EPISCOPAl. CHURCHPEOPLE 10r a FREE SOUTHERN AF~lCA E 339 l.afayett. Street. New YorX, N.Y. 100'2'2725 C (2'2)4n-0066 FAX: (212) 979-1013 S A #138 10 July 1993
Mandela: 'We will have to overcome' ~ 0/ l'fdIon ldaftdt14 On Jooktd bey~ the PISSlD2 mom~t rece{vitll the Ukrt1 Med41. ~ StnlCbed ...~ 10 ~ 1%Ito Master of ~... HonOr'3blc the 4iSt8.nt fUt1lre. Tbq sciud UpOn 8W CtintOD ••• ctmW pnDdples aDd WI • glorious It will hive *liedttrange \0 some atmple in tbel.r ddeme." that two South Ah1cInI. with J'C!lP» 11 would be • rare boDOf to tJ10Ile tlve Illstones ..4i1Terut as thO'C or woo will cinlw up oW' own CODStltu. thls}"elr"$ ~ £bouJd sh.1'¢ tbo tton that tM1 rboQl4 thus be de booor ofre THE PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER 5 July 1993 .Pretoria's long march to the end ~of an era The following is a chronology of the main events highlighting the rise and fall of apartheid in South Africa SOUTH AFRICA'S negotiators commitment to end violence in yesterday set 27 April 1994 as the townships. target date for the fint all-race August - ANC agrees to elections. Here are some of the suspend 30-year-old armed important milestones along the struggle. ," long road to democracy: 1991: 5 June - Parliament 1948 - National Party elected ~s .mjdential ~tion pledging separate dev.eJopment.. and laws that rcaerve 87 per cent 1950 - Government adopts key of land for 14 per cent white laws underpinning apartheid. minority. I 1960 - Police kill 69 people dur 17 June - Parliament drops ing anti-apartheid protests at mandatory race classification. Sharpeville. African National Sept - Anti-apartheid move Congress (ANC) and Pan-Af ments and government lign ricanist Congress (PAC) banned. peace accord. 1961 - South Africa declared re 20 Dec - Power-sharing talks public, leaves Commonwealth. between government and 16 Underground ANC launches anti-apartheid groups, named guerrilla campaign. Convention for a Democratic 1964 - Nelson Mandela and se South Africa (Codesa), open. nior ANC associates sentenced 1992: 18 March - De Klerk to life in prison for resisting wins 70 per cent in referendum white rule. to test support among 3.3 mil 1976 - More than 600 blacks lion white voters for refonns. die in year-long black uprising 23 June - ANC and 10 aUies triggered by Soweto' pupil pro break off bilateral talks and tests on 16 June. Codesa negotiations in protest 1983 - South Africa adopts new against 17 June massacre of at constitution giving limited par least 39 blacks at Boipatong liamentary powers to Indian and township. ANC blames Inkatha. mixed-race voters. 26 Sept - De Klerk and 1984 - Power struggle erupts in Mandela meet to break,deadlock Natal province between ANC over negotiations after· Ciskei and Zulu-based Inkatha Free ttoops kill 28 ANC supporters, dom Pany. Country-wide politi sign "record of understanding". cal violence claims more than 27 Sept - Inkatha quits de 15,000 lives by June 1993. mocracy talks, accusing govern 1985 - Government imposes ment and ANC of seeking to partial emergency rule to quell matlinalise Zulu nation. black uprising. Foreign inves 1993: 5 March - Multi-party tors start disinvestment drive. talks resume with 26 political 1986 - Full emergency rule de groups, including pro-apartheid clared. US Congress passes com Conservative Party and radical prehensive sanctions against PAC. Pretoria and many other West 25 March - Government ern governments follow suit. moves to desegregate education, 1990: 2 Feb -F W de Klerk, last remaining social corner. who replaced PW Botha as Pres stone of apartheid. ident in 1989, repudiates apart 29 April De Klerk heid, legalises about 30 prohib- apologises for apartheid. .. ited political groups, including , 7 May -' Main political 'ANC. .Jro.ups IIl'ee to hold ill-race ..Jl Feb - Mandda ,releucd ' Mections by end of April 1994. Jiom prison. ~t·wiDg whites form united . May - ANC and government front to CIDIpaign for Afrikaner meet for fint time, agree to re autonomy. move obmcles to nqotiation: 2 July'- Democracy negoti release ofpolitical prisoners, in ators agree on 27 April 1994, as demnity ofpolitical exiles, joint date for first all-race elections. ¥ THE INDEPENDENT SATURDAY 3JDLY 1993 INDEPENDE~T y. THE _W£D~ESD;AY,7JULY)993 THE YOUNG man in the blue and I white striped pyjamas SlIt upright in John Carlin reports from Katlehong on · his bed blowing bubbles.1:lot through his mouth bllt through·his neek. This the human damage in South Africa's was Ward Eight at Natalspruit Hospi tal, Kadehong, where he lay yesterday among 34 other patients, all of them worst night ofpolitical violence this year shot or stabbed, all of them furtunate to hue survived the worst night of evening, the neighbourhood was de cated explanation, Save, unani political violence any South African serted save for a handful of people mously, to blame the hostel-dwellers, ; township has seen this year. seeking to salvage what they could It was an ANC official in Johannes , Between sunset on Monday and from their burnt-out homes, An old burg who offered the most balanced · sunrise yesterday 45 people were lady was uamping across a dusry field vefliion of events. Roben McBride, killed in Kadehong. In the previous pushing a wheelbarrow piled high whose job is to monitor and prevent · 36 hours another 24 had died here with clothes, Two mcn were carting violence, said Kadehong and Tokoza · and in Beighbouring Tokoza. The to into a van chairs, beds, charred tables had witnessed a cycle of revenge : tal of' politieatly-related deaths re from a house whose windows were all killings since April, when the ANC • corded nationwide since the weekend smashed, whose inside walls, once leader Chris Hani was killed. While ; stooct lilt·nightat 113. white, had been blackened by fire, placing the original blame for the , The young man in the blue and Two army trucks and a dozen sol problem squarely at Inkatha's door, t white pyjamas had a· 3in-long tube diers in bullet-proof vests stood by. he said that the latest round had been , sticking our of his throat, just above Alben Faji, the owner of the house, initiated by "ANC-aligned guys who ~ his Adam's apple. The hole into had persuaded them to escort him went on the offensive". , which the tube had been fitted was back to fetch his things, That was on Sunday night. On : made by a buUtt. He was breathing, "Two weeks ago we decided to Monday night the hostel men gufiling, through the tube, Hence the leave our houses because the hostel counter-allacked, "The thing is get bubbles, Light pink, blood bubbles, dweller:; said they we.