Veraisoń to Harvest Statewide Vineyard Crop Development Update #4 September 29, 2017 Edited by Tim Martinson and Chris Gerling Around New York... Statewide (Tim Martinson) This week’s samples, taken on Monday Sept 25, reflect warmer weather since the last sampling period a week earlier. The warm weather really started around September 15, with highs in the 80s and lows in the 60s. But from Saturday through Wednesday, daytime temperatures spiked into the 90s – and lows, typically in the 50s in the Finger Lakes at this time of the year, were about 10 degrees warmer than average.

Loose Clustered Clone. We harvested clusters from the clonal Vignoles planting at the station yesterday. The standard ('tight clus- tered' vignoles) clone is compared with 15 other selections that have looser clusters. Downy mildew is still active in the canopy. Photo by Tim Martinson

Figure 1. Daily temperatures at Geneva in September. Dotted lines indi- cate dates when our Veraison to Harvest samples were taken. Figure by Tim Martinson

When its extremely warm and sunny, we expect this to reduce acidity more rapidly (higher temperatures = higher rate of respiration and more use of acids to support metabolism), but not necessarily change the rate of sugar Figure 2. Changes in titratable acidity (TA, left) and soluble solids (right) from 9/18 to 9/25. accumulation (from photosynthesis). And hot weather Figure by Tim Martinson increases transpiration for evaporative cooling of leaves. Downy Mildew in canopies (see photo) still seems We didn’t see any radical shift in the rate of sugar like the most noticeable issue that some growers are facing. accumulation or acid reduction this week (see fruit Now as we pass into October, we are hitting the peak composition table pp. 6-10). In fact averaged over all harvesting season over the next few weeks. varieties, the change in soluble solids averaged 1.2 °Brix This week, new Area Extension specialist Jim Meyers has (similar to last week’s gain of 1.19 °Brix), but the acids written an article about the use of drones for evaluating dropped less this week (-1.65 g/l) .than last week’s -2.65 g/l your vineyard (See article, p3-5). drop. Mid- to Late-season (see figures) saw their numbers change the most, while numbers leveled off for Long Island (Alice Wise) those closer to harvest. The Cornell viticulture class made its annual trek to Long

Page 1 Island last Monday. Kudos to instructors Justine Van- den Heuvel and Kathy Arnink for making sure their students are exposed to all the state’s growing regions. Much of the east coast was spared the wrath of Hur- ricane Maria as it made an abrupt turn into the Atlan- tic this week thanks to an advancing high pressure system. Rough surf continues on the ocean beaches, otherwise it has seemed more like July than Septem- ber. There have been 11 days of summer-like 80’s this month, even >90F in some spots. Along with a hefty dose of humidity, this has made for sweltering condi- tions for grape picking. Cornell Students in Justine Vanden Heuvel's viticulture class The warm, dry weather (<3” in September) has given visited Long Island last week. Alice Wise, Suffolk CCE grape spe- a large and rather sudden push to ripening. At the cialist is at right. research vineyard, all the white varieties other than Photo by Justine Vanden Heuvel were picked. Fruit integrity was good fections that were starting up before the sun and heat with spots of Botrytis and sour rot, largely thanks to set in. The dry conditions will also help in limiting the swarming yellow jackets. Minor field sorting was amount of rot getting a hold in the tight-clustered wine enough to deal with this. varieties. Reports of Brown Marmorated Stink bugs One variety, Semillon, suffered from some desiccation are showing an increase from other years but they ap- of the rachis. This is unusual, never seen in these vines, pear to be more of a concern in residential areas than and reflects some combination of weather/drought in vineyards at this time. stress. Finger Lakes (Hans Walter-Peterson) Harvest continued in the industry with blocks of Char- One of the things that I’ve learned during my time in donnay, and Gewürztraminer being the Finger Lakes is that the story of the growing season picked. Though harvest of white varieties is a week or is never really written until September is behind us. We so behind normal, the progress of Bordeaux reds seems have had seasons before when it seemed like the rain right on schedule. This may lead to a fairly compressed wouldn’t stop and the sun didn’t come out very often, harvest season raising concerns about the quality of that year’s grape Lake Erie (Tim Weigle) crop. But as happened in 2013 and 2014, September has come through for us with sun, heat, and less rain. Sunny skies and warm temperatures dominated this past week with record setting high temperatures 3 In a year where every month has been wetter than days in a row as areas of the Lake Erie region hit, or normal, September will be the first one this year to be flirted with, 90 degrees. drier than average, and probably by quite a bit. While the lack of rain has been helpful, even more beneficial Harvest is in full swing and you can see the juice trails has probably been the heat that the region was bathed on the pavement where the trucks have made turns in for almost 2 weeks, and especially that last several on their way to the processing plants. While high days until yesterday. Temperatures in the mid to up- temperatures were in the mid-80’s on Wednesday of per 80s, along with well-watered vines, helped to push this week, the area will be lucky to hit a high of 65 F ripening (i.e., brix accumulation and acid degradation) on Thursday. All is not lost for those vineyards still a bit faster than they normally would. This has been searching to gain sugar, or hit the right balance of at- a good thing, because many vineyards are looking at tributes for the winemakers. pretty large crops that are taking a bit longer than nor- Temperatures will not be as warm, but sunny to partly mal to ripen. sunny skies are forecasted for the next two weeks with Much of the Pinot noir in the region was picked during rain forecasted for only Friday of this week. If there is the past week, and Chardonnay and Gewürztraminer such a thing as a “normal” harvest, 2017 is not shaping is starting to arrive at crush pads as well. We will be up to be one. picking Grüner Veltliner at the Teaching Vineyard to- While members of harvest crews typically have cool day, but we might be the first ones to be doing that as weather and rainfall to deal with, they have traded rain far as I can tell. Concords started to roll in at Constel- suits for T-shirts and are hoping the air conditioning in lation this week also. The recent “drought” seems to the tractors holds up. These dry conditions will help have slowed Concord berry growth, but berry size in to slow the spread of powdery and downy mildew in- our two samples here are still well above a normal 3.0

