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SNH Report 339. Basking Sharks. Speedie Et Al

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Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report 339 Basking Shark Hotspots on the West Coast of Scotland: Key sites, threats and implications for conservation of the species COMMISSIONED REPORT Commissioned Report No. 339 Basking Shark Hotspots on the West Coast of Scotland: Key sites, threats and implications for conservation of the species For further information on this report please contact: Suzanne Henderson Scottish Natural Heritage Great Glen House INVERNESS IV3 8NW Telephone: 01463-725 238 E-mail: [email protected] This report should be quoted as: Speedie, C.D., Johnson, L. A., Witt, M.J. (2009). Report title. Basking Shark Hotspots on the West Coast of Scotland: Key sites, threats and implications for conservation of the species. Commissioned Report No.339 This report, or any part of it, should not be reproduced without the permission of Scottish Natural Heritage. This permission will not be withheld unreasonably. The views expressed by the author(s) of this report should not be taken as the views and policies of Scottish Natural Heritage. © Scottish Natural Heritage 2009. i. Summary……………………………………………………………………………………….……5 ii. Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………..7 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 8 1.1. Aims ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.2. Conservation status ................................................................................................... 8 1.3. Potential threats to the basking shark.................................................................... 10 1.3.1. Marine ecotourism.............................................................................................. 10 1.3.2. Marine tourism.................................................................................................... 11 1.3.3. Fisheries bycatch ............................................................................................... 12 1.3.4. Additional potential threats ................................................................................. 12 1.4. Distribution................................................................................................................ 12 1.4.1. Habitat selection................................................................................................. 12 1.4.2. Fronts and plankton distribution ......................................................................... 13 1.4.3. Reverse diel migration........................................................................................ 14 1.4.4. Spatial range ...................................................................................................... 14 2. THE BASKING SHARK SURVEY IN WESTERN SCOTLAND ................................... 15 2.1. Survey locations ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1. The Clyde Sea survey area................................................................................ 16 2.1.2. The Sea of the Hebrides survey area................................................................. 17 2.2. Survey methodology................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1. Transects............................................................................................................ 20 2.2.2. Shark observations............................................................................................. 21 2.3. Survey results and analysis..................................................................................... 22 2.3.1. Sharks Per Unit Effort......................................................................................... 22 2.3.1. Shark length ............................................................................................................ 26 2.3.2. Shoal size........................................................................................................... 28 2.3.3. Social behaviour - courtship and breaching ....................................................... 29 3. HOTSPOTS .................................................................................................................. 32 3.1. Selection of hotspot areas ....................................................................................... 32 3.1.1. Hotspot 1 – Area 17, Hyskeir and Canna........................................................... 32 3.1.2. Hotspot 2 – Area 15, Coll ................................................................................... 35 3.2. Other areas with high SPUE..................................................................................... 38 3.2.1. Area 14 – West Mull and the Treshnish Isles..................................................... 39 3.2.2. Area 11 – The Clyde Sea ................................................................................... 40 4. ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL THREATS......................................................................... 42 4.1. Offshore renewable energy devices........................................................................ 42 4.2. Climate change ......................................................................................................... 43 4.3. Ocean acidification ................................................................................................... 44 3 5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH ................................................ 46 5.1. Recommendations.................................................................................................... 46 5.2. Further research ....................................................................................................... 47 6. REFERENCES.............................................................................................................. 49 7. APPENDICES............................................................................................................... 54 7.1. Appendix I: Sightings and Recording forms .......................................................... 54 7.2. Appendix II: Additional graphs................................................................................ 56 7.3. Appendix III: Hotspot maps...................................................................................... 57 List of Figures Figure 1: Map showing areas surveyed in western Scotland................................................ 16 Figure 2: Total hours on linear boat transects in the Clyde Sea survey area 2002-2004, evaluated using a 25km2 grid (5km x 5km). .................................................................. 17 Figure 3: Total hours on linear boat transects in the Sea of the Hebrides survey area 2002- 2006, evaluated using a 25km2 grid (5km x 5km) ......................................................... 19 Figure 4: Survey vessel 'Forever Changes' under sail.......................................................... 20 Figure 5: SPUE h-1 in the Clyde Sea area, 2002-2004, using a 25km2 grid (5km x 5 km).... 24 Figure 6: SPUE h-1 in the Sea of the Hebrides, 2002-2006, using a 25km2 grid (5km x 5km) ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 7: Shark size profile, split by 1m increments (n=298)................................................ 27 Figure 8: Sharks observed, by area and shoal size, 2002-2006........................................... 28 Figure 9: Nose to tail courtship-like behaviour involving three individual sharks, Coll 2005. 30 Figure 10: Shark breaching, Hyskeir 2006............................................................................ 30 Figure 11: Shark with heavily abraded rostrum, Hyskeir 2005 ............................................. 32 Figure 12: Map of Area 17, Hyskeir and Canna, showing individual shark sightings 2002- 2006 .............................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 13: Map of Area 15, Coll & Gunna Sound, showing individual shark sightings 2002- 2006 .............................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 14: Shark with propeller injury, Coll 2006 .................................................................. 38 Figure 15: Map of part of Area 14, Treshnish and Mull, showing individual shark sightings 2002-2006..................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 16: Map of part of Area 11, Lamont Shelf, showing individual shark sightings 2002- 2006 .............................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 17: An illustration of spatial managaement displayed on a map of Coll & Tiree........ 57 Figure 18: An illustration of spatial management on a map of Canna and the Hyskeir ........ 58 List of Tables Table 1: Survey areas...........................................................................................................15 Table 2: Sharks Per Unit Effort (SPUE) values, by area....................................................... 23 Table 3: SPUE h-1 values for each area surveyed, by year .................................................. 26 Table 4: Sharks
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