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Relationship Between Geographical Bases and Distribution of Rural Settlements in Arid Areas: a Case Study of the Khour- Biabanak District, Naein Township

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Relationship Between Geographical Bases and Distribution of Rural Settlements in Arid Areas: a Case Study of the Khour- Biabanak District, Naein Township Estelaji & Barghi / DESERT 18 (2013) 127-134 DESERT DESERT Online at http://jdesert.ut.ac.ir DESERT 18 (2013) 127-134 Relationship between Geographical Bases and Distribution of Rural Settlements in Arid Areas: A case study of the Khour- Biabanak District, Naein Township A.R. Estelajia*, H. Barghib a Department of Geography, Islamic Azad University of Shahr_e_Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran b Department of Geography, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Received: 19 November 2011; Received in revised form: 10 September 2013; Accepted: 23 September 2013 Abstract Geographical bases have significant function in human settlements in terms of distribution and sustainability. This study attempted to provide an insight into the role of geographical bases in rural settlement distribution in arid areas. Accordingly, this study was done in the rural area of Khour-Biabanak, Naein city in Esfahan province. The methodology was that of a correlative research, to realize the study objectives through analysis of field, library and documentary information. Generally speaking, geographical bases fall into two main categories; natural and human, with a number of variables. This study applied 49 variables classified according to natural, economic, social and infrastructure related themes. Some natural and infrastructure bases such as water resources and road networks are assumed as important in terms of rural settlement distribution. However, the findings of this study reveal that some human based factors, such as the ratio of working people to total population and number of job opportunities, had a greater role in distribution and sustainability of rural settlements in arid areas. Other factors, including size of population, number of households and number of secondary schools were also significant variables that influenced service ranking in rural settlements in arid areas. The study concludes that such factors need to be given due consideration in planning for rural development in arid areas. Keywords: Geographical bases; Rural settlements; Arid regions; Khour- Biabanak; Naein 1. Introduction 1994:14). Geographical bases have recently This study is thus an attempt to deal experienced major shifts from descriptive analytically with the relationship between geography to the more analytical and applied geographical bases and the distribution of rural themes. The approach to applied geography is to settlements. To do this, the credibility level of deal with the spatial legislation. Unlike the the interaction of geographical bases have been traditional approach, this new approach assumes evaluated through various statistical tests. that the spatial issues and the related disparities The approaches to development planning at can not be studied unless the roles of the regional level (urban and rural areas) may developers and socio-economic mechanisms generally be divided into following categories: involved are adequately studied and understood. Accordingly, qualitative models coupled with a. physical approach behavioral and environmental perception The strategy resulted from this approach is geography have proved to be basic elements in named the strategy for "improvement and development planning process (Corr, M., development of infrastructures". Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 912 5130274, b. economic approach Fax: +98 21 66055838. This approach results in four interrelated E-mail address: a.estelaji@ iausr.ac.ir strategies: 1) Green Revolution; 2) agrarian 128 Estelaji & Barghi / DESERT 18 (2013) 127-134 reforms; 3) rural industrialization; 4) basic attribute of the integrated rural system of nature, needs. economy and society, which is of poor stability, c. Socio-cultural approach sensitive to external disturbance, and hard to This approach leads to two strategies, recover from external disturbance (Zhand and namely "community development" and "popular etal, 2010). participation in rural development". Theoretical frameworks well reveal that d. area and regional - spatial approach (estelaji. planning process have witnessed major shifts 2008) from descriptive methodologies toward Under this approach, following strategies are analytical issues. In the 1960s, mathematical formed: site/place analysis (rural- models and quantitative techniques were urban/agropolitan development); UFRD (urban dominant. In the 1970s, the focus was on the function in rural development (Hagget, p., human behavior and action toward 1994:64); settlement hierarchical system and environmental changes. Clear concepts in rural central planning (Corr, M.,1994:14); spatial planning theories supported by integrated regional development (DHV qualitative techniques, lay emphasis on the well- Consultation Engineers Group, 1999:42); defined hierarchies in central areas that best fit habitat development (Sarrafi, M., 1991:37); and human reciprocal behaviors. This type of sustainable development. planning that has taken a very gentle approach Drought is a generally occurring is considered a regional development strategy in phenomenon which its effects practice (Estelaji, A.R., and Ghadiri, M., gradually(m.t.2011).The development of semi- 2005:121-135). arid regions of the world is encountering huge As the theoretical frameworks suggest, challenges.35% of earth’s people live in arid qualitative techniques stem from a spatial and semi-arid lands. Dry lands cover 41% of the approach applicable at all rural, area, regional planet and closely follow the world’s map of and national planning levels. Out of different poverty. Exposed to climate extremes, land questions raised in this study, the following two degradation and desertification and poverty. are core questions: This study aims to develop an analytical - what relationship is there between framework on the vulnerability of rural geographical bases and the distribution of development in semi-arid area of Northern settlements in arid areas; China make a general assessment of the - Is there any significant correlation between vulnerability of rural development of a village. geographical bases and service-providing Vulnerability of rural development is the hierarchies in rural settlements in arid areas; Also, the research hypotheses are as follows: geography bases; and b) human geography H0- It seems that there is a significant bases. Climate, topography, water and soil correlation between geographical bases and sources, the means and ways of subsistence, rural settlements distribution in arid areas. reliance on other sections of mines and industry H1- It seems that there is a significant (e.g.mines, factories, …),tourist attractions, correlation between geographical areas and roads and routes, terms and conditions service- providing hierarchies in rural prevailing cross- border exchanges, including settlements in arid areas. ethnic, cultural, political and the like issues are generally known as the most important 2. Material and methods geographical bases (Assayesh, H., 2000: 67; Saeidi, A., 1998:44) This study is an applied research which It can thus be said that geographical bases follows a correlative methodology. Villages of (including different natural, social, cultural, khour- Biabanak (a suburb of Naein city, political, economic, religious, military, Isfahan province) have been selected as the infrastructural, Communication, ... aspects and cases for the study. Covering 10850 km2 area, it issues together give any rural settlement a is located at among Central Desert to the north, spatial-place identity. Any shift or change in Rig Zarrin to the south and salt Desert (Kavir-e- any of these factors may directly influence the namak) to the east. functions of others. Natural factors have Studies show that there are a variety of relatively stable and static features and factors involved in formation of settlement morphologically lend themselves to observation systems. These factors that either individually or and study. But cultural and social factors are collectively influence the formation of dynamic in nature and are thus subject to settlements are known as geographical bases constant changes (Clock, P.J., 1983:67). and fall generally into two categories: a) natural Estelaji & Barghi / DESERT 18 (2013) 127-134 129 Fig. 1. Landscape of khour area Fig. 2. Khour Position 3. Results and Discussion distribution’ and the above-mentioned variables. Accordingly, H0 proved true and H1 was A study of the current situation (status quo) rejected. And this presents a warning for reveals that the structure of settlement system is planners in the region. Because a lack of influenced by both natural and human correlation between settlements and geographical bases or factors. geographical bases will result in rural With regard to the significant influences of depopulation and migration. Also, Table 2 geographical bases on the population settlement shows findings of the regression analysis for the system and the distribution of settlements in correlation between the dependent variable and khour-Biabanak district, the correlation independent variables, out of which, the between the dependent variable (distance of variable ‘ratio of employed people to total settlements from central district) and 49 population’ proved highly significant. independent variables (as mentioned in table 1) As demonstrated by multiple regression were determined, the results of which can be (Table 2), out of the 49 variables, the variable seen in tables 1 and 2 . ‘ratio of employed people to total population’ As shown in Table 1, correlation coefficient was determined as significant.
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