-e going to at ting comple(eiy out of control," Mr , Next to the anonymous victim lay tack,'" SlIid Mr Faji, 38. "Yesterday at McBride said. "The only answer is for Linda Shweni, who had been shot in Sam we heard from people that they the police to do their job. Which· they I the thigh, the face and the nape of the had burnt down all the houses here. are not doing at all." , neck. He ~as in pain but was able to So we came to take what was left of As was evident yesterday. A spokes: talk. He Slid he was 17 and at school. the burning. We found they stole the man for the Minister of Law and Or · He had been in a car with three TV, the video, the hi-fi, the fridge, all der, Captain Craig Cotzt, told a i friends . driving not far from our clothes." Johannesburg radio station yesterday ; Kadehong's Kwesini single-men's Mr Faji, who is a fitter, said he be afternoon from his office in Pretoria hOltel, an Inkatha stronghold, when a longed to no political ofilDisation. that the police had adopted a policy in grOup of men opened fire on them. "I've never been to school," he said, the two townships of"saturation cov "Three of us were lucky. We were in what sounded a bit like a stock re erage", BUl between noon and 5pm : wounded and brought to hospital. I ply, "so I don't know about politics," yesterday, spent mosdy zig-zagging · don't know what happened to our So why all the violence? As far as barricades, I spotted just one police , other friend. He waa wounded but he Mr Faji was concerned, the hostel car and, in the distance, two police has disappeared, like the car. Maybe dwellers' motives were principally armoured vehicles. After Mr Faji had they took him into the hostel. They criminal. "MOlit of them are unem packed up his things, the soldiers es o(ttB liP that, ~ they kill the peo- ployed, you know," Two dozen other coning him hurriedly, ·nervously, , pie," people interviewed yesterday in evacuated the Kweaini area, It was Outside Kwesini hostel yesterday Kadehong offered no more sophisti- nearly nightfall. THE GUARDIAN Wednesday July 7 1993 Township stunned by savage night BUI thl' political tensions ,armed youths, many no more 'building ahead of ~~t lhan 16, who wanted e\'u\' I\pri!'s elect inns are s'uch thing - my car. money arid that it needs only a spark to Thl' \·ictims, IWo Ill!'n and a I petrol to make bombs. i~nite woman, wer!' Suppo'1ers of "Tell Ihe world there is a cOl,nagration, Black lead,'rs like Nl'l"'JI1 Man~f)5uthu /luthe!el.i's zUlu'1 also a Sarajevo herl'," said based Inkalha Fn','dum Part~·, onl' when I told him I was a Mandel" blame ap"rtheid for Shots and scn'llms ind i· journalist. much of the ,·iolenee that has claiml'd 9.000 Ih e< since thl' "II is a shaml' that we are Eyewitness cat!'d mon' killings nearby,l whitt' tninorify govcrnment ThpH' WH~ flO sign of policl'. madl' to go through this." mY hl'gan dismantling raciill seg, I have lin'd in the town, , sister said when I "eached rl'gation in J99lJ, Kall!'hon~ "II Rich Mkhondo ship of fur my her. "This country boasts sa~' 36 years. but I have ne\'er some of I\frica's most en· Residl'nts the police seen su('h snnlgt."·y as I wit· Iig:,tened Il'aders, but where ha\·e dom' nolhinJ,: to hall the in Katlehong killinl-:<. Th!'y abandon the nessl'd on J\Ionda~· ni~bt and are they wben people die like townships as darknes< falls, HE smell of roasting yesterday nlOrnin~ as J went nips?" to rescue my sisler. who was Violencl' exploded in the and only return at dawn to human nesh hung in the coll('ct the hodi,'s. Tair. A crowd of 20 with trapped in tiel' home dl'ep in townships npCll Johanllcs· ~ath the batlle wnl', burg foll"winl-: last Friday'.s spears, axes and slones Rich 1\f);!1()1/r!'j i.t:. (f Rt'Ulrrs cor· ered rnund thre!' burning It is impossible to keep I allllOUlll'emenl of!tn election I n'spunclt'f1[ ff1 .C,iu/Jl!l Afnca. bodies lying hehind refuse track of casualties in Katie, dale meant to-liberate blacks bins. . hon~ and nearh~· ThokOl.a, from :J~O n'ars of whit" dom "Sil,itholill' lzinja, Si~a· Polkl' sa~' 69 h'l\'" died in ination,' The immediate 7.itshisa," tb,'y ehanl~d, "We thre!' days, Hesidents speak I cause appl'ars to ba,·e been found th,' du'gs and we are of hundreds, the ambush of a funeral pro, burning them." To !:et through the carna~l' cession wben it passed a bos· "Vi-·a, I\NC Viva". ;I often had to pll'ad with tel populated by Inkatha sup 1 _ porters on Satul'day, in Johannesburg talks to the neo-Nazi who joined lion uf the lov; lov; was a lJiI his pn·scllt elllployers. III 19tt4, "It luuk allotll lour IIHmlhs," David Beresford sllaky. it was 1.L·c;uis<· she' was on Mr Chncnyalle IIL.I Soutll Africa Mr Cllul'nyalle says 01 his Ill'd the ANC and the black guerrilla who became a National Party activist the ltith day of a IIl1nl:er slrike to avuid arrest li,r PAC activi· sion to juin 1111' Natiunalists. "in sympathy willi theopprCSS<.,1 tics. Aller heinc trained in But he believed II", JJarly had I...... ple uf Buphulhatswana". China. he funl:ht Ii ... the PAC. tht· experience a,"1 capacily tu OUTII AFI{ICA is pulilical parlies a... · likely tu be sermons un the snb·llnmau Politically. she is a IIassionate aluugside l{ulJcl1 MugalJc's Zion· deliver democracy. lie a,huils il r('l'l('t(' wilh curiusilies vcr}' .lilT,'rclIl in IIvc years. "nulIl·IN.·Olll,·" were In·e.:t.lell hy womau.ller I,assiun al:ainsl the hahwe African Nalional Union. is luugh I:clling IIw lIIessal:e in this time uf polilical whell Sonlh Africa's "lInal" the n'n'nlunial shrt,ldinl: of the "wickl..1 laws" uf Buphulhals· al;ainst Ian Smilh's rt'\lime. lie acruss to hlack SOl,th Alri,·a. t ransition. ~·ew. cunstilutiun is dne to cume into Bihle. the ,Iewish "IJt,ok oflies"; wana is fuelled by the fact Ihat was wuunded and. while rccnv· lIis house has been allacke,l. thuu!:h.S arc quite as curious as em,ct. C,(Jnsillerinl: the recenl or lJcinl: told Ihe Third Heict. her husband. Grallam - an air· ering from his injuries. discov· his car has bccn run oIl' II'" the sil;hl of an Afrikaner wilh phiiOSOllhical juurneys uf Petra was nut defeat... 