JAPAN'S ENERGY 2019 10 questions for understanding the current energy situation 1 2 3 4 Energy Economic Security Efficiency Environment Safety How much How much energy How are electric What steps are being greenhouse gas can Japan supply power rates taken to ensure a stable is being energy supply and independently? changing? emitted? safety? 5 6 7 Innovation and Renewable 3E+S Energy Efficiency Energy What is the Are programs being Is progress being government’s basic implemented for research made in introducing & development and renewable sources energy policy? energy efficiency? of energy? 8 9 Reconstruction Nuclear of Fukushima Power How is the progress of the Is nuclear power reconstruction of generation Fukushima? necessary? 10 Mineral Resources What kinds of mineral resources are used? Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Use this QR code to view the article. 1. Energy Security Changes in Energy Self-Sufficiency Ratio How日本は、国内の資源でどのくらいエネルギーを自給できていますか？ much energy can Japan supply independently from domestic Q resources? A In 2017, Japan’s self-sufficiency ratio was 9.6% -- lower than other OECD countries. Comparisons of primary energy self-sufficiency ratios among major Renewal geothermal, How much is energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan? 主要国の一次エネルギー自給率比較(2017年)nations (2017) enerugy （水力除く地熱、風力、太陽光など）( wind, solar, etc. ) 792.6% Hydoro electric 306.0% Nuclear 173.9% Power Natural gas Crude oil 92.6% Coal 68.2% 52.8% 36.9% 26.7% 16.9% 9.6% 5.3% No.1位 1 No.2位 2 No.3位 3 No.5位 5 No.11位 11 No.18位 18 No.22位 22 No.28位 28 No.33位 33 No.34位 34 No.35位 35 ノルウェーNorway オーストラリアAustralia Canadaカナダ アメリカUSA イギリスUK フランスFrance Germanyドイツ スペインSpain South韓国 Korea Japan日本 Luxembourgルクセンブルグ 出典：IEASource: 「World 2017 estimates Energy fromBalances IEA “World2018」の2017年推計値、 Energy Balances日本のみ資源エネルギー庁「総合エネルギー統計」の2017年度確報値。 2018”. For Japan only, FY 2017 figures are from “Comprehensive※表内の順位はOECD35カ国中の順位 energy statistics of Japan”, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. ＊ The ranks in the table are those of the 35 OECD member countries. 我が国のエネルギー自給率Energy self-sufficiency ratio in 2010年2010 Self-sufficiency Japan 自給率ratio 20.3％ 22 011年 011 Self-sufficiency 2017年2017 自給率ratio 2016年2016 Self-sufficiency Self-sufficiency 自給率ratio ％ 2012 2015年2015 自給率ratio 11. 6 2012年 2013 2014 Self-sufficiency ％ Self-sufficiency Self-sufficiency2013年 2014年 自給率ratio ％ ％ 自給率ratio Self-sufficiency ％ 自給率ratio 自給率ratio 8.2 9.6 ％ ％ ％ ％ ％ ％ 7.4 6.7 6.6 ％ 6.4 ％ 7.4 Primary energy sources：Oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear power, solar power, wind power, and other energy in their original forms. Energy self-sufficiency ratio：Of the primary energy sources required for daily life and economic activity, this is the ratio that can be secured within one's own country. Q 日本はどのようなエネルギーを利用していますか？What sources of energy does Japan depend on? 海外から輸入される石油・石炭・天然ガス(LNG)など化石燃料に大きく依存しています。Japan is largely dependent on oil, coal, natural gas (LNG), and other fossil fuels that are imported from overseas. Following the Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan’s dependence on fossil fuels increased and A 東日本大震災以降、化石燃料への依存度は高まっており、2017年度は87.4%です。was 87.4% in 2017. Trends in mix of primary energy supply in Japan 日本の一次エネルギー供給構成の推移 Renewable energy (＊) Hydro electric Renewable energy (＊) 7.6% Nuclear power 4.4% Renewable energy (＊) Hydro electric Hydro electric 4.4% 0.6% 1.0% 3.5% 3.3% Nuclear power1.4% LNG 1.6% Coal Coal Coal 16.9% Nuclear power 22.7% 25.1% 11.2% FY 1973 FY 2010 LNG FY 2017 (year of 1st oil crisis) (before Great East Japan 23.4% LNG (most recent year) domestic supply of Earthquake) domestic supply of primary energy 18.2% domestic supply of primary energy primary energy Oil 75.5% Oil 40.3% Oil 39.0% Dependency on Dependency on Dependency on ％ ％ ％ fossil fuels 94.0 fossil fuels 81.2 fossil fuels 87.4 Source: “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy ＊ The total may not be 100% due to rounding. ＊ Renewable energy here includes unused energy (geothermal power, wind power, solar power, and others, however, hydroelectric power is excluded). 1 Resource Procurement Status Q What countries does Japan import fossil fuels from? Japan depends on the Middle East for around 88% of its crude oil imports. For LNG and coal, although dependence on the Middle East is low, Japan still relies on imports from Asia and other A overseas sources. Sources of Japanese fossil fuel imports (2018) ■From Middle East■From Asia-Oceania■From Russia■From North and Central America■From Nigeria■Others Others Columbia0.6％ Others Mexico1.1％ Nigeria1.9％ Others 5.0％ 2.1％ Canada1.7％ 0.2％ USA1.7％ Approx. 88% USA3.0％ USA2.8％ Russia4.8％ Oman1.7％ Russia China Russia Iraq 1.8％ 8.1％ 0.6％ 10.7％ Oman3.7％ Australia Iran4.3％ 34.6％ 2018 Saudi Arabia 2018 2018 total Japanese 38.6％ UAE total Japanese LNG Indonesia total Japanese Kuwait 6.0％ 11. 