Page 2 gram berry. In the realm of hybrids, most of the re- gion’s has been picked, but not all of it, Dr. Strangelove II or: and a couple of growers have been harvesting Vignoles How I Learned to Stop Worrying this week as well. and Love the Drone We are just getting into the heart of harvest now, and Jim Meyers with a lot of this year’s grape crop still hanging out in vineyards right now, October is shaping up to be a Eastern NY Commercial Horticulture Program busy month for growers and winemakers in the Finger Lakes.. Hudson Valley and Champlain (Jim Meyers) "There's only two songs in me, and I just wrote the third." -- They Might Be Giants As a frustrated songwriter, I have come to accept that composing two good songs during the useful remain- der of my life is probably a lofty goal. That might sound a little sad, but what if one of the two was so good that it was still being played and reinterpreted 100 years from now? Of course I would be too dead to appreciate the success, but it could still be fun in a time-is-not-linear sort of way. There is a joke that your hammer will always find nails to hit. I find The French grape breeder, François Baco, purportedly that perfectly acceptable. -- Benoit Mandelbrot produced over 5000 French-American crosses during the five decades he spent trying to improve on culti- I recently acquired a new hammer, in the form of an vars used for . He is remembered aerial drone, and have been out hovering over vine- for just two of these cultivars: most promi- yards looking for nails. I have found many and will nently, and . There is strong evidence that describe some here after first deconstructing the collo- both were created very early in his career and that Baco quial use of the term ’drone’ to clarify the key concepts Noir, released in 1910 and his most successful, was involved and to compare strengths and weakness of also one of his first. aerial drones versus other types of equipment. There are hundreds of acres of Baco Noir in New York I, Drone: Separation of concerns. In the past twenty state which is used in a wide range of wine styles. My years the word 'drone' has become synonymous with personal favorites are those made in a lighter Burgun- two types of devices: 1) multimillion dollar war ma- dian style with ample acid to pair with dinner, but chines equipped with spy cameras and explosives, others are good too. Baco Noir grows very well in the and; 2) tiny four-propellered toy helicopters equipped Hudson Valley but buds early, so is less suitable in the with spy cameras piloted around your property by northern portions of eastern New York. It also ripens the neighbor's kids. Although many people think of a early which can be helpful in staggering production drone as an unmanned airplane or helicopter, it is the during harvest or simply shortening harvest season. lack of an on-board human pilot that defines the term, All of the Baco in eastern New York was harvested be- not the act of flying. A tank, for example, could also be fore the third week of Veraison to Harvest, so now when a drone. Yes, they do exist. Kalashnikov, the namesake I am out sampling I just drive past those blocks while company of the AK-47 rifle, sells semi-autonomous envisioning a billboard: "If you lived in here in Baco, mini-tanks. Good times. you would be home by now". Perspective and freedom of motion. When collecting As is true with all cultivars, growing Baco Noir is not data via remote sensing, aerial vehicles have the ad- free of challenges. The primary concerns with Baco vantage of altitude which gives cameras or other sen- Noir are that its thin skin in prone to splitting with sors a very wide field of view. This enables them to excess late season rain and easily breached by insects, inspect large acreages in very short timeframes. Com- and that birds love it. Thus, it can be tricky to leave pare this to ground based vehicles which must navi- it hanging long enough to reduce acid. It is, however, gate obstructions and painstakingly zig-zag between resistant to downey mildew which has been becoming crop rows to cover the same area. But small aerial plat- increasingly problematic in the region. forms are disadvantaged by short fuel supplies. If an This concludes my shout-out to Baco Noir. aerial drone is used to perform a task that must be per-