1, In,t went intu crart technician - was fired ered the PAC had dC\,oeneraled road and he has be"n shot at. the IJOuting iiI'S of a Ilrigille Burrill and Ilavicl Chuenyane. lactical retreat in submarines from the homeland's airline for iuto squabbling factions. Tht, IIarly has yel to stal:l' a Bardul and blonde tresses cas· he has a cugent point. lJcnealh Ihe pular callS. where iI trade union adivilies. He abandoned the slruggle rally in Sowelu. Before canvass· cading tuwards her waisl danc- Ms lIurrili was. unlil pr('IIares li,r ils renaissan"e Ms Burrill predicts the righl for furlher education in Cau- ing. Ihey survey the area 10 as· ing Ihe 10.1';'/0.1'; -- the soldiers' recently. a .Iarling of some of ailIL..1by smnl'IIlaows whidl the will bring further violence to ada. taking degrccs in educa· scss how dangerous it will be. dance of the African National the ",orld's loonier righlwing il:norant world calls unidenti· the country. "It doesn't malter tion and electronic engineering. Bul he claims Ihe lIarly has Congress - in Pretoria's Ma· extremisls. A poller livin!: a lil,1 flying ohjecls. to them whose hllXKI is spilt. lie sct up a busincss in Wash· III per cellt supllorl in SOWI'lo melodi townshi". Or Ihe expcri· felV mill'S rl'lJlII Johannesbul'l:'s She broke with the ri!:ht aftel- Terrehlanche will want to die a inglon BC and marrietJ all an,1 is fast making inroads enc(' of walking inlo till! omces World Trade Cent. c. where tht' discovering their "huntin!: ex· hero." she says. •....he National American. with whom he has among Ihe y(JUth. The ANt. will of the ruling National ParI}' lIIulti'I,,~rly I:Onslilulional lalks p,.' ---~------:...-==.....,..-- ~_ .. - .~==-::;:-::- -='"'='"::;:;-.:0--=.=:-:.--=--=..;=_. -~_:O==-~=:="~=-~~:_..:=~~:=-;::-;;,-:-:-:::.,....,_-=-'='"'-=---=== . ... - . from a brutal civil war and rescheduling operation. Africa. expires In November Kevin Watkins and Victoria Brittain on n'Current famine, is shack which means the carll' 1!ll!Os and there is a real danger of the crisis among developing nations as some Il'd with an annual debt bill fur many Afriean counlries. it being cut as demands for which absorbs more than a Less than a quarter of zam financial assistance mount in of the world's poorest economies face annual third ofits export earnings. bia's onicial debt is eligible Russia and Eastern Europe. Sub·Saharan Africa's lolal for reduction. In addition. Weslern gov· interest bills of $10 billion from the rich debt is $183 billion. a small Many countries will need ernments need urgently to sum in terms of the econo· write·offs of 80-100 per cenl review the conditions at· countries represented at the Tokyo summit mies of its crediturs, but tu have a realistic prospect of tached to IMF credit. The more than three times the r·ecovery. The argument still conditionality imposed on level in 1980. E"ery year. the cun-enl in the German and Africa up to now has been in WENTY years ago, Ju· disintegrating. and child debt stock is increased as the British Treasul'ies against nexible and damaging. There lius Nyerere ofTanzania malnutrition, which already arrears mount - only half more comprehensive debt is a vivid contrast between Tasked: "Must we starve c1aim~ 4.5 million young the scheduled payments arc reduction is that it would the short·term denalionny OUI' chilclren 10 pay our lives 'e"e,'y year. is on the being met. constitute u a moral hazard." largets. encompassing crip· debts?" Successive summits increase. Three years ago Jnhn rewarding those who do not piing interest rates and of the Group of Seven have Foreign debt, owed mainly Major, Ihen the Chancelh,r. pay their dehts. This was not credit controls. imposed on effectively given the answer 10 G7 governments or the unveiled an Initiative aimed lhe logic which guided their African governments and the "yes" to African govenl- Brelton Woods institutions at breaking the previous pal· decision to provide a massive expansionary measures the 1 menls who are paying out controlled by them, contin· tern of the G7's policy of in· debt relief package for Hus· G7 leaders instructed the ,$10 billion annually, or a ues to fuel this vicious spiral consequential write·offs and sia or to write off a large IMF to accept lasl April for quarter of their expOl; earn of economic and social de· annual rescheduling. His chunk of the debls of Egypt Russia. Many African gov· IIngs, in debt sel·vicing. Will cline. beyond the control of plan - known as the Trini· and Poland. II also ignores ernments are urging the G7 it be diffe"ent Ihis time in AfI'ican governments. dad terms - envisaged a two· the stark fact that Af"ica's to assel·t a similar degree of Tokyo? Europe is not going to be Ihirds reduction in part of debt. apart from imposing authority over the IMF and Africa is the only part of immune to the consequences the stock of debt owed to enormous human costs, is World Bank to press them the developing world in as economic refugees from creditor governments. Only unpayable. inlo sponsoring long·lenn which economic slagnalion across Afriea try to squeeze low-income countries In addition, there is the recovery in Africa. Is leading 10 increasing pov into Fortress Europe. following adjustment pro· problem of multilateral debt. The G7. In thinking more erly. As the Bnll1dtland Com· The United Nations secre· grammes approved by Ihe which is not tackled by the bl'Oadly aboul Ihe Bretlon mission observed five years tar·y·general, Boutros Bou· World Bank were eligible. Trinidad terms. For a Woods institutions. could ago. povl'rty is leading to en· tros·Ghali, said recenlly: The Bush administration counlry such as Uganda, consider the lalest UN Devel· vironmental degradation. "External debl is a mllisione was opposed to the plan and which owes more than half opment Programme 1993 which leads in turn 10 even around the neck ofAfrica ... had it subslantially watered its debt to the World Bank Human Development Reporl grealer poverty. In one easing the continent's debt down. This year. with the and the International Mone· recommendations about country afl(',· another the burdl'n musl be a priority for Clinton administration hav· tary Fund. Ihe British pro· them. The report calls for econom ic eollapse is part of the international commu ing announced the write·off posal docs not go nearly fal' them to become accountable the process erocling the nity." Removing that mill· of half the debl ofth(' poorest enough. Even after resched to an Economic Securitv state's power to hold nations stone is vital for recovery. 18 countries in Africa, the G7 uling; full}' servicinl( Ugan· Council within th(' UN with together. Africa is considerably has a real chanc(' 10 adopl the da's debt would by 1996 11 permanent and II rotating The moves lowards Ihe de· more debt distressed than original Trinidad Terms. requIre 12 per cent more for· members. mocracy so slrongly encour· Latin America, where exter· This would be a starl to what eign exchange than the II suggests thaI the penna· aged by the West arc being nal debl is 37 per cent of needs to be a far'I'eaching count!"\' earns. nent membership should in· undermined by the economic: gross national pl·oduct. For program 011' to reduce the At IiiI' heart of an effective c1ude Ihe five permanent crisis in countries such as Africa it is over 100 per cent debI and ease repayments. debI package for Africa there membel's of the Securitv Zambia, Tanzania, M01.am· on a v('rage, and for some In particular. the Trinidad will have to be a commitment Council. plus Germany anit bique, and Ethiopia. Post·in· countries more than double terms will need to make all by Ihe G7 10 write off multi Japan, and the most popu· depencll'nce gains in health that. M07.ambique, for exam official debt elil(ible for lateral debl and 10 provide lous countries from four and education, under Ihreat ple. faces post·war recon· write-off. Under the present more concessional funds. regions. Egypl, India, Brazil since the mid-1980s, arc struction with a foreign debt rules, countries arc not The IMF's Enhanced Struc· and Nigeria. being eroded by the day. Eco four times its national in· allowed debt relief un credit tural Adjustment Facility, its Kevill \-\Ia/k;m ;s 0 policy ad· nomic infrastructures arc come. Elhiopia, !'merging accumulated after their first main source of funding for viser Wit/I Oxlatll. I Ch;ef Buthe1ezi is the greatest threat to South African democracy, argues John Carlin Dangerous myth of the Zulu warrior F SOUTH AFRICA ever re-enters the when they ratify a date for the country's port he is able to muster among whites. not to interfere with white privilege. I Commonwealth, and if the Prince of first democratic elections. Mr de Klerk Alone, without the support of whites Never mind that the majority of the Wales ever becomes king, a good number and !'ielson Mandela, who will jointlv re and - by extension - the security forces, black population knows that, without of black South Africans mav demand an ceive a peace award from President Chn the Inkatha threat will be rapidly Inkatha's complicity, the intelligence explanation from him. What possessed ton in Philadelphia on 4 July, have extinlruished. branches of the securitv forces would the heir to the throne to dignify achieved a remarkably sane degree ofcon W'hy are whites flocking to Inkatha' have been unable to unleash on the town Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha leader sensus on the need for the country to be Because they judge that power in the fu ships in recent years the worst slaughter and Zulu prince, with a pri"ate audience run bl' a government ofnational unity for ture will be contested berween black po the countrY has seen since the Boer War. on I May at his Highgrove home' fiq, "ears after the election. It is a deal li:;caJ organisati"ns and hav'e decided ~e\'er mind that, after General Joshua \l, hat would the two princes have that ihe people of Bosnia and the re,t of pragmatl;ally to opt for what they per Gqozo ofthe Ciskei homeland ordered his talked about) Conversation must have the world's turbulent nations can onh' ceive to be Chief Buthelezi's protective troops to open fire on ANC demon turned to the last recorded encounter be marvel at and env\'. . mantle. strators last September, killing 27, Chief rween members of the British and Zulu Inkatha is South Africa's potential Serb The ANC, they have been taught to be Buthelezi held a banquet in the general's royal families, at a luncheon Queen Vic factor. But it is a factor that can be lieve, stands for recrimination, restitu honour complete with praise-singers and toria hosted in 1882 for King Cetshwayo. quashed The degree to which Chief tion, redressal of past injustices. Inkatha, bare-breasted dancers. /l;ever mind that The Zulu king was defeated by the British Buthelezi will be in a position, first, to whose leaders like to dress in what one Chief Buthelezi has now entered into a Army in 1879, but immortalised in cellu plunge the election campaign into bloody Zulu journalist calls "the postcard Zulu" political alliance with the pro-apartheid loid - in a part played by ChiefButhelezi chaos, and second, to lead his warriors style, nostalgically re-enact in white ConservallYe Party against the govern himself - in the film Zulu. King Cetsh into battle - as he threatened last week minds an c!d colonial order. where ment and the ANC. He might be a son ofa wayo, who stayed at a rented' house in - against the govern;nent of national blacks, noble but vanquished warriors in bitch, is a prevailing white view, but he is Kensington, proved enormously popular unitv sought by the De Klerk government the manner of King Cetshwayo, know our son of a bitch. among Londoners, attracting flocks of and the :\!'iC, is in proportion to the sup- their place. Or, at least, may be entrusted The truth, as the vast majoriry ofblacks sightseers. - and some whites - know, is rather dif Hthe Zulu warrior m\'th retains to this ferent. A National Party MP who once day a hanoless hold on -the minds of cer shared in the conventional white wisdom tain Britons, it is the legacy of that visit on Chief Buthelezi admitted earlier this and the preceding war. !'io less surprising, month that he had been \\Tong. but far more dangerous, is the degree to "What we white South Africans have which the myth still captivates white always perceived as the greatest terror is South Africans. The latest opinion polls the notion ofour country going the tyran show that Chief Buthelezi enjoys as much nical wav of much of the rest of Africa," - and indeed dramatically growing he said. i'What I know realise, but not all support among the white population as he my colleagues yet do, is that Buthelezi is does loathing among the black. the classic African despot." Jonas It is all a question of which side of Savimbi, who went to war when he lost Chief Buthelezi vou want to see. Machia the general election in Angola last year, velli, speaking of pr_nces, set out the immediatelv comes to mind. choice: "A certain contemporary ruler ... The policy of the British government, never preaches anything except peace and which did not discourage Prince good faith; and he is an enemy of both Charles's meeting with Chief Buthelezi, one and the other, and if he had ever has been to persist in constructive engage honoured either of them he would have ment - not to alienate, but to persuade lost either his standing or his state many from within. Much the same goes for the times over." rest of the European Community, the A member of F W de KJerk's govern United States, Canada and other Western ment, the leading figures of which have countries. finally seen through Chief Buthelezi's pi As for. Mr de Klerk, he dare not ous preaching, recently confided that his antagonise him for fear of losing votes, in greatest fear for the future lay in the pros the short term, to the right. The ANC, for pect ofInkatha and right-wing whites tak its part, dispatched a reluctant Nelson ing up arms in defiance of the new con Mandela yesterday to appease the Inkatha stitutional order. The African National chief, Chamberlain-style, with little pros Congress shares that fear. Talk to any pect ofan}1hing other than notching up a ieader of the far right, teB him that his small public relations victory. people are too outnumbered to impose The question that all these people must their undemocratic will on the majority, ask themselves is whether the time has and he will reply, with a knowing smile, come to burst the Buthelezi bubble. Ev "The Zulus will do the fighting for us." eryone knows that the chief is mad, bad Without "the Zulus", at least 50 per and extremely dangerous and that the cent ofwhom abhor Inkatha, the threat to desperate faith of whites in him reflects democracv in South Africa becomes re the uncertaintv of the times. duced, at' worst, to containable levels of That faith, and with it the threat to the sporadic right-wing ,·iolence. In such cir South African miracle, will evaporate cumstances, the South African miracle when the truth is exposed. Once white will have worked. The miracle, in the support fades, so will the perception of teeth of opposition from Chief Buthelezi, strength on which his black following is that today the South African govern rests. All it takes is for sufficient people to ment and the ANC, once the bitterest of declare, in a loud enough voice, that Chief enemies, are expected to consecrate a his· Buthelezi is no democrat, no peace !o\-er, toric series of negotiated compromises Chief Buthelezi: support among whites is growing PholOgraph: TJ Lemon no man of good faith. ~ THE IND'EPENDENT THURSDAY 24 JUNE 1993 Killings highlight The gunmen, the _ SA police inertia driver and random in which an armoured van was death in S Africa D.vld S.,••ford used 10 smash through a glass In Joh.nne.burg facade - was witnessed and filmed by police. THE GUARDIAN NOTHER South African Police spokesmen forlornly Friday June 25 1993 township massacre at explained they were having dif· A the weekend. coming on ficulty tracing the perpetrators from his employers. He then top of Friday's rightwing as· because they had given false Davlcl ",••ford In .IoMnneabur. borrowed a van .nd drove to sault on the national negotiat· names and addresses and used a police itallon, only to be ing forum. has once again false registration plates.New. told he was In the wrong ju raised the question of whether spapers yesterday demanded ROPONENTS of the rllcllcllon. He w.s sent to an· the country's future is being the sacking of the minister of cock-up thec.:~' rna)' find other station. subvertell by a police conspir· law and order. Hernus Kriel. Pthe sorry tale of Madala He was on his way there acy. or merely by their monu· and the police commissioner. V"yise gives them an ad,·an· when the killers fired on tage over the conspiracy white motorists nearby. In mental incompetence. Johan van del' Merwe. theorists when It comes to what became known as the The killings took place on Nelson Mandela at the week· explaining the endemic polit "Elkenhof massacre", a Saturday night. Twelve bodies end described the investigation Ical "iolence in South Africa. mother and her t,,·o teenage were discovered in the town· as ridiculous. "There is clearly Lawyers representing the children were shot dead. ship of Sebokeng. south of Jo· connivance between the right black driver, llged 60, have It was not the end of the hannesburg. and witnesses said wing inside Dc Klerk's party .sked the Goldstone tnquiry itory for Mr Vayise. A week they had been shot by gunmen and the ultra·right like the Afri'j Into political violence to look after the killings, five police firing at random from a cruis· kaner Weerstandsbeweging and Into Mr \'ayise's story of how \'ehicJes picked him up at the ing car. using assault rines. the Conservative Party," the he tried, .nd failed, to pre shack where he Jives and vent a massacre of whites. drove him to the town of The killings were carried out African National Congress , Mr V.rise ..ys he ....s Vanderbiljpark. in a manner identical to a mas· leader said. driving a PMW to work on He was beaten up on the sacre in April when 17 people There is speculation that the March 19 when he was hi· way, suffering a perforated. were shot dead at random in violence at the Trade Centre Jacked, south of Johannes· eardrum and other Injuries, Sebokeng. It is difficult to con· could destroy the Cosag alii· burg. b)' four men wielding .nd kept the night in the ceil'e of any motive other than ance (Concerned South Afri AK-47 assault rifles. police station, manacled political destabilisation. cans Group). between right· Arter being driven .round hand and foot to a chair. The inabilitl' of the South wing whites and conservative for about two hours, he was The next morning he was thrown out of the car, but Invited to make a statement. African police 'to deal with po· black homeland leaders. The had heard and seen enough litical crime was underlined at For the first time. key figure in Cosag. Chief Man· to figure out that his abduc • Gunmen with AK-47 rlOes the weekend as ridicule was gosuthu I3uthelezi. yesterday ton were members of the kllled three men and a worn· heaped on them for their inept criticised the rightwing extrem· Azanian People's Uberation an in Johannesburg handling of rrida~"s invasion of ists over the incident. but Arm~' and were ptanning a yesterday. Johannesburg's World Tralle warned that it demonstrated random massacre of",.hites. Three men walked up to Centre. where the multi·party the importance of placating Mr Vaylse managed to Oag the cars of two white men negotiMions \\'ere taking plilce. white fears. down a police vehicle. onh' to and a white woman. who be told they could not help were about to begin work in By yesterday no apparent Meanwhile, pulice announcell because he did not have the action hall been takC'n against vestenla\' that thel' were hold· the Alrode area and opened BMW's registration number. fire. A black passer·by was rightwingers for crimes inclnd· lng three constables for the So he hRiled a taxi and also killed. ing assault on delC'gates and death in custody of a detainee rushed to the datry where he pUblic violence. This I':as de· at Koster police statio:} in the worked, to get the number spite thC' fact that the attack - Western Transvaal. HE scope ofthe reopened Goni The securi.ty police emerged I we inquest widened this week as THE WEEKLY MAIL, June 25 to July 1 1993 lawyers raised questions about as the prime suspects in a ITseveral more high-profile politi wide range ofWlSolved cal murders. On Wednesday, there was drama in political killings at the court as a senior security policeman Goniwe inquest this week. refused to answer questions about the unknown killers in Durban. death ofSteve Biko as it might incrim LOUISE FLANAGAN reports Police captain Dirk Coetzee previ likeprevious witnesses., Winter and inate him. This week Mostert referred to the ously claimed that Mxenge's husband, Snyman rep--..atedly said they could not Speculation is now that there are May 1985 disappearance of the Griffiths, was murdered in 1981 by remember things. According to hard links which may yet be exposed "Pebco three", Port Elizabeth Black V1akplaas members. Mostert, Winter replied "I can't between a wide variety of previously Civic Organisation (Pebco) activists Last week Mostert accused the remember" at least 135 times. unsolved political killings, and that one Sipho Hashe, Champion Galela and police of killing four of their own col Snyman did, however, recall that grouping may have been responsible Qaqawuli Godolozi, who vanished leagues in a limpet mine blast in Goniwe's file - allegedly destroyed in ~ for many ofthem. weeks before the Goniwe murders and December 1989 in an attempt to stop mid-1 - contained information on Prime suspects are the security still have not been found. informants talking about police his involvement in illegal WldergrouIX! police, particularly those with a back Mostert said that two decomposing, involvement in the Goniwe killings. activities. Snyman is the first security ground in the now-disbanded police bowxl and burnt bodies were fowxl on Former Koevoet member and 1985 force officer to acknowledge that he counter-insurgency unit Koevoet and June 16 outside Port Elizabeth, very Cradock security police chief Colonel knew ofGoniwe's involvement in soch the JXllice's V1akplaas hit squad. near the spot where the Goniwe victims Eric Winter and 1985 Port Elizabeth activities. Lawyers have been pushing The side-show ofconflict within the were found. He speculated that they regional security police chief Colonel for such admissions, as they would indi security forces continued, with South were two ofthe Pebco three and, while Harold Snyman both gave evidence cate a JXlSSible murder motive. African Defence Force counsel Anton stopping short of accusing police of this week and denied police involve 1be ilXlleSt ends today and resumes Mostert introducing all the new cases, ki~ling them, suggested police copied ment in the murders. on August 11, when policeman Major and hammering a sua:.ession ofsecuri this method for the Goniwe murders. Snyman was named in the inquest Do )11 Nieuwoudt is expected to take the ty JXllicemen who took the stand. 1be discovery of these two bodies is into Biko's September 1977 death in stand to answer allegations that he was Although Mostert has accused not new information, but no link with detention as the policeman who had involved in the December 1989 limpet police of involvement in some ofthese the Pebco three has ever been shown. led the interrogation team. He refused blast murders ofpolice. - Ecna murders, and hinted at it in others, he Then Mostert accused police of to answer questions on the issue this has not yet produced evidence. involvement in Durban activist Victoria week, on the grounds that he would Mxenge's murder. Mxenge addressed incriminate himself. Goniwe's funeral and 10 days later, on ... August I" was herself murdered by ¥. THE INDEPENDENT TUESDAY 15 JUNE 1993 Search for new agenda on ending apartheid in South Africa begins with humour Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, President ofthe Anti·Apartheid Movement (seated), who celebrates his 80th birthday today, with (from left) Sir Shridath Ramphal, the former Secretary-General ofthe Commonwealth; Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Julius Nyerere, the former president of Tanzania. The men were at an international conference in London yesterday entitled South Mrica: Making Hope a Reality Photograph: Brian Harris .~ \ / THE GUARDIAN Acryforhis ~onday .June 14 1993 unloved country no longer patient now, thank Archbishop Trevor Huddleston wouldn't God". be surprised to wake up on his 80th birthday That impatience is crucial to the agenda of Ihe conference, to hear the news that there had been which opens today. For by a co· incidence which haunts Hudd· a military coup in South Africa lestone, his birthday is also the demlline for the end ofa consul· tation process in which South consequences of apartheid dead Africa's parties arc expected to John Ezard before I am", agree a form of transitional Archbishop HUddleston, the government and the dale for a N TilE early finles an ob· title with which he retired 10 general election, provisionally scure priest In his early years ago, will be 80 tomorrow. April 27 next year. forties wrote in a book A host of his African friends "And yet they've got to come from a black slum district have killed two birds with one up with something", Huddles· of Johannesburg, "That stone by arranging to be in Lon· tone says. "Otherwise the thereI is no time to be lost in don that day for an interna· younger generation is going to tweaking the present govern· tional Anti·Apartheid Move· say Enough is Enough - as ment I am convinced. And ment conference aptly called they said aller the Uoipatong unlike many whose opinions I Making Hope A Reality. They massacre. The Commonwealth greatly value -I believe that to range from ex·President Nyrere Eminent Persons Group said in do this the whole weight of of Tanzania to Archbishop Des· 1911G that unless apartheid is world innuence ami world opin· mond Tutu, whom Huddleston elided Quickly there will be the ion should he hrought to bear. knew as a tubercular child 45 worst bloodbath since World I The Suuth Africa I love, the years ago, to Chinkie Modiga, War Two. I think the crunch is treme right wing. It is the "Bul it was South Africa that last, live·year stinl in his he·' land to which I give all the loy· once one of the hundreds of now. crunch point. I wouldn't be a bit matured me," says Huddleston. loved couiltry as ArchbishlJlllJf, alty that can be demanded, is children who used to tug at his "Mandela has to be patient if surprised to wake up tomorrow "I knew about what was then the Indian Ocean. that which is built on a surer vestments in his parish of Or· he's to suslain his position as a an() see there's been a military called the colour bar but what I His birthday finds him "ex·. anrl more permanent founrla· 1l1lldo, now Sowclo. great international figure. He's coup d'etat". found· was the total destructive· tremely lit but not hursl ing tion than white supremacy. It is "We had the largest primary gol 10 be a diplomat. But he's One of the conference's aims ness of apartheid in preventing with energy" and looking for·' a land which at present exists school in the country, two thou· leading a revolution. It's a very is to forge a new form of inter· gifted, brilliant people from ward to the future promised in in the hopes, perhaps only in sand kids", he recalls. "The day difficult combination. Alld it's national solidarity. lIuddles· fulfilment. " the title of his communitv, "I do, the dreams, of a few". I arrived happened to be Thurs· shown itself with the younger tone hopes it will agree tu press Thc Community and Africa feel it's not going to be loilg nO\\'1 Within a decade thi~ auda· day, the day we had a ceiebra· generation saying 'Look, it's organisations such as the UN, became his family. His recall before I'm reunited with Olin!r. cious and lonely project, parlly tion in the church, and this 1I0W three and half years since the EC and the Organisation of from Soweto to traill novices in Tambo Ihis lifelong friend who hegun and unrelentingly pur· flood of black kids came pour· de Klerk declared apartheid African Unity to announce a Britain in 19r,5, with Naught for ,died in April) ami all the olhers. sued by Father Trevor Iluddles· ing out. And I thoughtI'll never dead and buried and we still huge monitoring exercise for Your Comfort receiving huge They're the people I care about.' ton, had managed to drive get to know you all but, of haven't got the vole and we're the election. "And that might worldwide advance publicity, There arc v('ry few lell on this; South Africa from the Com· course, one did. If Africa takes not going to get the vote - on convilll;e the younger genera· was "Ihe toughest bit of obedi· side but I still)!)"e the young". ' monwealth. The book was hold of you that's it, you've had our terms - unless we take it. lion that something is going to ence I've ever had to face up to. The South African ~O\'(,I'Il-t Naught For Your Comfort, one il. It was the physical demon They've simply said, if you happen". II was a terrible bl'reavemenl. I ment has I:iven him two' early of the most influential in mod· strativeness that took me, I can't deliver give us the guns. When he was first posted to never thought I'd gel back to presents. It has repealed his old. ern history. Uut did IH~ ever ex· think, Ihe warmth - and the "Hope was the operative South Africa 50 years ago, it Africa. I'd given up hope. But it enemy, the Bantu Educal ion' pect the rest of the job to take ~('nlleness. word there when I wcnt out meant little more to him than worked out incredibly betler Act, which crippled the school·' so long'! "What I think has been the there for .the first ANC meeting an escape from dreary wartime thall I had expected". ing and aspirations of !:elH~ra·' .. No," he says penit('nlly, bll'ssing ami the curse of hlack on African soil. Now it's three Britain. I\ft('r Oxford Univ('rsi In 191iO the African church tions of blacks. And - aller he· "hul I've always said I want to Africans is thai they have a years later, umpteen massacres ty he had joined a religious elected him Bishop of Masasi, latedly realising he was e\'en sec apartheid dl'ad b('I'ore I am magnanimity in oppression laler and lnkatha and all the order, the Communitv of the Tanzania, where he slJent eight more of a menace ahroad than .. so they've got 10 get a mow' which is unbelievahle. I just rest of it and de Klerk with his Hesurrection at Mirfieid, which .yl'ai's training a hlack succes· in Sowetn .- it has just rcn!kl'c1 on. It is still a malleI' of hopl'. can'l imagine how they've heen endlessly delaying policies, try· was left wing and based in in· sion. III 1970 he returned to be the prohihit('d iml11ilP'anl lIut I don't exp('ct to sec the so pal il'lIl for so long. They're ing to hold together his own ex· dustrialtowlIs. Bishop or Stepney. Then came a status it slapped on him in I!'!il;, . . VOL. 49, NO, 5. JUNE 1993 BULLEllN THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS SOrTH ,.\FRICA Acurious conversion By DAVID ALBRIGHT Will South Africa's nuclear program be a model for military conversion? Russia has Chemobyl-contaminated areas too, and many of the residents are fearful; Russia admits it dumped, and will continue to dump nuclear waste at sea Following President F. W. de K1erk's Arter the government abandoned Kalahari desert, But after Western In 1981, Arrnscor completed two surprising March 24 announcement the nuclear weapons program in 1989. and Soviet intelligence discovered buildings at Kentron Circle, a main that South Africa had built and then Ad\'ena was com'erted to a commer test site preparations. South Africa manufacturing building dismantled six gun-type nuclear cial facility offering high-tech prod abandoned the project and sealed the j and an environmental test facility. weapons--Armscor, a government ucts for the aerospace. mining. medi test holes, (Why :South Africa would I The main building manufactured and owned company, revealed that it had cal. and other industries, Advena has c~nduct a cold te~t of a gun-type de- I stored nuclear devices. The environ operated a, see::et nuclear weapons become an experiment in the conver \'Ice underground I~ unclear; perhaps mental test facility was involved in manufactunng Slte--originaJly known sion of nuclear weapons-related exper the test wa>: intended to take place on testing the reliability of the device as the Kentron Circle facility, now tise to the commercial production of the surface,) under real-world conditions. This ca known as Advena-25 kilometers sophisticated metallurgical. explosive. The next year. still lacking ~uffi pability was particularly important we~t of Pretoria. Many analysts had electronic, and pyrotechnical prod cient highly enriched uranium. the I because the weapons were expected believed that South Africa's national ucts for domestic and export markets. AEC built a second. smaller gun-type to be reliable without the benefit of nuclear research center at Pelindaba Following his March 24 announce deVice that could be tested rapidly I full-scale nuclear testing. was the country's nuclear weapons ment, de K1erk invited the Interna once It had enough material. Bv I A completed nuclear device, made ~ovember manufacturing site. tional Atomic Energy Agency (lAEA) 1979. the AEC had pro"- I by the AEC and loaded with highly . Advena had extensive capabilities to inspect Advena and other nuclear duced enough highly enriched urani- II ennched uranium in 1979. was trans um at Its ¥-Plant at Valindaba. The auned at building a highly reliable weapon sites, and the IAEA respond fen'ed to .-\d\'ena and ~tored, ,\ccord- ¥-Plant had begun producing highly ed immediately. In response to ing to ,-\rm~cor. the .\EC de\'ice was gun-type nuclear weapon deliverable ennched uranium in January 1978, queries from the Bulletin and .Vucle· not considered a "qualitied" de~iV1. by aircraft. The device was designed but technical problems forced its clo onic8 Week, Armscor said that non which meant that there wa~ not 'an to ngorous specifications in order to sure from 1979 until 1981. nuclear-specific equipment used at adequate uegI'ee of assurance that it avoid the need for a full-scale nuclear Advena for non-nuclear commercial In fall 1992 .vuclear Fuel identified test. One long-time observer of the Building 5000 at Pelindaba as the site Il'ould detonate as intended or that it purposes will be available for IAEA I\'ould not detonate accidentalh-. South African nuclear program said inspections. One IAEA official said he of early nuclear weapons manufactur fi~t that it made sense that South African ing, and it is now believed that the Acl\'ena manufactured its nu- I expects Advena to be placed on the clear device in April 1982; the delav ' scientists and engineers would have list of South African facilities that will fIrSt device was prepared there. On designed the "best crude gun-type March 26, 1993, the Sunday LOlldon probably renected the problems ;t I be inspected regularly. the Y-Plant. But e\'en this second de device." However, he added, "What According to Armscor, which has TImes published an interview 'o'ith a does not make sense is that they former South African nuclear scien \'ice was considered a "pre-qualifica supplied an abbreviated history of tion" model. Design refinements and I would have stopped there." progr~lm, tist '!vho was involved in th~ weapons the South African nuclear final qualification took another two to I Built during the 1980s, Advena had in March 1971 the Ministry of Mines progr.un until the mid-I97Os. He said manufacturing capabilities apparent that when he worked at Pelindaba three years, after which the design approved research work on "peace , was "frozen" for production. When the ly sufficient to produce more sophisti ful" nuclear explosives, which were there were about 30 scientists work cated nuclear weapons ifSouth Africa ing on the bomb. He said they worked program was canceled in ~ovember considered potentialIy useful to the 1989, Ad\'ena had six devices stored had decided to do so. Although there mining industry. in secret in Buildings A and D, which were in a high-security compound lo in its security vaults . i~ no evidence that South Africa pro Until the late 19708, the South Because of the design's simplicity. duced more weapons than it de African Atomic Energy Corporation cated well off a road leading to the recreation area at the facility. because redundancy was built into clared. Ad\'ena's competencies imply (AEC) was responsible for the devel the device whenever possible, and be that South Africa was working on opment and production Of nuclear ex In October 1978, the government decided to shift its emphasis from cause Advena had an aggressive more sophisticated designs, includ plosives. A.first test device was com qualification program, Arrnscor was ing implosion-type weapons, If built, pleted in the middle of 1977, but the peaceful to military devices. Armscor was given the responsibility for man confident that the device would work , these weapons could have been de program lacked a supply of highly en ufacturing, with the AEC providing 'o'ithout a full-scale nuclear test. ployed on advanced delivery sys riched uranium. A.rm8cor said that the uranium. Personnel were trans tems. such as ballistic missiles. which South Africa planned an August 1977 developi~g, "cold" (without uranium) test in the ferred to Armscor, although the AEC Sou:h Africa was also continued to provide theoretical and health physics support to the Arms- cor weapons operation. I [t is somewhat difficult to under According to Gert Enslin, Advena's stand why it took so long to "qualify" general manager. the transition to (South Africa). Advena's Cone-Pak a device based on simple gun-type commercial status gained impetus "is easily applied. requiring no I current pmployees do I.ot pr;-l\';'le principles. But. Armscor said. Adve "when it became clear that a termina drilling. It produces little fling rock ~en~itive know-how or 'en'ices to na had to "develop everything in tion of the weapons program was in and is suitable to be used near under lither nuclear weapons pl'Oln'am~. house due to the security require evitable." When Advena suddenly ground services," .\t a minimum. the l.-\EA -hould ments of the program." The device lost its major product. its survival de Other specialties include explosive periodically in"pect Ach·ena. and the I and subsystems were studied careful pended on how rapidly it could devel shaping of metals and explosive South African j.(o\'ernment :,hould ly to insure that they would be highly op commercial products. Enslin ex welding of metals normally consid jf]in the :\uclear Suppliers (;roup ! reliable and exceed safety require- plained that the overhead costs asso ered incompatible using conventional and agree to abide fully hy its )lUide- I I ments. With everything done at Ad ciated with fixed assets and a highly welding methods. One C.S. official fa lines for exports lif nuclear and "dual ! vena. and with stringent specifica skilled workforce. customized to the miliar with these proce,.ses said that use" technology, equipment. and I tions. it could easily take several weapons program, were not "con explosi\'e welding and forming i,. products, • years to accomplish the task. ducive to a competitive price struc- "tough to do," and it implies a hill:h Although a successful gun-type de degree of knowledge about using hi!rh David Albl'1ght, the prp.~ident of fhe vice is easier to build than an implo ture needed for rapid explosives. II/,~titllte for Science alld Intel"la sion-design weapon. it still presents commercial market Ad\'ena has full.\· instrumented te:'t tiol/ol Security ill W",'lhlllgtOIl, D,C" I demanding mechanical and metallur penetration." The dif facilities that can handle indoor deto i.'! a Bulletin cOlltribllting editor. , gical challenges. For example. the ficulties of conversion nations of 10 kilograms of hij