8 ％ 7.7％ imports of crude oil (natural gas) imports coal imports Approx. Approx. Approx. Qatar 1.1 billion barrels Qatar 82.85 million tons 113.55 million tons ％ 12.0 ％ 7.9 Australia 71.6％ Papua New Guinea Malaysia UAE 3.8％ Indonesia 13.6％ 25.4％ Brunei 6.2％ 5.0％ Dependence on Dependence on Dependence on ％ ％ ％ imported Crude oil 99.7 imported LNG 97.5 imported Coal 99.3 Source: “Trade statistics of Japan”, Ministry of Finance (Dependence on overseas sources is from “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”.) Efforts to secure a stable supply of resources：Japan is strengthening its relationships with the Middle East countries that are its main sources of crude oil. Aiming to increase the amount of LNG in the market, which is low compared to crude oil, Japan is also diversifying its supply sources, and working for further acquisition of resource rights and interests. Column: Global crude oil trade and growing tensions in the Middle East Global crude oil shipping routes and choke points (2016) Oil stockpiling (number of days) of IEA member countries (2019) Denmark 789 Strait of Hormuz USA 713 Netherlands 402 Strait of Malacca UK 272 Sweden 224 Finland 216 Japan 187 Italy 137 Units: Millions単位：百万B/D barrels/day Germany 122 Iraq Iran France 111 Strait of Spain 107 Kuwait Hormuz Persian Gulf Australlia 59 Qatar Gulf of Oman 0 200 400 600 800 （number of days） Saudi Arabia United Arab Source: IEA Emirates ＊ Numbers of days are calculated based on IEA standards. Oman When calculated based on IEA standards, Japan’s number of Red Sea days is approximately 20% less than stipulated in the standards of the Oil Stockpiling Act. (Japan maintains a 提供：ISNA/AP/アフロ stockpile of 232 days when calculated based on the The Strait of Hormuz is an important shipping route. It is the largest single route for standards in the Oil Stockpiling Act.) the transport of crude oil in the world, however, it is susceptible to the effects of Oil is stockpiled in case it suddenly becomes Middle East tensions. difficult to obtain a supply of crude oil due to a An oil tanker flying a Japanese flag was attacked in June 2019. destabilized political situation in the Middle East. Crude oil choke points：These are key locations where large numbers of oil tankers pass through from countries all over the world pass through. In the event that one of these points becomes impassable, global oil prices are expected to skyrocket. 2 2. Economic Efficiency Changes in Electric Power Rates Q How are electric power rates changing? Electric power rates have been rising since the Great East Japan Earthquake. Rates declined from A FY 2014 to 2016 as a result of falling oil prices, but it is rising again. Changes in average electric power rates （Yen/kWh） Crude oil CIF price（Yen/kl） 26 80,000 25.5 25.0 24.3 24.2 24 23.7 Around 25% increase 22.3 22.4 Homes 60,000 22 Around 23% 21.3 increase 20.4 20 Crude oil 18.9 CIF price 40,000 18 17.5 17.7 17.3 16.6 16 15.7 15.6 Industries 20,000 Around 38% increase 14.6 Around 27% 14 13.7 increase 12 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018（FY） Source: Created based on monthly reports of generated and received electric power, and financial materials, of electric power companies. Crude oil CIF price：Transaction price consisting of the import price plus related costs such as transport cost and insurance cost. Changes in electric power rates Changes in the mix of power sources (supply) in Japan (billion kWh) March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake ■Hydro electric ■Renewable 1,200 (except hydroelectric) ■Nuclear 7.3% 106.05 ■Oil, etc. 2.2% ■LNG thermal Compared with FY 2010 before the earth- 7.9% ■Coal quake, electric power rates in FY 2014 8.1% showed a large increase of around 25% 900 25.1% for homes and around 38% for industries. 3.1% Aiming to increase the energy 8.4% self-sufficiency ratio and create a mix of sources on fossil fuels Dependency of power power sources that is resistant to changes 8.6% in international oil prices, the government of Japan is working to stabilize electricity 600 rates by various methods such as 39.8% promoting competition between business 29.0% operators through the full liberalization of the electricity retail market that was started in FY 2016, restarting nuclear 300 power generation once safety has been ensured, and lowering the cost of 32.7% renewable energy in order to increase its 27.8% introduction. 80.9% 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017（FY） Source: “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Global energy indicated by electric power rates Energy is an important element that supports the lives and economic activities of the Japanese people.