Page 3 highest level of drone autonomy occurs when the communication between the drone and the remote controller is lost. Choosing to abort the mission, the drone does its best to return to initial launch and land on its own while the defunct hu- man pilot can only wait, hope, and chew. Freedom and consequence. Com- Photo 1. Aerial view of variable vineyard (left); NDVI-based vigormap (center); NRCS soil pared to ground vehicles, an au- survey map (right). Photos by Jim Meyers tonomous aerial drone can claim the advantage of open space. When formed at low altitude, it can no longer use a wide field flying 400ft above a vineyard, a five-foot lateral devia- of view to reduce task duration and will require refuel- tion from the intended route has no consequence. That ing far more frequently than a ground based platform. same deviation in a GPS driven tractor will quickly Who is really in control? It is often assumed that drones wreck both vineyard and tractor. On the other hand, are always piloted by a human via remote control, but autonomous aerial vehicles require, both by law and this is not always true. While usually under the control common sense, constant human oversight. This pre- of a human, drones are also always under the control vents the human pilot from focusing on other tasks of at least one computer and sometimes completely be- while the drone is working. Ground based agricultural yond the reach of human influence. When planning a drones also have the advantage of being able to simply routine vineyard mapping mission, I use software on shutdown in the event of an error without falling out an iPad to define flight parameters such as the vine- of the sky. yard boundaries, flight altitude, preferred compass Drone. What is it good for? To many, drones are con- headings, camera settings, and photograph frequency. sidered to be most useful for photographing things When the mission is flown, the iPad is attached to the and blowing them up -- sometimes both and not al- drone's remote controller and the iPad does the actual ways in that order. This may be somewhat true for aer- flying. I only get involved when the software makes a ial drones but they are also capable of carrying sensors mistake or evasive action is required. other than cameras, and there are a few commercial That might be surprising to some readers, but the level examples of aerial drones equipped with small spray- of autonomy runs even deeper. When a human manu- ers. Meanwhile a drone field tractor being guided by ally pilots a drone, living fingers guide joysticks on the GPS can perform many tasks typically handled by hu- remote controller to actively direct the vehicle. But a man operators. Ground based vehicles clearly have the computer operating the remote controller has options overwhelming advantage for most day to day field op- unavailable to humans. Sure, the iPad could mimic hu- erations. man joystick movements to fly the drone from point Aerial Drones in Viticulture: An Emerging Case A to point B, but it could also just tell the drone's on- Study. An Eastern NY grower recently asked for a site board flight computer to find its own way to point A. inspection of a four-year-old block that is performing This assumes that the drone is smart enough to do that, inconsistently and losing vines. Touring the five-acre but is often the case. Once at point A, the iPad can issue block on an ATV provided a sense of broad inconsis- the next instruction telling the drone to find its own tency punctuated by areas of missing vines, soil ero- way to point B. sion, and low vigor. Each area of the block appeared to The actual messaging between the iPad, the remote have different causes for the low vigor but with some controller, amd on-board flight computer is more com- overlap. Organizing all that information from the plicated than that, but you get the picture. If everything ground to formulate an action plan can be tricky, so goes smoothly, the drone is doing most of the thinking, we flew the drone to make some maps. the remote controller is sending messages to the drone The drone is equipped with two interchangeable cam- that have little to do with joysticks, the iPad is barking eras. One camera is an off-the-shelf red/green/blue orders at the remote controller, and the human pilot is (RGB) camera which records photos and videos in the standing around eating a ham sandwich. same format as a smartphone or point-and-shoot cam- This layering of control is not so different from com- era. The second camera has been modified to replace mercial air travel but at a vastly smaller scale in vehicle the blue light normally captured by a typical camera size, complexity, cost, and special meal requests. The with near infrared (NIR) light. This is the camera used to create NDVI maps.

Page 4 Visual inspection and vigor mapping with two di- Larger sets of multiple-perspective images enable mensional maps. The RGB camera was flown first and models like that shown in Photo 2. The main image in produced the map shown in Photo 1 (left). Viewed photo 2 shows the spatial extent of the model. The low- from above, large variability zones can be clearly iden- er inset shows a different view of the block captured tified in both the vineyard floor health and vine size. by rotating the model in multiple axes and zooming in We plan to use this information to direct an intensive for detail. The upper inset illustrates an elevation map soil sampling investigation, starting by isolating soil of the model. samples in the large low-vigor feature in the lower To save flight time and processing time, this model portion of the block. was captured from an altitude of 350 feet with a mini- The flight was repeated with the NDVI camera and mal number of overlapping photos. The level of detail produced the three-zone vigor map shown in Photo is high enough to interactively scout the block for the 1 (center). The zoned NDVI map helps in identifying types of variables we are currently studying, but that areas of variability less visible with standard photogra- level of detail can be substantially increased by flying phy. Using this map, we can identify an additional six at a lower altitude and increasing the image count. or seven smaller locations to sample in isolation. Photo 3 demonstrates a higher level of detail provided At this point, you may be wondering what the USDA by a model captured using the same drone and camera Natural Resources Conservation Service Soils Survey at an altitude of 75 feet over a block of Pinot Noir in the says about this block. Maybe it straddles multiple soil California Central Valley. types? That is easy to check because the aerial drone data automatically includes GPS information. A quick import into ArcGIS and an overlay of the soils survey data produced Photo 1 (right). According to this map, there is only one soil type in the mix but if the block did straddle soil types, the spatial relationships be- tween vigor and soil maps would be easy to reconcile. Interactive three-dimensional inspection. One of the useful features of aerial mapping is the ability to create an interactive 3D model of the vineyard. When map- ping, the drone flies a programmed flight path over the vineyard, taking many overlapping pictures, which are later stitched together into a large and detailed map. Overlapping images capture each point in the vineyard from multiple angles which allows for a 3D reconstruction. Anyone who has tried the View-Master stereoscopic toy has experienced the simplest form of 3D photography. Photo 3. Low-altitude three-dimensional image of canopy created with overlapping drone images Photo by Jim Meyers

Getting started. If you decide that an agricultural aer- ial drone is for you, be aware that the FAA recently declared strict rules governing their use in commerce. While children are still free to annoy their neighbors with very few restrictions, adults looking to use aerial drones for productive purposes are required to obtain an Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) pilot certificate from the FAA and adhere to strict airspace rules and restrictions. Preparing for the exam requires a little determination but there are some excellent study tools available that will ensure your readiness. A good place to start is here (https://www.faa.gov/uas/ getting_started/). Feel free to contact me if you are in- terested in obtaining a license and/or have questions Photo 2. Overlapping images used to create Interactive 3D models about the process. that allow the vineyard to be viewed from different perspectives. Photos by Jim Meyers

Page 5 Fruit Composition Report - 9/25/2017 Samples reported here were collected on Monday, September 25. Where appropriate, sample data from 2016, averaged over all sites is included. Tables from 2016 are archived at http://grapesandwine.cals.cornell.edu/newsletters/veraison-harvest. Next samples will be collected on Monday October 3. YAN measurements are not included this week. They will resume next week.

