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Agriculture and Farm Life in the New York City Region, 1820-1870 Louis P Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Agriculture and farm life in the New York City region, 1820-1870 Louis P. Tremante III Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Tremante, Louis P. III, "Agriculture and farm life in the New York City region, 1820-1870 " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 12290. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12290 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has t)een reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may t>e from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon ttw quality of ttw copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely aff^ reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author dkl not serKj UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletk)n. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t>een reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9' black and white photographic prints are availat>le for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Art>or, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Agriculture and farm life in the New York City region, 1820-1870 by Louis P. Tremante III A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Agricultural History and Rural Studies Major Professor: R. Douglas Hurt Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2000 Copyright © Louis P. Tremante III, 2000. All rights reserved. UMI Number 9977366 Copyright 2000 by Tremante, Louis P., Ill All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform 9977366 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 II Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Doctoral dissertation of Louis P. Tremante III has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Maipr Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For th^Major Program Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABSTRACT xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION, REGION, MODEL 1 CHAPTER 2. LAND, TENANCY, IMMIGRATION 28 CHAPTER 3. SELLING RETAIL 88 CHAPTER 4. SELLING WHOLESALE 134 CHAPTER 5. THE AGRICULTURAL YEAR BEGINS: SPRING 187 CHAPTER 6. THE AGRICULTURAL YEAR MATURES: SUMMER 232 CHAPTER 7. THE AGRICULTURE YEAR WANES: AUTUMN 281 CHAPTER 8. THE AGRICULTURE YEAR ENDS: WINTER 328 CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSION AND RETROSPECTIVE 360 REFERENCES CITED 370 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 The New York City Region 3 Figure 1.2 View North and East of Central Park Overlooking Harlem Plain 4 Figure 2.3 Gramercy Park Neighborhood 37 Figure 2.4 Twenty-five Years of Real Estate Values in Manhattan 39 Figure 2.5 Hamilton Grange a Quarter Century before Subdivision 41 Figure 2.6 Reference Map of the New York City Region for Chapter Two 42 Figure 2.7 Old Dutch Farmhouse on 7*'' Avenue at 50"** Street, 1865 47 Figure 2.8 DeKalb Avenue at the Junction of Fulton Street, 1855 49 Figure 2.9 "The Keyser Estate" 4"" Avenue at 40"* Street Manhattan, 1865 50 Figure 2.10 Median Age of Male and Female Heads of Farm and Garden Households 59 Figure 2.11 Dressing a Dead Cow in a Jersey City Swill Milk Dairy 63 Figure 2.12 Cattle Sheds, Flushing Avenue and North 4'*' Street, Williamsburgh 69 Figure 2.13 Lease for Land on Sixteenth Street, New York City, 1838 72 Figure 3.1 The New York City Region 90 Figure 3.2 Informal Retail Market at the Lower Green, Newark, c.1845 93 Figure 3.3 Upper and Lower Houses of Catherine Market, Viewed from the North, 1850 97 Figure 3.4 New York City's Country Markets, 1820-1860 100 Figure 3.5 Bay Area Reference Map for Chapter Three 102 Figure 3.6 "New York Bay sloop Laura built 1867 at Keyport, NJ" 105 Figure 3.7 New York Bay Area Waterways, Landmarks and Hazards 108 V Figure 3.8 Public and Country Markets in New York City, 1810-1870 113 Figure 3.9 Washington Market Scene, 1872 