Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift Eleni Gklinou Urban Designer + Architect @EleniGklinou [email protected] Freshkills, NYC Vall d’en Joan, BCN Ariel Sharon Park, TLV What? How? Lanfills’ evolution First covered pit 3000 B.C., Crete Industrial revolution unregulated waste management sky-rocketing population increased production Manfield’s Factory, Northampton (c1900) Typical housing in England’s industrial districts Solid waste in the Streets of Victorian London (source: https://www.northampton.gov.uk/museums) in the late 19th (source: ww.historium.com) (source: http://www.branchcollective.org) Lanfills’ evolution Haussman’s Paris New York’s Financial District in 1864 Tenant houses and residences where the space per occupant is <20 cubic meters Insalubrious localities Houses where typhus or typhoid fever Sanitary and Social Chart of the Fourth Ward Sewer system separation occured within the last year (source: ww.nypl.com) (source: http://www.arthistoryarchive.com) Lanfills’ evolution 1848 1875 1891 1956 Series of Public Health Acts Clean Air Act LOCAL AUTHORITIES; WASTE DISPOSAL AT THE PERIPHERY Designating space for landfills Geographic and mental distance Historic Landfills London’s built up areas (2011) London’s boundary (1864) data sources: Built up Areas (2011) https://data.gov.uk/dataset/15e3be7f-66ed-416c- b0f2-241e87668642/built-up-areas-december-2011-boundaries-v2 Historic Landfills (2019) https://data.gov.uk/dataset/17edf94f-6de3-4034-b66b- 004ebd0dd010/historic-landfill-sites Historic Boundary https://oldlondonmap.com/ Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Waste Management Action 1995 2006 2015 European Union Framework Directive Landfill Tax Escalator (UK) WASTE COSTS! £ 84,40/ ton 278 landfills 160 landfills UK Residual Waste to Landfill and Operational Landfills in England (source: https://www. isonomia.co.uk/losing-ground-the-decline-of-englands-landfills/ Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Dead Landfills Society UK, Ireland and Northern Ireland 23,231 historic landfills Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou The Bronx New Jersey Queens Manhattan Brooklyn Staten Island Freshkills Park, NYC Landfill to park (source: www.archdaily.com) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou1 Freshkills Park, NYC 1948 1951 A tidal marshland West Shore Expressway (source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/ (source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/ Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Freshkills Park, NYC 1986 1996 29,000 tons/ day Staten Island BP, Guy Molinari (source: https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/26/nyregion/stat- (source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/) en-island-leadership-sues-to-close-fresh-kills.html) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou Freshkills Park, NYC March 2001 2003 The last barge to Freshkills 2,200 acres of polluted, available land 3x Central Park A new metropolitan park Mayor Bloomberg + + (source: http://timeline.freshkillspark.org/) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC Moundscape Field- Open- Place- Event- Lifescape 2005 +3 years +6 years +10 years +20 years +30 years engineer manufacture initiate build spaces diversify grow new life ground soil + habitat access/ activity ecology + uses Designing a process Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC Ecology as a starting point 2005 +3 years +6 years +10 years +20 years +30 years Grassland Woodland Lowland and forest Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC 3 pillars New program multiplicity of activities New circulation attract people restore life New habitat (source: http://freshkillspark.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Fresh-Kills-Park-Draft-Master-Plan.pdf) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC Scale change Completed projects 1 Schmul Park 1 2 North Park Pilot Wetland Restoration 2 3 3 Owl Hollow Fields (source, all images: https://freshkillspark.org/design-construction) Post-waste landscapes: design principles for a paradigm shift @EleniGklinou James Corner Field Operations Freshkills Park, NYC An alliance beyond scales, time, and disciplines In good company and Freshkills Park Alliance Thank you to our partners Government Partners and Geosyntec Science + Research Contributing Agencies Philip Habib and Associates Partners Project Projects Bloomfield College The New York State Department Sage & Coombe Architects CUNY CSI of State, Office of Coastal, Local Langan Hunter College Government & Community Sustainability Rogers Surveying New Jersey City University has provided funding to support the Faithful + Gould NY/NJ Baykeeper Freshkills Park project under Title 11 of HAKS Rutgers University photo: Michael Anton, DSNY the Environmental Protection Fund. US Forest Service Yale University 2015 Annual Report Cultural Partners NYC Department of Sanitation AIANY/ Center for Architecture Recreation Partners The generous support and partnership of stakeholders, NYC Department of City Planning Archtober Kayak Staten Island advocates, and visitors are bringing Freshkills Park to life. NYC Department of Transportation Brooklyn Brainery New York Road Runners Thanks to the generosity of grantors, donors, and increasing numbers of community partners, means that NYC Department of Environmental Center for Book Arts Transportation Alternatives sponsors, thousands of people got to know Freshkills progress is solid and steady. Park through big open site events, art installations and Protection Center for Urban Pedagogy (CUP) Staten Island Athletic Club workshops, scientific research projects, races and bike The Freshkills Park Alliance’s mission is to support the events, environmental education programs, and a wide creation of the park through a broad range of recre- NYC Department of Health Chasing Sanitation Staten Island Bicycling Association range of tours. ational, cultural, scientific and educational programs. The Alliance is committed to maintaining and expand- NYC Department of Design and Classic Harbor Line The process of building out the park continues. The ing the ways for the public to experience and support New Springville Greenway opened this year, adding the this exciting time of transformation, as the work of park Construction Creative Time Community Partners popular 3.2 mile long facility to the already completed building moves forward. This has been an important projects of Schmul Park, Owl Hollow fields and North year, as we have strengthened our organization, our NYC Department of Cultural Affairs CSI WSIA City Parks Foundation Park wetland restoration. The Freshkills Park Alliance partnerships and our programs. partnership with NYC Parks and Sanitation, as well as Mayor’s Office of Sustainability DSNY Oral History Archive Hilton Garden Inn 2015 Annual Report 1 NYS Department of Environmental Jacques Marchais Museum of NY Cares Conservation Tibetan Art Showplace Entertainment Center NYS Department of State, Division Land Art Generator Initiative Staten Island Mall of Coastal Resources Municipal Arts Society NYS Department of Transportation NYC Audubon Society Donors and Sponsors NYS Department of Health NYC DOT Urban Art Program Airbnb Recreational Programs and Events politics and New York Public Library Bloomberg Philanthropies Number of individuals participating in recreational Seasonal distribution of participants Open House New York (OHNY) ConEdison programs and events at Freshkills Park, 2012-2015 in 2015 recreational programs and events 8,000 7,507 Related City Initiatives Protectors of Pine Oaks Woods Fund for the City of New York 7,000 6,518 January - Sept - 6,000 April OneNYC Staten Island Arts Furthermore Program/ JM Kaplan Nov 5,000 24% policy 36% 4,000 MillionTreesNYC Staten Island MakerSpace Fund 3,687 3,000 Waterfront Vision 2020 Staten Island Museum Mertz Gilmore Foundation 2,000 1,423 May - Staten Island OutLOUD! Mohawk 1,000 August 0 40% NYC Parks Partners Urban Omnibus NEA Art Works 2012 2013 2014 2015 Arts & Antiquities Waterfront Alliance The New York Community Trust Website and Social Media Reach Conference House Park NYS Department of State LWRP The Greenbelt Academic Partners Pratt Recycling Greenbelt Native Plant Center Barnard + Columbia Architecture Public Lands Every Day/ NEEF/ Marketing and Special Events City College of New York Toyota Natural Resources Group City University of New York Richmond County Savings Parklands and Planning College of Staten Island Foundation Urban Park Rangers Cornell University: AAP The Shelley & Donald Rubin Gaynor McCown High School Foundation: Art and Social Project Consultants Macaulay Honors College Justice James Corner Field Operations New York Harbor School Staten Island Foundation AKRF NYU Wagner Talas ARUP Parsons School of Constructed Tauck Ritzau Innovative Philanthropy BioHabitats, Inc. Environments Waste Management 2015 Annual Report 17 BKSK Architects SVA Interactive Design Daniel Frankfurt (HDR, Inc.) education 2015 Annual Report 5 stakeholders funding 2015 Annual Report 12 (source, all images: https://freshkillspark.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/FreshkillsParkAlliance_AnnualReport_2015.pdf)