Aromella Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva thinned 1.59 21.4 2.92 12.9 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva unthinned 1.56 20.2 2.91 12.1 Average 9/25/2017 1.57 20.8 2.92 12.5 Prev. Average 9/18/2017 1.69 18.6 2.84 13.6 110 Baco Noir Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Hudson Valley 9/18/2017 HARVEST Final Sample 9/11/2017 Southwest HV 1.22 18.5 3.28 13.6 418 Cabernet Franc Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 E. Seneca 1.62 19.7 3.11 8.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 W. Seneca 1.19 18.1 3.04 10.0 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Cayuga 1.40 18.5 3.11 8.2 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 1.25 19.8 3.06 8.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Wayne County 1.40 16.9 3.12 10.4 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva 1.49 19.5 3.15 9.5 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Lansing 1.67 18.0 3.21 9.2 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka 1.04 19.3 3.02 10.9 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Southwest HV 1.35 20.2 3.63 5.6 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 East Central HV 1.36 20.5 3.49 6.7 Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-05 1.91 19.2 3.49 6.4 Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-09 Average 9/25/2017 1.42 19.1 3.22 8.6 Prev. Sample 9/18/2017 1.41 17.2 3.11 10.6 131 ‘16 Average 9/26/2016 1.44 21.3 3.44 5.9 97

Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka 3.11 13.8 2.79 15.1 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 Keuka 2.95 13.1 2.77 17.7 104 ‘16 Sample 9/26/16 2.26 17.8 3.01 7.3 30 Cayuga White Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka 2.94 18.0 3.01 9.6 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Cayuga HARVEST Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 2.80 20.6 3.10 8.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Ithaca HARVEST Average 9/25/2017 2.87 19.3 3.06 9.2 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 2.95 17.5 3.02 10.1 163 ‘16 Average 9/26/2016 Dresden 2.06 18.3 3.35 5.3 176

Page 6 Chardonnay Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Cayuga 1.33 16.5 3.12 9.4 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 W. Seneca 1.60 17.2 2.87 12.1 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 1.59 21.0 3.15 7.9 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Lansing 1.57 21.0 3.25 8.8 Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-03 1.84 18.6 3.41 9.0 Average 9/25/2017 1.80 18.9 3.14 9.4 Prev. Sample 9/18/2017 1.56 17.6 3.10 10.1 219 ‘16 Average 9/26/16 1.60 22.1 3.33 5.9 102 Concord Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka 3.57 14.4 3.17 6.6 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 W. Canandaigua 3.67 14.7 3.20 6.6 Lake Erie 9/25/2017 Portland Lake Erie 9/25/2017 Fredonia Average 9/25/2017 3.62 14.6 3.19 6.6 Average Prev Sample 9/18/2017 3.58 14.6 3.08 9.9 182 ‘16 Sample 9/26/16 2.81 17.0 3.30 6.1 106 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 2.41 15.3 3.15 7.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva thinned 2.22 17.1 3.02 9.5 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva unthinned 2.21 16.5 3.01 9.0 Average 9/25/2017 2.26 16.3 3.06 8.8 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 2.27 15.2 2.97 10.6 86 ‘16 Sample 9/26/2016 Dresden 1.78 18.0 3.52 4.7 86 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Northeast HV 1.21 22.4 3.31 9.7 Thousand Islands 9/25/2017 Clayton-Rake/LR HARVEST Average 9/25/2017 1.21 22.4 3.31 9.7 Prev. Average 9/18/2017 1.14 25.1 3.05 16.0 287 ‘16 Sample 9/26/16 1.33 23.9 3.03 15.5 217 Gruner Veltliner Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 1.65 17.8 3.11 6.9 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 Dresden 1.58 16.4 3.04 7.7 181 Final ’16 Sample 9/6/2016 Dresden 1.37 19.6 3.23 6.0 La Crescent Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Champlain 9/25/2017 Central Champlain 1.33 20.3 2.92 14.4 Thousand Islands 9/25/2017 HARVEST Champlain 9/25/2017 Northern Champlain 1.11 20.9 2.95 13.5 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Northwest HV 1.28 21.8 2.95 14.3 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva thinned 1.47 24.2 3.06 14.2 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva unthinned 1.46 22.3 3.00 14.2 Average 9/25/2017 1.33 21.9 2.98 14.1 Prev. Average 9/18/2017 1.28 21.1 2.91 16.0 114 ’16 Final Average 9/12/2016 1.26 22.5 3.07 13.0 136

Page 7 Lemberger Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka 1.73 21.4 3.05 8.9 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 2.34 19.8 3.06 9.7 Average 9/25/2017 2.04 20.6 3.06 9.3 Prev. Average 9/18/2017 1.89 18.6 3.02 10.4 118 ‘16 Sample 9/26/16 1.50 23.3 3.08 8.3 40 Malbec

Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-06 2.03 19.9 3.49 8.5 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 LI-06 1.95 18.3 3.36 10.9 299 ‘16 Sample 9/26/2016 2.34 20.0 3.70 6.1 196

Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Northeast HV 1.13 26.5 3.09 15.0 Prev. sample 9/18/2017 Northeast HV 1.28 20.9 3.21 11.2 125 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Champlain 9/25/2017 Central Champlain 1.42 22.6 2.80 15.1 Champlain 9/25/2017 Northern Champlain 1.04 21.3 2.83 13.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 1.17 24.7 3.18 15.4 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Ithaca 1.46 23.7 2.96 15.5 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka HARVEST Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Northeast HV 1.39 23.5 3.30 12.3 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Northwest HV 1.57 23.5 2.96 13.4 Lake Erie 9/25/2017 Fredonia HARVEST Thousand Islands 9/25/2017 Clayton Average 9/25/2017 1.34 23.2 3.01 14.3 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 1.44 21.5 2.95 15.0 225 ‘16 Final Average 9/19/2016 1.20 24.5 3.12 11.8 278 Merlot

Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm)

Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 East Central HV 1.41 22.2 3.94 3.9 Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-04 1.90 19.3 3.53 6.3 Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-10 1.57 18.7 3.58 6.6 Average 9/25/2017 1.63 20.1 3.68 5.6 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 1.61 20.5 3.27 10.8 251 ‘16 Average 9/26/16 1.87 20.7 3.69 5.1 154 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Lake Erie 9/18/2017 HARVEST ‘17 Final Sample 9/11/2017 Portland 3.35 14.2 3.15 6.1 153 ‘16 Final Sample 9/12/2016 Portland 3.38 16.3 3.18 5.2 77

Page 8 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Wayne County 1.79 15.9 3.07 10.9 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 Wayne County 1.88 15.5 2.96 11.9 203 ‘16 Final Sample 9/12/2016 1.74 18.4 3.29 9.1 251 Pinot Noir Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 W. Cayuga 1.40 19.8 3.21 7.2 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 E. Seneca 1.74 20.9 3.20 8.6 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Ontario 1.48 21.9 3.34 7.4 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Southwest HV HARVEST Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 East Central HV 1.05 23.1 4.01 4.9 Average 9/25/2017 1.49 20.3 3.37 7.8 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 1.36 19.2 3.30 8.7 277 ‘16 Final Sample 9/26/16 1.26 21.4 3.34 6.1 57 Riesling Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 W. Seneca 1.64 17.6 2.93 11.7 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 E. Seneca 1.54 15.3 2.96 13.4 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 CL 90 Cayuga 1.46 17.0 2.91 11.6 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka 1.28 17.7 2.92 11.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 W. Canandaigua 1.58 16.7 2.88 12.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 1.46 18.4 2.92 11.8 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 E. Seneca cl90 1.49 18.2 2.88 11.0 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 E. Seneca cl239 1.61 18.4 2.92 11.2 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 E. Seneca cl198 1.78 17.9 2.97 10.7 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Wayne County 1.43 16.6 3.01 12.5 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva 1.68 17.8 3.00 11.9 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva 1.75 18.1 3.03 11.9 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Lansing 1.88 16.9 3.02 11.2 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Southwest HV 1.75 17.5 3.41 6.1 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 East Central HV 1.18 19.5 3.34 6.4 Lake Erie 9/25/2017 Portland Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-01 1.55 17.9 3.31 8.4 Average 9/25/2017 1.57 17.6 3.03 10.9 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 1.51 16.5 2.94 13.0 155 ‘16 Sample 9/26/16 1.36 19.7 3.14 8.1 101 Sauvignon Blanc Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Long Island 9/25/2017 LI-02 HARVEST ’17 Final Sample 9/18/2017 LI-02 1.68 19.7 3.29 8.6 198 ‘16 Final Sample 9/12/2016 LI-02 1.35 19.8 3.44 9.0 244

