Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift
Eleni Gklinou Urban Designer + Architect @EleniGklinou [email protected] Freshkills, NYC Vall d’en Joan, BCN Ariel Sharon Park, TLV What? How? Lanfills’ evolution First covered pit 3000 B.C., Crete
Industrial revolution
unregulated waste management sky-rocketing population increased production
Manfield’s Factory, Northampton (c1900) Typical housing in England’s industrial districts Solid waste in the Streets of Victorian London (source: https://www.northampton.gov.uk/museums) in the late 19th (source: ww.historium.com) (source: http://www.branchcollective.org) Lanfills’ evolution
Haussman’s Paris New York’s Financial District in 1864
Tenant houses and residences where the space per occupant is <20 cubic meters Insalubrious localities Houses where typhus or typhoid fever Sanitary and Social Chart of the Fourth Ward Sewer system separation occured within the last year (source: ww.nypl.com) (source: http://www.arthistoryarchive.com) Lanfills’ evolution
1848 1875 1891 1956
Series of Public Health Acts Clean Air Act
LOCAL AUTHORITIES;
WASTE DISPOSAL AT THE PERIPHERY Designating space for landfills
Geographic and mental distance
Historic Landfills London’s built up areas (2011) London’s boundary (1864)
data sources: Built up Areas (2011) https://data.gov.uk/dataset/15e3be7f-66ed-416c- b0f2-241e87668642/built-up-areas-december-2011-boundaries-v2 Historic Landfills (2019) https://data.gov.uk/dataset/17edf94f-6de3-4034-b66b- 004ebd0dd010/historic-landfill-sites Historic Boundary https://oldlondonmap.com/ Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Waste Management Action
1995 2006 2015
European Union Framework Directive Landfill Tax Escalator (UK) WASTE COSTS! £ 84,40/ ton
278 landfills 160 landfills
UK Residual Waste to Landfill and Operational Landfills in England (source: https://www. isonomia.co.uk/losing-ground-the-decline-of-englands-landfills/ Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Dead Landfills Society UK, Ireland and Northern Ireland 23,231 historic landfills
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou The Bronx
New Jersey
Queens Manhattan
Brooklyn Staten Island
Freshkills Park, NYC Landfill to park
(source: www.archdaily.com) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou1 Freshkills Park, NYC
1948 1951
A tidal marshland West Shore Expressway
(source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/
(source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/ Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Freshkills Park, NYC
1986 1996
29,000 tons/ day Staten Island BP, Guy Molinari
(source: https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/26/nyregion/stat- (source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/) en-island-leadership-sues-to-close-fresh-kills.html) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Freshkills Park, NYC
March 2001 2003
The last barge to Freshkills 2,200 acres of polluted, available land
3x Central Park
A new metropolitan park
Mayor Bloomberg +
+
(source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC
Moundscape Field- Open- Place- Event- Lifescape
2005 +3 years +6 years +10 years +20 years +30 years
engineer manufacture initiate build spaces diversify grow new life ground soil + habitat access/ activity ecology + uses
Designing a process
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC
Ecology as a starting point
2005 +3 years +6 years +10 years +20 years +30 years
Grassland
Woodland
Lowland and forest
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC
3 pillars
New program multiplicity of activities
New circulation attract people
restore life New habitat
(source: http://freshkillspark.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Fresh-Kills-Park-Draft-Master-Plan.pdf)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC
Scale change Completed projects
1 Schmul Park
1
2 North Park Pilot Wetland Restoration 2
3 3 Owl Hollow Fields
(source, all images: https://freshkillspark.org/design-construction) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC
An alliance beyond scales, time, and disciplines
In good company and Freshkills Park Alliance Thank you to our partners
Government Partners and Geosyntec Science + Research Contributing Agencies Philip Habib and Associates Partners Project Projects Bloomfield College The New York State Department Sage & Coombe Architects CUNY CSI of State, Office of Coastal, Local Langan Hunter College Government & Community Sustainability Rogers Surveying New Jersey City University has provided funding to support the Faithful + Gould NY/NJ Baykeeper Freshkills Park project under Title 11 of HAKS Rutgers University
