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HOMEOSTASIS and TOXICOLOGY of ESSENTIAL METALS This Is Volume 31A in the FISH PHYSIOLOGY Series Edited by Chris M

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HOMEOSTASIS and TOXICOLOGY of ESSENTIAL METALS This Is Volume 31A in the FISH PHYSIOLOGY Series Edited by Chris M HOMEOSTASIS AND TOXICOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL METALS This is Volume 31A in the FISH PHYSIOLOGY series Edited by Chris M. Wood, Anthony P. Farrell and Colin J. Brauner Honorary Editors: William S. Hoar and David J. Randall A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of the volume HOMEOSTASIS AND TOXICOLOGY OF ESSENTIAL METALS Edited by CHRIS M. WOOD Department of Biology McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario Canada ANTHONY P. FARRELL Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems The University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada COLIN J. BRAUNER Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON OXFORD NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA First edition 2012 Copyright r 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Cover Image Cover image from figure 1 in Paquin, P.R., Gorsuch, J.W., Apte, S., Batley, G.E., Bowles, K.C., Campbell, P.G.C., Delos, C.G., Di Toro, D.M., Dwyer, R.L., Galvez, F., Gensemer, R.W., Goss, G.G., Hogstrand, C., Janssen, C.R., McGeer, J.C., Naddy, R.B., Playle, R.C., Santore, R.C., Schneider, U., Stubblefield, W.A., Wood, C.M., and Wu, K.B. (2002a). The biotic ligand model: a historical overview. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 133C, 3-35. Copyright Elsevier 2002. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-378636-4 ISSN: 1546-5098 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Typeset by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company, Chennai, India www.macmillansolutions.com Printed and bound in United States of America 11121314 10987654321 \booklink="altfigure_S1546-50981131013-8_ALTf0005"\hskip-25pt{\raster="fm03- CONTENTS CONTENTS OF HOMEOSTASIS AND TOXICOLOGY OF NON-ESSENTIAL METALS,VOLUME 31B xi CONTRIBUTORS xvii PREFACE xix 1. An Introduction to Metals in Fish Physiology and Toxicology: Basic Principles Chris M. Wood 1. Background 2 2. Structure of the Book 6 3. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater 7 4. Sources of Metals and Economic Importance 11 5. Environmental Situations of Concern 12 6. Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria 13 7. Mechanisms of Toxicity 18 8. Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Metals 23 9. Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Metals 24 10. Characterization of Uptake Routes 27 11. Characterization of Internal Handling 31 12. Characterization of Excretion Routes 36 13. Behavioral Effects of Metals 38 14. Molecular Characterization of Metal Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones 39 15. Genomic and Proteomic Studies 40 16. Interactions with Other Metals 40 2. Copper Martin Grosell 1. Introduction 54 2. Chemical Speciation and Other Factors Affecting Toxicity in Freshwater and Seawater 55 3. Sources of Copper in the Environment and its Economic Importance 59 4. Environmental Situations of Concern 59 v vi CONTENTS 5. Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria 60 6. Mechanisms of Toxicity 62 7. Essentiality of Copper 93 8. Potential for Bioconcentration and Biomagnification of Copper 94 9. Characterization of Uptake Routes 94 10. Characterization of Internal Handling 103 11. Characterization of Excretion Routes 107 12. Behavioral Effects of Copper 108 13. Molecular Characterization of Copper Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones 109 14. Genomic and Proteomic Studies 109 15. Interactions with Other Metals 109 16. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 110 3. Zinc Christer Hogstrand 1. Introduction 136 2. Chemical Speciation of Zinc in Freshwater and Seawater 137 3. Sources of Zinc and Economic Importance 138 4. Environmental Situations of Concern 140 5. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Zinc in Various Jurisdictions 142 6. Mechanisms of Toxicity 144 7. Essentiality and Roles of Zinc in Biology 149 8. Potential for Bioconcentration of Zinc 157 9. Characterization of Uptake Routes 161 10. Characterization of Internal Handling 172 11. Characterization of Excretion Routes 176 12. Behavioral Effects of Zinc 177 13. Molecular Characterization of Zinc Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones 179 14. Genomic and Proteomic Studies 179 15. Interactions with Other Metals 180 16. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 184 4. Iron Nicolas R. Bury, David Boyle and Christopher A. Cooper 1. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater 202 2. Sources of Iron and Economic Importance 205 3. Environmental Situations of Concern 206 4. A Survey of Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria in Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and Seawater 207 5. Mechanisms of Toxicity 209 6. Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Iron: Evidence For and Against 212 7. Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Iron 212 8. Characterization of Uptake Routes 215 9. Characterization of Internal Handling 221 10. Characterization of Excretion Routes 227 11. Behavioral Effects of Iron 227 CONTENTS vii 12. Molecular Characterization of Epithelial Iron Transporters and Hepcidin 228 13. Genomic and Proteomic Studies 234 14. Interactions with Other Metals 234 15. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 236 5. Nickel Greg Pyle and Patrice Couture 1. Nickel Speciation in Freshwater and Saltwater 254 2. Nickel Sources and Economic Importance 256 3. Environmental Situations of Concern 258 4. Environmental Criteria 258 5. Mechanisms of Toxicity 260 6. Nickel Essentiality 269 7. Potential for Biomagnification or Bioconcentration of Nickel 272 8. Characterization of Uptake Routes 272 9. Internal Handling of Nickel 272 10. Characterization of Excretion Routes 277 11. Chemosensory and Behavioral Effects 278 12. Genomic, Proteomic, and Genotoxic Effects 280 13. Nickel Interaction with Other Metals 280 14. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 281 6. Cobalt Ronny Blust 1. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater 292 2. Sources (Natural and Anthropogenic) of Cobalt and Economic Importance 295 3. Environmental Situations of Concern 296 4. A Survey of Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria in Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and Seawater 296 5. Mechanisms of Toxicity 297 6. Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Cobalt: Evidence For and Against 300 7. Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Cobalt 304 8. Characterization of Uptake Routes 307 9. Characterization of Internal Handling 312 10. Characterization of Excretion Routes 314 11. Behavioral Effects of Cobalt 314 12. Molecular Characterization of Cobalt Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones 315 13. Genomic and Proteomic Studies 317 14. Interactions with Other Metals 317 15. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 318 7. Selenium David M. Janz 1. Introduction 329 2. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater 329 viii CONTENTS 3. Sources of Selenium and Economic Importance 332 4. Environmental Situations of Concern 334 5. Survey of Water Quality Guidelines 337 6. Mechanisms of Toxicity 338 7. Selenium Essentiality 344 8. Potential for Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Selenium 348 9. Characterization of Uptake Routes 351 10. Characterization of Internal Handling 352 11. Characterization of Excretion Routes 357 12. Behavioral Effects of Selenium 358 13. Molecular Characterization of Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones 359 14. Genomic and Proteomic Studies 359 15. Interactions with Other Metals 361 16. Interactions with Water Temperature 363 17. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 364 8. Molybdenum and Chromium Scott D. Reid 1. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater 376 2. Sources (Natural and Anthropogenic) of Molybdenum and Chromium and Economic Importance 378 3. Environmental Situations of Concern 379 4. A Survey of Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria in Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and Seawater 380 5. Mechanisms of Toxicity 381 6. Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Molybdenum and Chromium: Evidence For and Against 389 7. Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Molybdenum and Chromium 390 8. Characterization of Uptake Routes 393 9. Characterization of Internal Handling 394 10. Characterization of Excretion Routes 398 11. Behavioral Effects of Molybdenum and Chromium 402 12. Molecular
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