Page 9 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Cayuga HARVEST Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 Southwest HV HARVEST Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 East Central HV HARVEST Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 East Central HV 1.81 22.1 3.27 7.1 Hudson Valley 9/25/2017 East Central HV HARVEST Average 9/25/2017 1.81 22.1 3.27 7.1 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 1.69 19.5 3.15 8.1 137 ‘16 Final Sample 9/12/2016 1.69 18.8 3.14 8.6 157 St Croix Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva thinned 2.27 19.5 3.28 12.2 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva unthinned 1.94 19.0 3.22 12.2 Average 9/25/2017 2.11 19.3 3.25 12.2 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 2.32 18.3 3.13 13.4 171 ‘16 Final Sample 9/12/2016 Geneva 1.56 19.4 3.50 5.2 188 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Keuka 1.77 18.6 2.83 11.7 Finger Lakes Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Cornell Orchards 1.98 19.6 2.92 12.6 Finger Lakes Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva thinned 2.06 18.6 2.88 11.7 Finger Lakes Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva unthinned 2.16 18.8 2.91 11.5 Average 9/25/2017 1.99 18.9 2.89 11.9 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 1.97 16.9 2.79 14.8 80 ‘16 Sample 9/26/16 1.72 21.0 3.25 8.8 170 Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva thinned 2.89 18.0 3.10 11.5 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Geneva unthinned 2.59 17.4 3.01 11.6 Average 9/25/2017 2.74 17.7 3.06 11.5 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 3.16 15.9 2.99 12.8 47

Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 Dresden 2.04 16.9 2.99 14.6 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 Dresden 2.03 16.3 2.97 14.1 222 ‘16 Sample 9/26/2016 Dresden 1.64 19.0 3.26 7.1 107 Vignoles Region Harvest Date Description Ber. Wt. g. % Brix pH TA g/L YAN (ppm) Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 VSP Keuka 1.84 21.2 2.87 18.1 Finger Lakes 9/25/2017 W. Seneca 1.50 24.4 2.97 21.7 Average 9/25/17 1.67 22.8 2.92 19.9 Prev Sample 9/18/2017 1.73 20.0 2.93 20.3 207 ‘16 Final Sample 9/19/2016 1.29 23.6 3.07 12.9 242

Page 10 Grapevine Sphinx Moth Found at Ravines Vineyard

Eumorpha pandoris. This grapevine sphinx moth larva was found at Ravines vineyards near Ge- neva by the harvest crew. It was sitting on the top of a 1-T grape bin. The larvae feed on grapevines and Virginia Creeper, but rarely in numbers sufficient to cause damage. It is a relative of the Tomato Hornworm, which IS a pest of tomatos. Photo by Tim Martinson

This newsletter was made possible with support from the and Grape Foundation, the Lake Erie Regional Grape Program, Inc. and the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell University.. Veraison to Harvest is a joint publication of: Cornell Enology Extension Program Statewide Viticulture Extension Program Long Island Grape Program Finger Lakes Grape Program Lake Erie Regional Grape Program Eastern New York Regional Horticulture Program

Copyright 2017 © Cornell University

The information, including any advice or recommendations, con-tained herein is based upon the research and experience of Cornell Cooperative Extension personnel. While this information constitutes the best judgement/opinion of such personnel at the time issued, neither Cornell Cooperative Extension nor any representative thereof makes any representation or warrantee, express or implied, of any particular result or application of such information, or re- garding any product. Users of any product are encouraged to read and follow product-labeling instructions and check with the manu-facturer or supplier for updated information. Nothing contained in this information should be interpreted as an endorsement expressed or implied of any particular product.

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