them. Use this QR code to view the article. Reference：https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/special/article/carbon_recycling.html

11 Energy Efficiency Q How much progress has Japan made in measures for energy efficiency? Japan is continuing with measures to increase energy efficiency. Improvements in energy A efficiency is essential in order to achieve projected demand in FY 2030 with the energy mix. Final energy demand with the energy mix Energy efficiency improvements energy consumption(1018J) Energy efficiency 18 Energy efficiency 110 Reduction of approx. 50.3 million kl FY 2017 15 13.47 (Approx. 348 million kl) 12.65 100 (Approx. 326 million kl)

12 Transport 2.42 （62 million kl） 90 Households1.47 Modification （38million kl） 9 Improved by Services 2.17 （56 million kl） 35% 80

6 1970-1990 1990-2010 2012-2030 Industry 6.59 （170 million kl） 70 3

0 60 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 FY 2030 0 5 10 15 20 (Elapsed years) Source：Created based on “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy; “System of National Accounts”, Cabinet Office; and “Handbook of Japan's & World Energy & Economic * Using energy efficiency in 1970, 1990, and 2012 as 100 Statistics”, The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. * Energy efficiency = Final energy consumption / Real GDP * J (joules) are one of the unit indicating energy size. * Figures in ( ) are energy values converted to crude oil units. Calculated using a crude oil conversion coefficient of 0. 0258 (kL/GJ).

Progress of measures to improve energy efficiency

Main measures to improve energy efficiency FY 2017 FY 2030

Industry: Approx. 56% (580,000 kl) All sectors All LED Adoption rate Services: Approx. 50% (1,160,000 kl) 100％ (5.38 million kl) Households: Approx. 55% (1,150,000 kl)

Top Runner Motors Approx. 31.2 million (5.38 million kl) Industry Units in use Approx. 2.07 million （Widespread use in pumps, units (110,000 kl) Expected to replace half of all units in use fans, etc.） (66 million units).

Large scale: Approx. 100% （Mandatory） Rate of compliance with energy Almost (3.32 million kl) Services Buildings efficiency standards Medium scale: Approx. 91% 100％ (Floor size basis) Small scale: Approx. 75% (370,000 kl)

(2.69 million kl) High efficiency Approx. million Approx. 46.3 million Households Units in use 14.57 hot water systems (670,000 kl) Expected to increase to around 90% of the total (51.2 million households).

(part of 9.39 million kl) EV/PHV, FCV, and other Percentage of Approx. % 50 - 70％ Transport 36 It is expected that EV/PHV will account for up to 20 - next-generation automobiles new vehicle sales (part of 720,000 kl) 30% of new vehicle sales (16% of all vehicles) while FCV will account for up to 3% (1% of all vehicles).

12 7. Renewable Energy Introduction of Renewable Energy Q Is progress being made in introducing renewable sources of energy in Japan? The percentage of renewable energy power in Japan was 16.0% in 2017. Japan is ranked No.6 in the world in terms of capacity of renewable energy generation capacity, A and No.3 in the world for solar power generation. Comparison of renewable energy percentages of total power generation in major nations (2017)

(Percentage of total generated power) Nuclear Nuclear 100％ power power Nuclear 3.5 3.1 Nuclear power Natural gas power 2.8 0.0 Nuclear Oil,other 11.8 Nuclear 0.4 power Nuclear Nuclear power power 21.3 power 14.7 19.8 Natural gas 21.1 Natural gas 13.4 9.2 80％ Natural gas Natural gas Oil,other 1.3 39.5 Oil,other 2.3 47.5 Coal 9.0 Natural gas 23.0 Natural gas Nuclear 31.0 power Natural gas Coal 68.6 60％ 40.0 72.6 Oil,other Coal 38.9 Oil,other 6.1 8.7 Oil,other 5.0 Oil,other 1.1