photo: Michael Anton, DSNY the Environmental Protection Fund. US Forest Service Yale University 2015 Annual Report Cultural Partners NYC Department of Sanitation AIANY/ Center for Architecture Recreation Partners The generous support and partnership of stakeholders, NYC Department of City Planning Archtober Kayak Staten Island advocates, and visitors are bringing Freshkills Park to life. NYC Department of Transportation Brooklyn Brainery New York Road Runners Thanks to the generosity of grantors, donors, and increasing numbers of community partners, means that NYC Department of Environmental Center for Book Arts Transportation Alternatives sponsors, thousands of people got to know Freshkills progress is solid and steady. Park through big open site events, art installations and Protection Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP) Staten Island Athletic Club workshops, scientific research projects, races and bike The Freshkills Park Alliance’s mission is to support the events, environmental education programs, and a wide creation of the park through a broad range of recre- NYC Department of Health Chasing Sanitation Staten Island Bicycling Association range of tours. ational, cultural, scientific and educational programs. The Alliance is committed to maintaining and expand- NYC Department of Design and Classic Harbor Line The process of building out the park continues. The ing the ways for the public to experience and support New Springville Greenway opened this year, adding the this exciting time of transformation, as the work of park Construction Creative Time Community Partners popular 3.2 mile long facility to the already completed building moves forward. This has been an important projects of Schmul Park, Owl Hollow fields and North year, as we have strengthened our organization, our NYC Department of Cultural Affairs CSI WSIA City Parks Foundation Park wetland restoration. The Freshkills Park Alliance partnerships and our programs. partnership with NYC Parks and Sanitation, as well as Mayor’s Office of Sustainability DSNY Oral History Archive Hilton Garden Inn
2015 Annual Report 1 NYS Department of Environmental Jacques Marchais Museum of NY Cares Conservation Tibetan Art Showplace Entertainment Center NYS Department of State, Division Land Art Generator Initiative Staten Island Mall of Coastal Resources Municipal Arts Society NYS Department of Transportation NYC Audubon Society Donors and Sponsors NYS Department of Health NYC DOT Urban Art Program Airbnb Recreational Programs and Events politics and New York Public Library Bloomberg Philanthropies Number of individuals participating in recreational Seasonal distribution of participants Open House New York (OHNY) ConEdison programs and events at Freshkills Park, 2012-2015 in 2015 recreational programs and events 8,000 7,507 Related City Initiatives Protectors of Pine Oaks Woods Fund for the City of New York 7,000 6,518 January - Sept - 6,000 April OneNYC Staten Island Arts Furthermore Program/ JM Kaplan Nov 5,000 24% policy 36% 4,000 MillionTreesNYC Staten Island MakerSpace Fund 3,687 3,000
Waterfront Vision 2020 Staten Island Museum Mertz Gilmore Foundation 2,000 1,423 May - Staten Island OutLOUD! Mohawk 1,000 August 0 40% NYC Parks Partners Urban Omnibus NEA Art Works 2012 2013 2014 2015 Arts & Antiquities Waterfront Alliance The New York Community Trust Website and Social Media Reach Conference House Park NYS Department of State LWRP The Greenbelt Academic Partners Pratt Recycling Greenbelt Native Plant Center Barnard + Columbia Architecture Public Lands Every Day/ NEEF/ Marketing and Special Events City College of New York Toyota Natural Resources Group City University of New York Richmond County Savings Parklands and Planning College of Staten Island Foundation Urban Park Rangers Cornell University: AAP The Shelley & Donald Rubin Gaynor McCown High School Foundation: Art and Social Project Consultants Macaulay Honors College Justice James Corner Field Operations New York Harbor School Staten Island Foundation AKRF NYU Wagner Talas ARUP Parsons School of Constructed Tauck Ritzau Innovative Philanthropy
BioHabitats, Inc. Environments Waste Management 2015 Annual Report 17 BKSK Architects SVA Interactive Design Daniel Frankfurt (HDR, Inc.)