116 Figure 3.10 Washington Country Market Scene, 1859 119 Figure 4.1 New Jersey Villages Referenced in Chapter Four 139 Figure 4.2 Weighing in at the Scales 141 Figure 4.3 Regional Reference Diagram for Chapter Four 142 Figure 4.4 Gaff-rigged Sloop on Passaic River at Aquacknonk, New Jersey, c.1845 144 Figure 4.5 Grocers and Markets in Manhattan, 1810-1870 154 Figure 4.6 Swill "Milkmaids" at Work in Sixteenth Street, Manhattan 158 Figure 4.7 Hauling New Jersey Peaches to Market 162 Figure 4.8 New Jersey Peach Basket 164 Figure 4.9 Market Wagon 172 Figure 4.10 Business Card, c. 1875 173 Figure 5.1 Hotbed with Sashes and Hay 189 Figure 5.2 Spring Plowing with a Cast Iron Moldboard Plow 199 Figure 5.3 Eagle no.78 Lock Coulter Cast Iron Plow 201 Figure 5.4 The Geddes Harrow 204 Figure 5.5 Improved White Spine Cucumber 210 Figure 5.6 Garden Marker 212 Figure 5.7 Howe's Eagle Seed Sower 213 Figure 6.1 Adjustable Iron Hand Cultivator 235 Figure 6.2 Common Horse-drawn Cultivator 236 vi Figure 6.3 Garden Cultivator, Pushed from Behind 239 Figure 6.4 Cradlers, Front and Side Views 252 Figure 6.5 Combination Machine, Reaping Grain 255 Figure 6.6 Emery's Patent Railroad Horse Power and Overshot Thresher and Cleaner 258 Figure 6.7 Asparagus Beetle, Larvae and Pupa 260 Figure 6.8 "The Aquarius" 270 Figure 7.1 Harvesting Apples in New Jersey 287 Figure 7.2 Apple Crusher and Screw Cider Press for use at Home 289 Figure 7.3 Horse Drawn Potato Digger 292 Figure 7.4 Short-handle Com Knife 303 Figure 7.5 Smith's Patent Lever Cutter 305 Figure 7.6 Glazing Hot Bed Sash Panes 310 Figure 7.7 Early Jersey Wakefield Cabbage 313 Figure 8.1 Slaughtered Hog Weights 337 Figure 8.2 Sausage Chopper and Stuffer 339 vii LIST OF TABLES Table l.l Farming Systems Characteristics 15 Table 1.2 Population Statistics of the New York City Region, 1800-1870 16 Table 2.1 Farm Tenancy Rates, 1850 54 Table 2.2 Foreign-bom Tenant Family Heads of Household, New York City Ward 16, 1850 57 Table 2.3 African American Agriculturists in New York's Twelfth Ward, 1850 60 Table 2.4 Heads of Household of a Tenement in Brooklyn's Nineteenth Ward, 1860 61 Table 2.5 Members of the Michael Dom Household, 1850 64 Table 2.6 Selected milkmen in New York's Sixteenth Ward, 1850 64 Table 3.1 Hay Sales, July-August 1837 91 Table 3.2 Country Markets in New York City, 1820-1860 99 Table 3.3 Selected Petitioners for Docking Rights at Washington Market, 1847 103 Table 3.4 Voyages of the Sloop Dread from Yellow Hook to New York City, 1828 106 Table 3.5 Petitioners with Identical Surnames 110 Table 3.6 Selected Farm Produce Shipments from Anne Megie to Jane Megie 112 Table 3.7 New York's Public Market Receipts 117 Table 4.1 Capital Invested in Retail Stores, 1840 137 Table 4.2 Stores between Morristown and Elizabethtown, 1840 138 Table 4.3 Sloops and Retail Stores in Westchester County, 1836 145 Table 4.4 Selected Mercantile Occupations in New York City, 1840-1865 153 viii Table 4.5 Milk shipments to New York City, by Railroad, Barge and Steamboat, 1852 156 Table 4.6 Fulton Ferry Traffic to New York, 1834 170 Table 5.1 Quantity and Value of Special Manures Used in New York, Selected Counties 193 Table 5.2 Latest Dates for Spring Frost 205 Table 6.1 Small Grain Production as a Percentage of Improved Acreage, 1855 254 Table 7.1 Average First Date of Autumn Frost 309 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing a dissertation is similar to farming in that one usually emerges from the process (or the year) indebted to others in one way or another. Given the scope of this project, and the years devoted to it, I too have amassed hefty debts: to colleagues, friends and family, and would like to thank them at this time. I should begin by noting that portions of this project were funded a Roswell Garst Dissertation Fellowship awarded by the Department of History at Iowa State University and a grant from the New Jersey Historical Commission.
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