Coal 17.2 Coal 11.9 Hydro electric Oil,other 2.2 40％ 58.5 Coal 7.0 Coal Hydro 31.1 Coal 32.7 Hydro Hydro electric 3.1 Hydro electric 6.9 electric12.3 electric 1.8 Natural gas7.2 Oil,other 1.2 20％ Renewable Renewable Renewable Coal 2.5 Renewable energy energy energy energy Hydro Hydro Hydro (excluding (excluding (excluding (excluding electric18.8 Hydro electric electric 7.1 hydro hydro hydro 9.0 hydro electric 7.9 Renewable Renewable Renewable Renewable electric) electric) electric) electric) energy energy energy Renewable energy energy (excluding (excluding (excluding (excluding 30.5 25.5 27.9 23.3 hydro electric) hydro electric) hydro electric) (excluding hydro electric) hydro electric) 0％ 7.5 9.9 7.2 6.1 8.1 Germany Spain UK France Italy USA Canada China Japan

33.6% 32.4% 29.7% 16.5% 35.6% 17.0% 65.7% 24.9% 16.0% renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable energy energy energy energy energy energy energy energy energy Source: Investigation by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy No. 6 in amount of introduced renewable energy power No. 3 in amount of introduced solar power generation U n i t：G W h U n i t：G W h generation among major nations（2017 results） capacity among major nations（2017 results） 1,800,000 140,000 130,658 1,662,363 ■Biomass 1,600,000 ■Geothermal ■Hydro electric 120,000 ■Wind 1,400,000 ■Solar 100,000 1,200,000

80,000 1,000,000 No. 67,393 3 800,000 718,175 60,000 55,069

600,000 39,401 40,000 No. 400,000 26,035 6 24,378 263,496 216,336 186,230 20,000 200,000 168,236 144,929 103,898 11, 52 5

0 0 China USA India Germany Russia Japan Norway Italy China USA Japan Germany India Italy UK

Source：Created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy based on the IEA database. 13 Making Renewable Energy a Primary Source of Power

Is it possible to supply electricity only from renewable sources? Q The amount of electricity generated by renewable energy varies significantly depending on the weather and season. In order to ensure a stable supply, it is necessary to secure a means of energy storage by using renewable energy in combination with flexible output power sources such as thermal A power generation and storage batteries. Image of supply/demand situation on the lowest demand day (such as a sunny day in May)

Solar power curtailment

Electricity It is necessary to maintain a demand balance between generation (supply) and consumption Solar Supply (demand) so that consumers Increased Increased can have stable access to Curtailment generation generation electric power. To this end, Curtailment Thermal power flexible power sources such as Thermal power generation generation control thermal power generation are used to compensate for Wind power generation, biomass power generation fluctuations in renewable Long-lasting constant power sources (nuclear, hydro electric, geothermal) energy output. Morning Noon Night

What kinds of government policies are being carried out in order to make Q renewable energy a major power source? Aiming to make renewable energy a primary source of power, studies are being carried out for a fundamental reform of the Feed-In Tariff system and reconstruction of renewable A energy policies.

① Constructing a system that ② Ensuring suitable business ③ Creation of a next-generation is tailored to the characteristics regulations electric power network that will of the power sources support large-scale introduction Japan will construct a system that can Japan will construct a business of renewable energy help further reduce the costs of environment that includes suitable Japan will create a next-generation electric competitive power sources (such as business regulations for purposes power network (push-based type) that can solar and wind), and strengthen the including ensuring safety, coexisting in systematically support the large-scale resilience (resistance to disasters and harmony with communities, and introduction of renewable energy from a other events) of the power sources that measures for suitable disposal of solar long-term perspective including technical can be used in each area. power generation equipment. potential for each power source.

System Strengthening Next construction of regulations generation

Renewable energy and stable supplies: The necessary ability to continuously generate power In July 2018, the cabinet of Japan approved "The 5th Strategic Energy Plan" as the basic direction for Japan's energy policies in the medium and long term. It sets out a plan for making renewable energy a major power source. Use this QR code to view the article. Reference：https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/saiene_anteikyokyu.html (Japanese only)

14 8. Reconstruction of Fukushima Decommissioning and Contaminated Water Management of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

Are measures of decommissioning and Contaminated Water Management Q in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station progressing? Although the decommissioning and contaminated water management are an unprecedented undertaking, A continuous measures are being carried out safely and steadily based on the “Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap”

Decommissioning Contaminated water management

All reactors are being kept in stable conditions, and rubble removal, The amount of contaminated water generated at the decontamination, and other measures are being carried out towards Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station has been reduced to removing the fuel from the spent fuel pools. around one-third of the initial amount through multi-layered Internal investigations of the containment vessels are being carried out countermeasures (such as frozen-soil walls) compared to in preparation for retrieving the fuel debris (fuel that melted and before the countermeasures. re-solidified). Based on the investigation results, trial retrieval will start Contaminated water is treated by multiple purification at Unit 2 within 2021, and the scale of retrieval will be gradually facilities to remove as much of the radioactive substances as increased. possible before the water is stored in tanks. The water quality in the surrounding sea areas has also been (Current conditions of each reactor) greatly improved. Multi-nuclide removal Unit 1 Unit 2 facility (ALPS) Time of the accident Now Time of the accident Now

Photographed from top of building (at Unit 3 time of the accident) Unit 4 Time of the accident Now Time of the accident Now

Previous investigations have identified Fuel debris-like deposit the conditions inside the containment Image of underground Steel impermeable wall frozen soil wall (sea side) vessels, such as the distribution of fuel debris. In the investigation at Unit 2, fuel debris-like deposit was successfully grasped and lifted up.

Investigation equipment November 2019 (immediately after the accident) (nearly 8 years after the accident) Approx. 10,000 Bq/L Less than 0.6 Bq/L

Handling of the water stored in tanks At present, the water in the tanks has been treated by multiple treatment facilities, and the concentration of radioactive substances has been reduced to around 1/1,000,000 of the original water. Because some of this water contains tritium and other nuclides which cannot be removed by purification facilities, deciding how to handle this water is an issue to be solved. Basics information and the latest information related to contaminated water management are available on the following website.

Contaminated water management in Fukushima: Top priority on safety and security

Measure ① What is “ALPS treated water”? Is it true that it exceeds the standard? Use this QR code to view the article. Measure ② What is “tritium”? Measure ③ Explanation of tritium and radiation exposure Measure ④ What are the regulatory standards for radioactive substances? Measure ⑤ Future measures for storage of ALPS treated water Measure ⑥ What are the effects of radiation by disposal of ALPS treated water? Reference： https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/osensuitaisaku01.html https://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/nuclear/decommissioning/index.html (Japanese only)

15 Reconstruction of Fukushima Q How is the progress of the reconstruction of Fukushima? The evacuation orders will be lifted for parts of Futaba Town on March 4, 2020, Okuma Town on March 5, and Tomioka Town on March 10. As a result, the evacuation orders will have been lifted for all areas except for the A designated the areas where returning is difficult. The JR Joban line will also resume full operation from March 14, 2020. The Specified Reconstruction and Revitalization Base in the areas where returning is difficult is also in construction for returning evacuees. Efforts are also underway for restoring Fukushima communities through accelerating decontamination and construction of infrastructure/living environment services, rebuilding livelihoods, creating new industries, and promoting industrial clusters.

This project is aiming to construct a new industrial infrastructure to revitalize industries Fukushima Innovation Coast Framework : in the Hama-dori (coastal) area and other areas. JR常磐線 Fukushima Robot Test Field (Minamisoma City, Namie Town) JR jyouban line Consists of robot testing fields for development and demonstration of robots, and an international facility for collaboration by industry, academia, and government (partially opened in July 2018). Iitate Minamisoma Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field (Namie Town) Kawamata Conducting demonstration projects for large-scale production of hydrogen from renewable energy using the world's largest 10,000 kW class water electrolyzer.

Okuma Analysis and Research Center (Okuma Town) Katsurao Namie Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Conducting analysis of low- and medium-dose Power Plant radioactive rubble and fuel debris. Futaba Tamura Okuma JAEA Collaborative Laboratories for Advanced Decommissioning Science (CLADS) International Research Building (Tomioka Town) Universities, research institutes, and Tomioka companies within and outside Japan have Kawauchi gathered in Fukushima and are conducting Fukushima Daini research related to decommissioning of Areas where returning 20km Nuclear nuclear reactors and other subjects. is difficult Naraha Power Plant Areas where evacuation Naraha Center for Remote Control Technology Development orders lifted (Naraha Town) Conducting investigations of reactor containment As of March 10, 2020 vessels, development and demonstration tests of repair robots, and training for workers using virtual reality systems.

The Fukushima Plan for a New Energy Society Food safety in Fukushima Prefecture

The prefecture is creating a model for a future New ● Agricultural, forestry, and fishery products are subject to thorough monitoring inspections before shipping, and the results of these and other inspections are made public. Energy Society and promoting the “Fukushima Model” ● There have been zero incidents of rice exceeding the standard since the 2015 crop. to the world. ● If food exceeding the standard is found, the necessary steps are taken to prevent it from Expanding the introduction of renewable energy reaching the market. ● Reinforcement of transmission lines for wind farms Status of monitoring inspections for agricultural, forestry and fishery products in the Abukuma and Futaba areas (April 1, 2019 - May 31, 2019) ＊ Aug. 21, 2018 - May. 31, 2019 for brown rice only Development of a model for realizing a “Hydrogen Number of Number exceeding Percentage Classification inspections standard exceeding standard Society” ● Brown rice Inspection of all bags Demonstration project for large-scale hydrogen (produced in 2018) 0 0.00％ production using renewable energy Vegetables/fruits* (Introduction of a 10,000 kW water electrolysis 386 0 0.00％ system - the largest in the world) Livestock products 667 0 0.00％ ● Demonstration project for hydrogen transport and Cultivated storage technologies (To be utilized during the plants/mushrooms 188 0 0.00％ 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics) Marine seafood 859 0 0.00％ Creation of Smart Communities Fish from inland fisheries 14 0 0.00％ ● Support for construction of Smart Communities in Edible wild plants some Fukushima regions including Shinchi Town, /mushrooms 416 0 0.00％ Soma City, Namie Town, Naraha Town and Fish in rivers and lakes Katsurao Village 232 2 0.86％ Source: Created by the Reconstruction Agency based on “Progress of Fukushima Recovery (Ver. 26)” 16 9. Nuclear Power Operational Status of Nuclear Power Plants Q Is nuclear power generation necessary? For a country that lacks natural resources, nuclear power generation is essential in order to achieve the following 3 objectives: ① securing a stable supply of power, ② reducing electric power costs, ③ reducing A greenhouse gas emissions. In order for nuclear power plants to be restarted, conformance with new regulatory requirements that prioritize safety is required.

● Reactors in operation...... 9 Operational Status of Nuclear Power Plants ● Reactors approved for installment license amendment...... 6 Aomori Hokkaido ● Reactors under assessment for new (Electric Power Development Co.) (Hokkaido EPC) regulatory vrequirements ...... 12 Niigata (TEPCO) Tomari Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 Ooma Nuclear Power Plant Reactors that have not applied for Kashiwazaki-Kariwa ● Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 assessment ...... 9 ● Reactors to be decommissioned ....24 Ishikawa(Hokuriku EPC) Number is number of furnace Shika Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 (JAPC) Tsuruga (As of January 27, 2020) Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 Aomori (KEPCO) Mihama (Tohoku EPC) Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant 1 Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 (TEPCO) Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant 1 Fukui (KEPCO) Ooi Miyagi (Tohoku EPC) Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 4 Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 (KEPCO) Takahama 1 2 3 4 Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima (TEPCO) Fukushima #1 Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shimane (Chugoku EPC) Shimane Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 Fukushima (TEPCO) Fukushima #2 Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 4 Saga (Kyushu EPC) Genkai Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 4 Ibaraki (JAPC) Tokai/Tokai No.2 Power Station

Kagoshima (Kyushu EPC) Ehime (Shikoku EPC) Shizuoka (Chubu EPC) Sendai Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 Ikata Nuclear Power Plan 1 2 3 Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant 1 2 3 4 5

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Japan maintains a "nuclear fuel cycle" which reprocesses spent fuel from nuclear reactors in order to reuse the recovered and plutonium and reduce the generation of waste.

Nuclear power 3 advantages of the nuclear plant fuel cycle (MOX fuel can Spent fuel (approx. 4.2 m) be used in MOX fuel Reduces the amount of radioactive waste. light water reactors.) Shortens the time until hazard of radioactive waste declines to the same degree as natural uranium. Allows effective use of resources Usable substances are Fuel separated and used Metal cask processing When spent fuel When solidified into effectively as resources, (approx. plant 6 m) is disposed of a vitrified waste: reducing the amount of waste. directly: Volume is reduced to around Approximately 100,000 years 1/4 and approximately 8,000 are required for the degree years are required for the of hazard to decline. degree of hazard to decline (shortened to around 1/12). Recovered uranium and plutonium powder (for fuel transport and storage) Intermediate Reprocessing storage (approx. 1.3 m) Vitrified waste plant facility waste

Diagrams of fuel assembly and metal cask: “Graphical Flip-chart of Nuclear & Energy Related Topics” , Japan Atomic Energy Relations Organization

Current state of spent fuel: Towards completion of a nuclear fuel cycle The Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant located in Aomori Prefecture is subject to the new regulatory standards for nuclear power facilities. Completion is expected in the first half of FY 2021. When it is completed, it is expected to have the capacity to process 800 tons of spent fuel per year. Use this QR code Reference：https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/electricity_and_gas/nuclear/rwm/ to view the article. (Japanese only)

17 Treatment and Disposal of Spent Fuel Spent nuclear fuel that is produced by the operation of a nuclear power plant is recycled and reused as fuel. Raw glass material is melted into the remaining waste to create a solidified glass mass known as “vitrified waste”. This mass is disposed of by burying and isolating it deep underground (geological disposal). Aboveground facility Over-pack Buffer material Host rock (metal container) (clay)

Vitrified waste 300 m or more height underground (approx. 1.3 m)

The waste is not simply buried; it is encased in metal and clay. Geological disposal facility

Nationwide Map of Scientific Features Nationwide Map of Scientific Features

To deepen a better understanding of the mechanism of geological disposal and the geological environment of Japan, the "Nationwide Map of Scientific Features" was published in July 2017.

Classification of area into 4 colors based on scientific features Read more about a map ◆ Orange: Close to a volcano, active fault, etc. ◆ Silver: Location of underground mineral resources ◆ Green: Assumed to be favorable ◆ Dark green: Green area located close to the coastline Use this QR code to view the article.

＊ Even in the green areas, a 3-stage disposal site selection investigation must be conducted to confirm precisely whether or not a particular location satisfies the required conditions for geological disposal.

Reference：https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/electricity_and_gas/nuclear/rwm/

Column: Global trends in nuclear power

Based on nuclear power generation results, the leading countries are, in order, the , France, China, Russia, and South Korea. However, the generation capacity of nuclear power plants under construction shows that China is constructing an extremely large number of plants. Power generation capacity of nuclear power plants Power generation capacity of nuclear power plants worldwide (2018) (TWh) under construction (at the end of 2018) (MW) USA 808.0 China 10,982 France 395.9 South Korea 6,700 China 277.1 UAE 5,380 Russia 191.3 India 4,824 South Korea 127.1 Russia 4,573 Canada 94.4 USA 2,234 Ukraine 79.5 Belarus 2,220 Germany 71.9 Bangladesh 2,160 Sweden 65.9 Ukraine 2,070 UK 59.1 Pakistan 2,028 Spain 53.4 France 1,630 Japan 49.3 UK 1,630 India 35.4 Finland 1,600 Czech Republic 28.3 Brazil 1,340 Belgium 27.3 Turkey 1,114 Switzerland 24.5 Slovakia 880 Finland 21.9

0 300 600 900 0 4,000 8,000 12,000

Source：IAEA Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2050 REFERENCE DATA SERIES No. 1 2019 Edition

18 10. Mineral Resources Mineral Resources Q What kinds of mineral resources are used? As an example, the lithium-ion batteries that are used in electric vehicles require rare metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Japan depends almost 100% on imports for its mineral resources. A (Japan depends 100% on imports for the following 3 minerals.) Global annual production of important rare metals

Zimbabwe 2.3% Others 1.6% China 7.0% Others Zambia 2.6% Others Indonesia 11.8% Papua New Guinea 2.9% 21.0% 19.0% Argentina 12.8% Madagascar 3.5% Lithium The Cobalt Democratic Nickel Australia (2017) Philippines 3.6% (2017) Republic of China 4.7% (2017) 43.5% The Philippines Cuba 3.8% the Congo 11.0% 43,000 110,000 58.2% Brazil 6.7% 2,100,000 tons Canada 3.9% tons tons Canada Australia 4.5% Chile 32.8% Russia 8.6% 10.0% Russia 5.1% New Caledonia Australia 9.0% 10.0% Source: USGS (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2018)

Japanese industry uses a wide range of mineral resources including iron, base metals (such as copper, lead, and zinc), as well as precious metals, rare-earth elements, and other rare metals (such as nickel and cobalt).The following example of an automobile uses many minerals in the materials of its components.

group of elements I A Ⅱ A Ⅲ B Ⅳ B Ⅴ B Ⅵ B Ⅶ B Ⅷ I B Ⅱ B Ⅲ A Ⅳ A Ⅴ A Ⅵ A Ⅶ A O period 1 1 H 2 He ■Minerals used in an automobile 2 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 3 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 4 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 5 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 6 55 Cs 56 Ba 57～71 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 7 87 Fr 88 Ra 89～103 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og

【Lights】 【Display】 Gallium(Ga） Indium (In) 【Emissions catalyst】 【Battery】 Platinum(Pt)、 Copper(Cu)、lithium(Li)、 【Wire harness】 palladium(Pd)、 cobalt(Co)/nickel（Ni）、 Copper(Cu)、beryllium（Be） Aluminum（Ａl）、 cerium（Ce）/lead（Pb）、 zirconium（Zr）、 tin（Sn） cerium（Ce） 【Body and steel parts】 ＜Production process＞ Iron(Fe)、zinc(Zn)、nickel(Ni)、 【Traction motor, power steering】 【Carbide tools】【Machine tool motors】 chrome(Cr)、niobium(Nb)、 Neodymium(Nd)、dysprosium(Dy)、 Tungsten(W) Neodymium(Nd)、 titanium(Ti)、molybdenum(Mo)、 cerium(Cu) cobalt (Co) dysprosium(Dy) manganese(Mn)、vanadium(V)

Column: Nobel Prize in Chemistry and lithium-ion batteries

The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three scientists who invented the lithium-ion battery, including Asahi Kasei Honorary Fellow Dr. Akira Yoshino. Lithium-ion batteries are used in all kinds of electronic devices such as mobile phones, notebook PCs, and electric vehicles. Although renewable energy is considered unstable, using lithium-ion batteries for storing power in combination with a renewable energy source can help to stabilize the power supply. Research into battery technologies is being conducted for resources that can replace lithium in order to make further improvements. Mineral resources support global industry, and provide a pathway to the future. Lecture by Asahi Kasei Honorary Fellow Akira Yoshino (November 2019)

Contact: Research and Public Relations Office, General Policy Division, Click here if you would like to know Director- General’ s Secretariat, Agency for Natural Resources and more about energy! Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8931 Special contents Various topics on energy TEL: +81-(0)3-3501-1511 (main) https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ Please go to the below URL to see the electronic version (pdf) of this brochure. https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/special/ https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/en/category/brochures/ * For effective utilization of resources, this brochure uses recycled paper containing Japan's Energy 2019 Edition, Issued: March 2020 80% used paper and vegetable oil ink