education 2015 Annual Report 5 stakeholders funding
2015 Annual Report 12
(source, all images: https://freshkillspark.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/FreshkillsParkAlliance_AnnualReport_2015.pdf)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Barcelona Garraf Natural Park
Airport
Vall d’en Joan
Vall d’en Joan Garraf Natural Park,
(source: http://www.ondiseno.com/proyecto_en.php?id=2459) Barcelona Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift 2@EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes Vall d’en Joan
1974 1993
A landfill in a Natural Park Metropolitan Enviornmental Authority Urban Waste Management Programme (PRGRM)
Social and environmental cost
Impact on land and territory
Cost of an unsustainable model
DECISION FOR COMPLETE CLOSURE
source: https://www.publicspace.org/es/obras/-/project/c057-vall-d-en-joan-landfill-restoration-1st-and-2nd-phase
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes Vall d’en Joan
capping the landfill a unique landscape a global metropolis
cap restore make public
a new asset for the entire region
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes Vall d’en Joan
Step 1: the terraces
limited erosion
rainwater collection limited infiltration *
(source: www.architizer.com)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes Vall d’en Joan
Step 1: the terraces
embankments pathways irrigation canals
(source: www.architizer.com)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes 2004
Step 2: habitat creation
2005
2007
Farming system Slopes system
2009
Trees system Underbrush system (source: https://www.arquitectes.cat/iframes/paisatge/fitxa/8339)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes Vall d’en Joan
Step 3: make it public!
(source: https://www.arquitectes.cat/iframes/paisatge/fitxa/8339)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes Vall d’en Joan
Step 3: make it public!
(source: https://www.arquitectes.cat/iframes/paisatge/fitxa/8339)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Battle i Roig Arquitectes Vall d’en Joan
Is it “urban”?
European Urban Public Space Award (2004)
“What could be more urban than that”? Enric Battle
(source: https://www.arquitectes.cat/iframes/paisatge/fitxa/8339)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou 3
Tel Aviv Ben Gurion Airport
Ariel Sharon Park Tel Aviv (source: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/hiriya-tel-aviv-il/)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partnerv Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
1960 1990
A growing mound A growing population
1km
80m
(source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/New- neighborhoods-in-Tel-Aviv-Metropolitan-Area-1990- (source: https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/hiriya-tel-aviv-il/) onwards-more-than-70-in-total_fig3_322908245)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
1990 1998
Open Green Spaces as public amenities Tipping point Partial collapse in the Ayalon River
data collection +
academic studies
policy making
(source: https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-a-tale-of-two-dumps-1.5324308) + Israel National Land Planning Program
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
1998 The new green lungs of Tel Aviv
Retaining the mound
(source: https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-a-tale-of-two-dumps-1.5324308)
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
Step 1: the mound Celebrating the site’s history
https://www.competitionline.com/de/beitraege/11320
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
Step 2 Establishing the vegetation
https://www.competitionline.com/de/beitraege/11320 https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/hiriya-tel-aviv-il/ Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
Step 3: attract the public
The ‘wadis’ * *a valley, ravine, or channel that is dry except in the rainy season.
1 Ayalon ‘wadi’*
1
https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/hiriya-tel-aviv-il/
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
Step 2: attract the public
The terraced slopes
2 Terraced slopes
2
https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/hiriya-tel-aviv-il/
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
Step 2: attract the public
The Belvedere
3 Plateau
3
https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/hiriya-tel-aviv-il/
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Latz + Partner Landscape Architects Ariel Sharon Park
Step 2: attract the public
The Belvedere
https://www.latzundpartner.de/en/projekte/postindustrielle-landschaften/hiriya-tel-aviv-il/
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou +/-
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou +/-
1990s
Shift in environmental policies Evidence-driven frameworks
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou +/-
Multiscalar Multidisciplinary Evidence-based activism Time-based Place-specific Policy-making
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Thank you!
Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou