October 2005
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Community Partnerships for Sustainable Resource Management (COMPASS II) staff.
THE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE
RESOURCE BASE OF JATEORHIZA
SPECIES ALUMBA OOT IN ALAWI (C R ) M
OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 12
COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (COMPASS II)
October 2005
This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Yesetsani E. Kambewankako, under Contract to Development Alternatives, Inc.
i ii Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...... i Acknowledgements ...... iv ACRONYMS...... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... vii 1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 2 METHODOLOGY...... 3 2.1 BROAD SCOPING ...... 3 2.2 POPULATION MEASURATION ...... 3 2.3 METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS...... 3 2.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 5 3 PRODUCTS AND USAGE OF THE HARVESTED CALUMBA ROOT...... 7 4 PREVIOUS WORK...... 9 4.1 AUTHOR’S OWN EXPERIENCE...... 9 4.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF JATEORHIZA SPECIES...... 9 5 TRADE, MARKETING SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE...... 11 6 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CALUMBA ROOT TO THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS ENGAGED IN HARVEST AND SALE OR USE...... 13 7 TAXONOMY AND VARIETAL DIFFERENTIATION ...... 15 7.1 BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE...... 15 7.2 ADULTERATIONS...... 15 8 ECOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CALUMBA ROOT AS REVEALED FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW AND OBSERVATION...... 17 9 PRELIMINARY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN AREAS OF ABUNDANCE:...... 19 10 ETHNOBOTANY OF CALUMBA ROOT SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION RELATED FINDINGS ...... 21 11 PRODUCTIVITY ...... 23 11.1 WILD HARVESTING...... 23 11.2 THE ROLE OF MEDICINAL BOTANIC GARDENS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALUMBA ROOT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION ...... 23 11.3 CULTIVATION POTENTIAL ...... 23 Commercial scale production approach ...... 23 Optimum locations...... 24 Methods of processing and handling ...... 24 Cultivation guidelines ...... 24 Agro-climatic conditions (silvicultural zones) ...... 24 Propagation techniques ...... 25 Agronomic treatments...... 25 Intercropping companion species ...... 25 Irrigation techniques...... 25 Harvest and Post–harvest techniques ...... 25 12 CROSS–CUTTING ISSUES-STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL HEALERS 27 13 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 29 14 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION ...... 31 15 PROPOSED WORK PLAN ...... 33 ANNEXES...... 35 ANNEX 1: PRE-DEMAND ANALYSIS STUDY – PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ...... 37 ANNEX 2: DR. JIM DUKE’S CHEMICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL DATABASE ...... 39 ANNEX 3: LIST OF NAMES OR PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED ...... 43 ANNEX 4: SCOPE OF WORK...... 49 ANNEX 5: THE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCE BASE OF JATEORHIZA SPECIES IN MALAWI – LITERATURE REVIEW...... 53 ANNEX 6: BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 55
iii
Acknowledgements
Particular thanks go to the donors, the United States Agency for International Development; USAID for funding this study within the COMPASS II project activities. Credit goes to the Chief of Party and all COMPASS II project staff for their commitment to support this study in so many ways.
Last but not least, a credit goes to all respondents who sincerely gave very useful information for the preliminary assessment of the resource base of Calumba Root, (Jateorhiza Species) in Malawi.
To all once again, thank you.
iv ACRONYMS ARS Agricultural Research Services COMPASS Community Partnerships for Sustainable Resource Management in Malawi FRIM Forestry Research Institute of Malawi MIRTDC Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre MK Malawi Kwacha NGO Non-government Organisation TUPP Traditional Use Plant Product USAID United States Agency for International Development
v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. The main purpose of this assignment was to undertake a preliminary assessment of the resource base of Jateorhiza species (Calumba Root) in Malawi and make recommendations based on a better understanding of its ecological and agronomical characteristics, within a framework of traditional-use plant products (TUPP) research. Specifically, this is a follow up to the COMPASS II Internal report on TUPPs by Don Greenberg and Bronwyn Irwin, 2005. For the purpose of this study, TUPP’s uses include those of medicinal and nutritive purposes. The details are presented as follows:-
1 THE METHODOLOGY Initially, the methodology of the study required a broad scoping exercise and measuration of population and densities of Jateorhiza species. However, during the study period Jateorhiza was found to be in dormant stage. As a result the vegetative part above the ground was not conspicuous. Measuration was therefore not carried out.
2 BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE Jateorhiza is a genus of the Menispermacea family. The genus has only two species: Jateorhiza palmata and Jateorhiza calumba. All of them are collectively known as Calumba root in English and Kamsana, Kambvabingu and Kanjoka in Chichewa while in ChiYao the plant is called Njoka.
3 USAGE OF THE HARVESTED JATEORHIZA ROOT Information gathered indicted that there are many different pharmacological and nutritional attributes for Calumba root.
4 THE PRODUCTS: • Dried pieces/slices • Powder • Pills/Tablets • Fresh
5 PREVIOUS WORK 5.1 Author’s Own Experience The author’s previous experience with the species includes propagation techniques research he carried out for Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre (MIRTDC) in 2000. The research showed that it is possible to propagate Jateorhiza species through root division propagation techniques.
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii 5.2 Literature Review 5.2.1 Chemical characterisation of Jateorhiza. The roots, as well as parts of the plant, contain chemicals that have been extracted by world researchers, notably in the USA, Japan and Europe. Agricultural Research Services, (ARS) Beltsville, Maryland, USA alone have on record 119 distinct chemical activities for Jateorhiza species. Most of the uses mentioned below have chemical justification by works of global researchers. This review has shown that earlier research supports the preliminary indication that Jateorhiza species could be of high potential to contribute significantly towards increasing household income of rural producers.
6 TRADE, MARKETING SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURE Trading in Jateorhiza species (Calumba Root) in Malawi is mainly by:- • Traditional healers, who informally supply fellow traditional healers in the local public markets or homes. • Traders who supply international buyers. Prices At local informal trading level Calumba root is sold at: • MK 10 for every 10 cm. of fresh root • MK 15 minimum to MK 75 maximum/tea spoon for powdered Jateorhiza • MK 10 minimum to MK 20 maximum for a tea cup of concoction • MK 200-MK 300 for a course of 36 tablets to be taken six tablets/day for Jateorhiza mixed tablets/pills.
7 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CALUMBA ROOT TO THE OVERALL LIVELIHOOD OF THE HOUSEHOLDS ENGAGED IN HARVEST AND SALE OR USE. Calumba root is found in many homes being used as cure for many diseases and ailments. It seems likely that Calumba root could become an important product for rural households given improved marketing.
8 ECOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CALUMBA ROOT. Calumba species appear to grow within a wide range of elevation from 500 to 2,300 m. in rich fertile, moist, warm soils.
9 PRELIMINARY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN AREAS OF ABUNDANCE; In view of failure to carry out population measuration, it was not possible to estimate quantities that can be sustainably harvested. However, the broad scoping exercise proved that Jateorhiza occurred in 40 sites in ten districts in parts of southern and central regions. Jateorhiza occurred in twelve sites visited, so it can be assumed that the plant occurs fairly commonly throughout Malawi and the genus of Jateorhiza is not as scarce as previously thought.
viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT 10 ETHNOBOTANY OF CALUMBA ROOT SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION RELATED FINDINGS. The findings of this assessment indicated that Jateorhiza is not as scarce a genus in Malawi as had earlier been anticipated. Nevertheless the population of Jateorhiza is declining and genetic erosion is occurring through human influence, specifically as a result of exploitation of the species for herbal and trading purposes. There is, therefore, a need to sustainably produce Jateorhiza through cultivation. Efforts for sustainable production of Jateorhiza species, are highlighted under productivity below:
11 PRODUCTIVITY Sustainable production of Jateorhiza species for the improvement of livelihoods of people was considered as follows:-
11.1 Wild Harvesting Sustainable production may be achieved by better wild harvesting technologies, by improving the tools and increasing awareness of the most suitable wild harvesting period, which was found to be during the dry season and dormancy period.
11.2 The Role of Medicinal Botanic Gardens for the Development of Calumba Root Commercial Production. Medicinal botanic gardens once properly established and managed would play a positive role for Calumba root commercial production as follows. They could: • be developed to preserve medicinal species; • become centres for promotion and development of commercial cultivation of the species; • become centres for Jateorhiza and other medicinal plants information, relevant for the utilization of the species; • become centres for product development and marketing research for Jateorhiza species; • become centres for community partnerships development for commercial cultivation of Jateorhiza species. The proposed functions would more properly be carried out under professional botanic gardens situations rather than in the present community gardens. The National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens may not have the capacity to take on these functions in addition to their current functions. This is why the study recommends that medicinal botanic gardens be established for the development of Calumba root commercial production and sustainable conservation of other medicinal plants.
11.3 Cultivation Potential The preliminary assessment of Jateorhiza species gives hope of a high potential for cultivation. An enabling environment exists in that propagation materials would be readily available, the sustainable natural resource base is adequate and some form of trading of the species already exists.
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix 12 CROSS–CUTTING ISSUES 12.1 Institutional Strengthening for Possible Main Community Partners Main community partners for sustainable management of the wild population of Jateorhiza or even its cultivation, appear to be the traditional healers with their associations. “Traditional healers can play a very constructive role in developing TUPP sector” (Don Greenberg and Bronwyn Irwin, 2005) and have already shown some remarkable efforts to preserve medicinal species. Their institutions need strengthening. COMPASS II and its partners may contribute towards improving institutions of traditional healers in order to achieve sustainable management of wild population of Jateorhiza species or its cultivation.
12.2 Partnerships with Other Institutions The preliminary assessment of Jateorhiza species show that the way forward for the sustainable conservation of the genus requires collaboration with other institutions. These may include University of Malawi and the Government of Malawi and even some NGOs. A consultative process between COMPASS II and these institutions is recommended.
12.3 Other Findings During the preliminary assessment study of Jateorhiza species, it was found that in most areas some Jateorhiza roots appeared to have ability to divert, well in advance other roots. Jateorhiza root changes direction about 15 cm. from the potential stumbling root. This suggests some form of communication of a chemical or physical nature that may be of research interest by members of the National Research Council.
13 RECOMMENDATIONS OF KEY ISSUES It is recommended that: • The common name for Jateorhiza species be standardised in Malawi by Calumba root, in view of the findings on the botanical nomenclature of Jateorhiza species. • The broad scoping exercise for Jateorhiza be completed in the remaining 18 districts of Northern, Central and Southern regions, preferably before on set of the rains, in order to increase the level of knowledge on the occurrence and conditions associated with Jateorhiza, throughout the country. The resource, product characterisation and potential marketing issues for the already identified twelve wild, uncultivated occurrence sites in ten districts of Malawi should be included in the exercise. Details are highlighted in the Pre-demand Analysis proposal, in Annex 1
x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT 1 INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this study, was to carry out preliminary assessment of the resource base of Jateorhiza species (Calumba root), in Malawi and make recommendations based on better and broader understanding of its ecological and agronomical characteristics, within a framework of traditional–use plant products (TUPP) research. This is a follow up study after the COMPASS II Technical report on TUPPs by Don Greenberg and Bronwyn Irwin, 2005. TUPPs for the purpose of this study include a wide range of woody plant parts (roots, seeds, bark and leaves) as well as herbaceous plants or parts, specifically those of medicinal and nutritive value, used by households in Malawi and its neighbouring countries for various uses. The consultant was contracted to conduct the study by Development Alternatives, Incorporated (DAI), who are implementing the second phase of the Community Partnerships for Sustainable Resource Management COMPASS II Project. The project is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), for the Government of Malawi. COMPASS II and its partners are assisting USAID/MALAWI to achieve three objectives: • To increase the decentralisation of Natural resources management • To enhance rural community capacity to sustainably manage their natural resources and • To increase sales of natural resource based products by rural households. This study contributes to achievement 3.1.1 “Identify clusters and complete sub sector analysis for key natural products in the COMPASS II 2005 Annual Work Plan. (See scope of work in Annex 4).
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS INTRODUCTION 1
2 METHODOLOGY The methodology for the preliminary assessment of the resource base of Jateorhiza species comprised of:-
2.1 BROAD SCOPING Ethnobotanical information on uses, resource occurrence, characterization and ecology of Jateorhiza species, was collected through focused discussions with mainly traditional healers, people with sufficient knowledge on the species and relevant institutions. A literature review was conducted through the internet. The validity of the information collected on occurrence was tested by visiting the site and getting one root specimen from each site. Soil samples from the top horizon and the root zone of the specimen were also collected. The broad scoping part of the methodology was used in: • Identification of locality of occurrence, • Assessment of degree of accessibility during the rainy season, • Assessment of village level organisation of the area. The broad scoping method is a forerunner of the measuration process.
2.2 POPULATION MEASURATION The measuration process is used for measuring population and densities of plants in a given area. The methodology chosen for measuring the population of Jateorhiza uses transects across the country, where initial broad scoping indicates occurrence. Plots of up to 100 m. x 100 m. joined by transverses to the next positively tested scoped plot area, are designed. The results are calculated to give population and density for each plot. The summation of results of plots, related to entire occurrence areas, give the population and average density.
2.3 METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS The broad scoping provided enough positive results to conclude that Jateorhiza is not a scarce genus, in Malawi as earlier thought.(24) Ethnobotanical information on occurrence of Jateorhiza was collected in ten districts of mainly Southern Region and some parts of Central Region. Forty occurrence sites were identified, out of which only twelve were visited. Jateorhiza occurred at all sites, as per results in Table 1 and Table 2 on the next page.
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS METHODOLOGY 3 TABLE 1: Results On The Occurrence Of Jateorhiza Per Visited Site SITE LOCALITY OCCURRENCE DEGREE OF POSITIVE NEGATIVE ACCESSIBILITY + - Mwanza Michiru + Not Fair Applicable Kanjedza Medicinal Gardens, + N/A Very Good Mwanza Magaleta, Neno + N/A Fair Along Chipudzi River, + N/A Poor Chapananga, Chikwawa Lirangwe, Blantyre + N/A Fair Naisi, Zomba + Good National Herbarium and Botanic + N/A Good Gardens Forest, Zomba Near Malosa, Machinga + N/A Good Mua, Ntakataka, Dedza + N/A Good Around Malindi, Mangochi + N/A Good Toreza Farm + N/A Fair Zalengera/Ganya, Ntcheu + N/A Good
TABLE 2: Occurrence Sites as per information from focus discussions DISTRICTS INDICATED POTENTIAL OCCURRENCE SITE Mwanza Thambani. Kanjedza, Michiru Neno Magaleta, Ligowe, Nkulumadzi,Neno Mission Blantyre Chadzunda, Lirangwe, Chipande, Chigwaja, Pensulo, M’deka Chikwawa Chapananga, Chinyanje, Nchalo, Mandilandi, Majete. Zomba Zomba Mountain, Changalume Jocker, National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens, Malosa Machinga Liwonde National Park, Ntaja, Machinga (old District Centre). Balaka Herbal Gardens, Toreza Farm, Ulongwe, Kachenga Mangochi Around Nankumba, Monkey Bay near Malindi, Makanjira. Ntcheu Sharpe Valley, Pengapenga, Kasinje. Dedza Mua, Ntakataka. Eighteen districts from Southern, Central and Northern regions have not yet been scoped. In all visited areas, there was relatively good village level organization including membership set up at district level of the traditional healers association, the International Traditional Medicines Council of Malawi. The best organised groups however were found in Mwanza (Michiru area)1 and Ntcheu near Kasinje2. The worse accessibility, during the rainy season, was found to be in Chapananga area in Chikwawa District.
1 Tsemba women group advised by Mr. Kunkhoma retired Agricultural Extension Officer and the Mwanza District Assembly Development Extension Office,(attention: Felix Chamia, Assistant Community Development Officer)
2 Mpemba Irrigation Club, Zalengera I Village, Traditional Authority Ganya, Ntcheu.
4 METHODOLOGY MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT At the beginning of the study, the assumption was that Jateorhiza had been identified as a medicinal plant in need of conservation (Irwin and Greenberg, 2005) as such was regarded as a very scarce plant occurring sparsely. The broad scoping exercise however, showed that Jateorhiza is found in many places, consequently more time than originally anticipated is required to complete the scoping exercise for the 28 districts of Malawi, as well as to measure the densities and population of Jateorhiza nationally. The assessment period coincided with the dormancy period for Jateorhiza that runs from May to November every year, depending on the pattern of rains. Due to the dormancy, stems, leaves, fruits could not easily be seen, making it difficult for the measuration stage of the methodology to be carried out.
2.4 RECOMMENDATIONS • It is recommended that the broad scoping exercise for Jateorhiza in the remaining 18 districts of Northern, Central and Southern Regions, be completed before the on set of the rains, to obtain more details on the occurrence and conditions associated with Jateorhiza throughout the country. During this exercise mapping of the already broad scoped sites and pre-demand study analysis as highlighted in Annex 1 should be completed. • The measuration exercise is important for scientific information. The information already acquired and that to be gathered, through broad scoping, appear sufficient to enable appropriate decision making, relevant to the scope of the preliminary assessment of the resource base of Jateorhiza species study. It is therefore recommended that the measuration exercise be shelved for the moment.
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS METHODOLOGY 5
3 PRODUCTS AND USAGE OF THE HARVESTED CALUMBA ROOT Information from traditional healers and knowledgeable individuals indicted following products and uses for harvested Calumba root: Products • Dried root pieces (7) • Powder • Pills/tablets • Fresh Nutritional Attributes: • Support for lost appetite • Cure for many stomach ailments
Pharmacological Attributes • Treatment for snake bite • Treatment against tumors • Increasing blood level (an example of congruence with chemical characterisation (15)) • Increasing permanent body immunity against diseases • Mixture with many medicinal plants for cure of many different diseases and ailments. • Remedy for headaches • Treatment for colon cancer • Remedy for chronic sores • Remedy against nausea • Increasing ability to bare children for barren couples • Remedy against coughs • Treatment for sexually transmitted diseases • Remedy against cholera • Remedy for malaria • Treatment against tuberculosis
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS PRODUCTS AND USAGE 7
4 PREVIOUS WORK
4.1 AUTHOR’S OWN EXPERIENCE The author’s previous experience on the species include propagation techniques research he carried out for Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre (MIRTDC) in 2000. The research showed that it is possible to propagate Jateorhiza species through root division propagation techniques.
4.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF JATEORHIZA SPECIES Information relevant to chemical characterisation of Jateorhiza was reviewed. The root as well as parts of the plant contain chemicals that have been extracted by world researchers, notably in the USA, Japan and Europe. The ARS (Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville, Maryland, USA) alone have on record 119 distinct chemical activities for Jateorhiza (1) Most of the uses mentioned in Section 3 above have chemical justification indicated by the works of global researchers (2) A list of chemicals found in Jateorhiza includes: (3) • Columbine C2142407 which is linked to the bitterness of the root. • Berberine C20H1704N which contains three alkaloids: Palmatine, Columbine and Jateorhizine. • Columbine acid C221H2206H20 • Tannin which has many chemical activities that include Anthelminthic, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Anti HIV, Antiviral, Antiulcer, Pesticide, Psychotropic and carcinogenic (ARS). There is however discrepancy on the information related to the tannin content of Jateorhiza. Some authors, such as Jim Duke (ARS) have shown that Jateorhiza contains tannin (see Annexe 2) while others indicate that there is no tannin in Jateorhiza, (7) (Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology(3)). There is a possibility however that researchers on Jateorhiza palmata found tannin while those who researched on Jateorhiza calumba found no tannin since the roots of the two species look the same (see Taxonomy in Section 8). Other chemicals found in Jateorhiza species are: • Starch 300,000 to 350,000 ppm • Essential oil Thymol • Japanese researchers in 2002 provided scientific basis that columbine has chemo preventive ability ‘against human colon cancer’ . (Rain Tree Nutrition) (4) • Isoquinoline alkaloids were extracted through capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. (5) The list of chemicals from the species as compiled by ARS is long (see Annex 2). The purpose of the literature review was to summarize previous scientific work that may have been carried out on the species, in order to determine if earlier research either supports or refutes the preliminary indication of high potential by the species to contribute significantly to the household income of rural producers. The review has shown, as will be seen in following chapters, that earlier research work, does indeed support the preliminary indications that Jateorhiza species has high potential to contribute significantly towards increasing household income of the rural producers. This is supported by:- • Potential through possible new chemical industries locally, that may increase potential demand for species production level.
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS PREVIOUS WORK 9 • Potential for local organised production and marketing, to meet potential demand for herbal cures. • Potential for international exporting, once the local production levels are high. The livelihoods of the producers particularly the rural, would improve through development of the existing Calumba root products (see Section 3).
10 PREVIOUS WORK MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT 5 TRADE, MARKETING SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE Trading in Calumba root in Malawi is mainly by traditional healers who informally supply fellow traditional healers in the local public markets or homes. This is done either regularly on specific days of the week for a specific market area or through routine visits to assess demand for immediate and future supply. Traders who supply international buyers have created networks in the villages and come to collect at agreed time at homes of the primary suppliers. Three such traders were identified during the assessment and have set networks from Blantyre to Salima according to information from suppliers around Pengapenga and Kasinje in Ntcheu District and particularly information from Sharpe Valley3 At local informal trading level Jateorhiza root is sold at : • MK 10 for every 10 cm of fresh root.4 • MK 15 minimum5 to MK 756 maximum/tea spoon for powder of Jateorhiza • MK 105 minimum to MK 20 maximum6 for a tea cup of concoction. • MK 200.00 to MK 300.00 for course of 36 tablets to be taken at six tablets/day for Jateorhiza mixed tablets/pills7. Product development of Jateorhiza species has a potential, due to the fact that, traditional medicine still plays a very important role in Malawi(10) The trend to pay for herbalist (traditional medicine) services by barter is being replaced by cash payment. A study in Ntcheu indicated that 3.53% of the respondents’ most used income was for traditional medicine service (George Goliati , 1998) (11). This trend appears to be found country wide, as also documented in Mulanje Study for Banja la Mtsogolo on peoples’ knowledge, practices and attitudes of modern family planning services (Goliati, G; Kambewankako, Y; Kujeka, L; 1998)
3 Mr. Njaidi, C/O Sharpe Valley Congregation, PO Box 43, Bwanje 4 Zomba Market (inside the market) 5 Balaka Market 6 Liwonde Market 7 Zomba Market (Lower part – Football Lines St.)
CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS TRADE & MARKETING 11
6 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CALUMBA ROOT TO THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS ENGAGED IN HARVEST AND SALE OR USE. The present level of understanding of the Calumba root potential for sustainable production, increased trade and positive marketing, make Calumba root, one of possible products that may contribute towards improving quality of life of the households engaged in harvest and sale or use. Calumba root is found in many homes being used as cure for many diseases and ailments. Calumba root, given enough positive marketing opportunity, would turn into an important product for the households.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS TRADE & MARKETING 13
7 TAXONOMY AND VARIETAL DIFFERENTIATION
7.1 BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE Jateorhiza is a genus of the Menispermaceae family. The name with Latin and Greek base implies “root of medicinal virtues”. It has only two species(3): Jateorhiza palmata8 and Jateorhiza calumba All of them are collectively known as Calumba root, in the English Language and Kamsana, Kambvabingu and Kanjoka in Chichewa while in ChiYao the plant is called Njoka. Kambvabingu refers to the time of sprouting which is as soon as approaching thunder for the beginning rains are heard. Kamsana, Kanjoka and Njoka refer to backache cure and snake bite cure respectively, of Jateorhiza species. Jateorhiza is native of tropical areas of Southern and Eastern Africa including Malawi. (4) Jateorhiza palmata This species is named after the Latin “palmata” that refers to its palmately lobed leaves. Basal lobes mostly overlap and the male inflorence is smooth. Jateorhiza Calumba The main difference from palmata is that the basal lobes of leaves are rounded but do not overlap and the male inflorescence is hispid. Many parts of the world use Calumba as a common name. Colombo root is also wrongly used as a common name, due to historical mistake, that assumed Colombo, Ceylon as Jateorhiza’s original home because it was entry of Jateorhiza from Africa into Europe (3). Calumba is named after the native African name “Kalumb.” The native distribution areas of Jateorhiza species are predominantly Bantu language speaking. Consequently all words end in a vowel. It is therefore assumed, that the real native African name for Jateorhiza is “Kalumba.”. This was anglicised and botanized into Calumba. It is recommended that one common name (Calumba) be used for Jateorhiza species in Malawi. The commercial root is collected indiscriminately from both species, as the root appear to have similar characteristics. Jateorhiza is a perennial climber and has dioecious flowers.
7.2 ADULTERATIONS Main known adulterations are: • The American Calumba root: Frasera cerolinensis (6) Bryonia alba in USA. • Aristolochia species (Dululu in Chewa Language) - Malawi • Aristolochia albida • Aristolochia elegance • Aristolochia hockii • White “Jateorhiza” in Malawi This is not Jateorhiza at all. It is commonly known as “Kambvabingu woyela” in ChiChewa, due to the white colour of the root and few curing characteristics similar to genuine Jateorhiza. It might be that this plant belongs to the Aristolochias above. The plant shares the same habitat with Jateorhiza species. The sample was taken from the same place with Jateorhiza species in Toreza Farm.
8 It appears that palmata has been used by many authors collectively to include “Calumba”.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS TAXONOMY 15 It was difficult to get the scientific name of this plant from the National Herbarium and Botanical Gardens in Zomba, because the plant was in its dormant stage and no stems and leaves were conspicuous. This plant is shown in the Photograph No. 1 below:
Figure 1
16 TAXONOMY MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT 8 ECOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CALUMBA ROOT AS REVEALED FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW AND OBSERVATION.
• Elevation: Between 500 m. and 2,300 m. • Soil type: Rich fertile warm soils • Moisture regime: Moist soils particularly root zone area • Primary vegetative cover: Brachystegia/bush cover (dead debris, grass and leaves serving as natural mulch). • Harvesting practice: Mainly during on set of rainy season between November and December every year. • Frequency and quantity: Usually once a year and keep enough in dried form for the whole year’s use. (On demand small quantities may be obtained during the non- harvesting period). • Sustainability of supply: The frequent harvester makes sure that on every plant center enough tubers are left for the future.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS CHARACTERISTICS 17
9 PRELIMINARY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN AREAS OF ABUNDANCE:
In view of the failure to carryout population measuration as indicated above in paragraph 1 of the executive summary, it was not possible to estimate quantities that can be sustainably harvested. The broad scoping exercise however provided enough information. Three main series were identified as per photographs below:
Photograph No. 2: Sandy soils lowland series e.g. Photograph No. 3Neno series: along fertile river bank that from Toreza Farm(relatively longer and covered by a natural leaf/grass mulch (relatively stunted)
Photograph No. 4 Ntakataka series: found in mountains, between rocks and flat in appearance due to being placed together by upper and lower sides of the rocks
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 19 The following Table 3 shows the occurrence areas according to land status and district. TABLE 3: Jateorhiza species occurrence Areas according to Land Status ITEM LAND STATUS JATEORHIZA SPECIES DISTRICT OCCURRENCE SITE 1. Customary Land Thambani, Michiru, Kanjedza Mwanza Magaleta, Nkulumadzi Ligowe Neno Lirangwe, Chadzunda, Magaja Blantyre Chapananga, Chinyanje, Nchalo, Chikwawa Mandilandi Changalume, Joker, Malosa Zomba Ntaja, Machinga (old District Machinga Centre) Ulongwe, Kachenga Balaka Around Nankumba, Monkey Bay, Mangochi near Malindi, Makanjira Sharpe Valley, Pengapenga, Ntcheu Kasinje Mua, Ntakataka Dedza 2. Private Land Toreza Farm Balaka Nkulumadzi Farm Neno 3. Forest Reserves and Majete Forest Reserve Chikwawa Institutions Zomba Mountain, National Zomba Herbarium and Botanic Gardens Liwonde National Park Machinga
20 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT 10 ETHNOBOTANY OF CALUMBA ROOT SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION RELATED FINDINGS Ethnobotany in this assessment is seen as a tool for providing the sustainable and equitable use of Jateorhiza species, as contribution towards their conservation and that of plant diversity. Jateorhiza species in Malawi, were recorded as plants of low lying latitudes in 1975. (21) Today in 2005 Jateorhiza is regarded as a plant of high altitude by the people surrounding the sites. The author’s interpretation is that Jateorhiza has been subjected to a kind of “raking effect”, through cultivation of these lowlands with rich, fertile alluvial soils. Despite the findings of this assessment, that Jateorhiza is not a scarce genus as originally anticipated, nevertheless, the population of Jateorhiza is declining and genetic erosion taking place. There is therefore the need to sustainably produce Jateorhiza. Efforts for sustainable production of Jateorhiza species are highlighted in the following chapter under productivity:
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ETHNOBOTANY 21
11 PRODUCTIVITY Sustainable production of Calumba for the improvement of livelihoods of people is considered here under: • Wild harvesting • The role of medicinal botanic gardens for the development of Calumba root commercial production and • The cultivation potential
11.1 WILD HARVESTING The harvested parts of ethnobotanical importance are currently the roots of Calumba. The harvesting is done by digging and using a hoe and mainly during the onset of rains, as this is the time the Jateorhiza species are most conspicuous. Some indigenous users of Calumba root however have indicted that best quality of Calumba root is obtained during the dormancy period and dry season. The use of big hoes appears not recommendable as they lead to cutting the root instead of harvesting the entire root. Small hoes, produced to suitability will be appropriate. Of potential commercial importance is also harvesting of the seed, which is always scarce and needs to be properly investigated. Many respondents indicted that they had never seen the seed of Calumba root. The seed may provide another source of product for sale.
11.2 THE ROLE OF MEDICINAL BOTANIC GARDENS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALUMBA ROOT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION Medicinal botanic gardens could be developed to preserve medicinal species and become: • centres for promotion and development of commercial cultivation of Jateorhiza species: Jateorhiza palmata and Jateorhiza calumba. • To develop own existing stock of Calumba root by assisted regeneration to levels of supplying and meeting demand on Calumba root seed for commercial cultivation. • centre for Calumba root and other medicinal plants information, relevant for commercial cultivation of species. • centre for product development and marketing research for Calumba root. • centre for community partnership development for commercial cultivation of Calumba root. This role of botanic gardens would be in line with the role of botanic gardens as major centres for the study and conservation of medicinal plants (9).
11.3 CULTIVATION POTENTIAL The preliminary assessment of Calumba root indicates high cultivation potential. Propagation materials is readily available, a sustainable resource as the natural base is adequate and some form of trading of the species exists The cultivation potential is being considered as follows:- Commercial scale production approach The recommended approach would be: • to carry out commercial cultivation trials, initially using rainfed and later irrigated cultivation trials. Parallel to this exercise, issue of demand on local, regional and international level (Greenberg & Irwin, 2005) need to be investigated. • During cultivation trials, salient aspects of botanical and chemical evaluation need to be conducted or started, depending on magnitude of issues of relevance. • Issues pertaining to seed propagation need to be investigated to enhance the production through root propagation.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS PRODUCTIVITY 23 • Assisted regeneration in selected areas may be very useful in ensuring large quantities and quality of valuable seed volumes. These activities above should take place before launching of the commercial large scale cultivation of Calumba root and may take the first eight months of Compass II second year work plan. It is known that Calumba root were cultivated in Lindi, Tanzania (Jessie Williamson, 1975) and Brazil (4) on commercial basis. Optimum locations The optimum locations for both the large scale and cultivation trials should be: • Traditional healers medicinal botanic gardens with proven potential good organisational structure and • Village level development groups with proven potential organisational structure. Methods of processing and handling • Once the root has been dug, it should be properly cleaned of soil and small stones that sometimes remain embedded into the root. • To be carried best in 50 Kg. sacks or ordinary local baskets. • Storage should be in a well ventilated place and removed from the carrier containers, loosely spread on open air. Whole roots take longer to dry than those cut transverse slices. • Another option is to cut them transversely or cross sectionally. These require a lot of good handling and the slices should be properly sun dried. The drying takes only thee to four days upon proper spreading. Other respondents have, however, emphasized that the slices should be dried in shade. • The dried pieces of Calumba root can be stored in 50 Kg sacks for a long period. • The powdered product however, does not last long in good condition. Depending on proper storage in properly covered glass or plastic bottles, the powder has a shelf life of up to four months but only according to some respondents. Cultivation guidelines The few guidelines that follow are intended to guide the process of cultivation trials. It is important that these guidelines, wherever necessary must be improved and replaced as new knowledge and experience is gathered. • Planting beds must be well cultivated with soils properly loosened. Best between 15 cm. and 20 cm. deep in order to encourage lateral root growth to ease harvesting. • The planting beds must be sunken, well aerated and rich in moist, fertile soils of well decayed vegetable debris. Best mixture of grass and leaf mould. • Additional compost manure to be applied frequently with good watering when necessary. • Plant at 1 m. centres to allow enough space for root lateral development • Always mulch with grass and leaves to regulate temperature and moisture. • In areas of termite infestation, treat against termites otherwise remove mulch every three days, periodically. • No need to apply chemical fertilisers, if the above nourishment related guidelines are followed. Agro-climatic conditions (silvicultural zones) Calumba root grows under wider range of agro–climatic conditions, ranging from lowland to highlands areas. Main determining factors appear to be: • Soil fertility • Regular soil warm and moisture distribution around the root zone
24 PRODUCTIVITY MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT According to Hardcastle’s classification (1997) of silvicultural zones of Malawi, Calumba root will do well between:(27) • Altitudes of 500 m. to 2,200 m. • Rainfall of 840 mm to 1,600 mm • Monthly average temperature: 19oC to 25oC Propagation techniques
• Root of 15 cm. pieces to be planted direct into cultivated sunken beds at 1m. centres in the beds as in cultivation guide lines above. For whole pieces of less than 15 cm. Plant the entire root. • Seed propagation: Seed propagation needs to be tested during the cultivation trials. Agronomic treatments Some of chemical activities of Calumba root include: fungicide and antibacterial as well as Nematocide, (Annex C) yet other sources of information including traditional healers indicted possible infestation and damage through fungi, bacteria, nematodes and some insects. The propagation trials carried by MIRTDC in Mwanza, at the International Traditional Medicines Council of Malawi’s medicinal botanical gardens, were free from any infestation. This needs to be reviewed during the proposed cultivation trials. Intercropping companion species Companion species will be necessary either in view of Calumba root being a climbing plant, companion species may be used as support or for biological plant protection. This however, may be appropriate to be decided during the proposed cultivation trials, Irrigation techniques Apart from showing that Jateorhiza species can be propagated through root cuttings, the propagation studies with MIRTDC, also showed the aspect of breaking seasonality through irrigation water fed propagation. Respondents in Zomba indicted that in evergreen forest, Jateorhiza appear to have a very short dormancy period as such, more-less the root growth continues and harvests of very big and long roots is possible. In perennial waters, furrow irrigation combined with rain-fed and mechanically pumped irrigation systems, are all possibilities that would be useful depending on given situations of topography and resources. Harvest and Post–harvest techniques The techniques applied under Wild Harvesting above, will also be valid for harvesting and post harvesting of the cultivated species. It may be added however, that additional opportunity is available through solar drier of MIRTDC (26) and other international companies (12) such as that of German company appendixed in the Literature Review (Annex 5).
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS PRODUCTIVITY 25
12 CROSS–CUTTING ISSUES-STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL HEALERS Traditional healers can play a very constructive role in developing the TUPP sector (Irwin/Greenberg 2005) and have already shown some remarkable efforts to preserve medicinal species. Their institution needs strengthening. Formation of an umbrella organisation for traditional medicine practitioners was seen as the way forward towards sustainable development of Wildlife Medicinal Resources in Malawi (Maliwichi/ Kambewankako 1998). (23) The umbrella organisation was formed in 2004 but it has not been able to play a meaningful role in the TUPP sector (Irwin/Greenberg 2005). COMPASS II management may wish to consider a way of strengthening capacity to enable the traditional healers manage their natural resources effectively, while also improving their livelihoods. (Compare chapter 6.6 and 6.7 Greenberg/Irwin 2005).
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES 27
13 RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended that: 1 The common name for Jateorhiza species (Colombo) root be standardised in Malawi as Calumba root, in view of the findings on the botanical nomenclature of the Jateorhiza species. 2 The broad scoping exercise for Calumba root in the remaining eighteen districts of Northern, Central and Southern Regions, be completed preferably before on set of heavy rains. This will facilitate getting of more details on the occurrence and conditions associated with Jateorhiza throughout the country. The resource characterisation, product characterisation and marketing potential issues for the first identified twelve wild and uncultivated occurrence sites of ten districts of Malawi be included as per detailed proposed pre-demand analysis activity in the Annex B. 3 The measuration is recommended, that it should no longer be carried out as the information gathered and to be gathered by completion of the broad scoping, will be sufficient to provide better understanding for the sustainable management and production of Calumba root. 4 There be formulation discussions between COMPASS II and its partners individually, to scope and determine each partners nature of participation in the calumba root project. 5 COMPASS II needs to develop criteria for selection trial cultivation sites for Calumba root and carry out pilot cultivation trials. 6 Demand need to be assessed parallel to the trials on local regional and international levels. 7 Visit to at least one country that is commercially cultivating Calumba root on world acceptable standards may be useful for providing to COMPASS II comparable parameters and targets. 8 Assisted regeneration of wild population should be carried out in the already identified areas of occurrence and mapping of these areas is recommended. 9 Botanical characterisation and evaluation be carried out. 10 Chemical characterisation and evaluation be carried out 11 Seed assessment and product development of calumba root be done 12 Partnerships strengthening programs for Calumba root community partners be developed and implemented. 13 A reporting evaluation and monitoring activity within COMPASS II for this project would be an added advantage for a proper way forward of the assessment of Calumba root and its possible contribution towards improved livelihoods of rural households. This will facilitate possibility for immediate and appropriate revision of the approach, whenever necessary. 14 The proposed work plan with all the proposals be considered and approved
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS RECOMMENDATIONS 29
14 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION Knowledge of Calumba root in Malawi has been enriched by the preliminary assessment of the resource base of Calumba root. Information on uses, ecological, chemical, and biological characterisation, as well as the botanical nomenclature, has been acquired through literature review and focus discussions. Areas of specific findings have included:- • Proper botanical and common names have been identified. • Jateorhiza palmata and calumba are the only species of this genus of Jateorhiza. • Information has been compiled that will make it possible now to differentiate between J. palmata and J. calumba. • Jateorhiza is not a rare genus in Malawi as previously thought. • Ecological and ethnobotanical observations have made the bases for the guidelines for possible cultivation trials. • There is a high level of cultural acceptance for sustainable utilisation of Calumba root particularly, by the community of the traditional healers. This makes any development with Calumba root a viable endeavour. • The respondents provided a rare cooperation in giving true information about Calumba root resource base. A credit to research, development and respondents’ hope, that one day this information will be used to contribute towards the development of their livelihoods and their communities. It is therefore hoped that the gate-keepers, researchers, developers and donors, will all unit to move in the light of this understanding. In conclusion the study therefore has provided answers to the purpose of the study, which was to preliminary assess the resource base of Calumba root in Malawi, in order to: • Determine whether or not sustainable resource base exists, • Whether or not earlier research or scholarly work supports the preliminary indication of Calumba root being of high potential, to contribute significantly towards betterment of the household income of the rural producers, • Assess the cultivation potential of Jateorhiza species and • Determine whether or not there are two species of the genus.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 31
15 PROPOSED WORK PLAN The following work plan for the year 2005 to 2006 for the way forward on the preliminary assessment of the resource base of Calumba root is recommended as follows: Table 4: The Proposed Work plan DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROPOSED ACTIVITY DURATION INSTITUTION Completion of broadscoping November to Jan.06 COMPASS II Project plus pre-demand analysis study Formulation discussions November to December, COMPASS II Project, 2005 Chancellor College Biology & Chemistry, Departments, NHBG, FRIM, Bunda College of Agriculture, Traditional Healers and community partners Selection of trial cultivation sites Nov. to Dec. 2005 COMPASS II Project in consultations with partners in item 2 Preparation of site/s and planting November to December COMPASS II in consultations for trial cultivation Inclusive 2005 with partners in item 2 on assisted regeneration and specifics mapping Demand Analysis - local, regional, January to March 2006 COMPASS II international and visit of at least one country that cultivates Jateorhiza Cultivation trials, assisted November 2005 to June COMPASS II in consultations regeneration in selected areas. 2006 with partners on specifics. Botanical characterisation and November 2005 to COMPASS II and Chanco evaluation September 2006 Biology Department Chemical evaluation and November 2005 to COMPASS II and Chanco characterization September 2006 Chemistry Department Commercial trials of production November 2005 to COMPASS II in consultation for seed collection, processing and September 2006 with FRIM sales of Jateorhiza species Partnerships strengthening for November 2005 to COMPASS II community working partners September 2006 (training seminars etc) Reporting, evaluation and Quarterly; October 2005 COMPASS II monitoring to September 2006
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS WORK PLAN 33
ANNEXES
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 35
ANNEX 1: PRE-DEMAND ANALYSIS STUDY – PROPOSED ACTIVITIES 1.0 RESOURCE CHARACTERISATION 1.1 Using the existing species identification criteria of the preliminary assessment report, indicate which of 12 wild uncultivated sites tested positive have Jateorhiza palmata and which have Jateorhiza calumba (all sites to be visited as soon as vegetative growth is conspicuous). Include indicative number of plants per unit area showing in what proportions in each site (as well as percentage); confirm which Jateorhiza species are available in Malawi (best time November, 2005 to January, 2006).
2.0 PRODUCT CHARACTERISATION Basing on the current level of availability of Jateorhiza species in some of the positively tested sites and using ecologically sustainable way of sourcing, determine wet weight per plant station. 2.1 Determine respective dry weights for the same in 2.0 2.3 Determine most appropriate drying method for 2.1 and discuss your choice (best in November to December, 2005).
3.0 MARKETING POTENTIAL 3.1 Make at least five demand and indicative price (specification) profiles for companies that are interested to have serious discussions during the possible forthcoming demand analysis. 3.2 Update the export information since 2004 to-date. 3.3 Prepare list of potential buyers and individuals on national and if accessible, regional and international levels.
4.0 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Indicate national projects relevant to some uses identified in the report.
5.0 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES Document any cross cutting issues evolved during this study. 6.0 REPORT WRITING Compile report of your findings ASSIGNMENT PERIOD November, 2005 to 28th February, 2006
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 37
ANNEX 2: DR. JIM DUKE’S CHEMICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL DATABASE
Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Jateorhiza palmata MIERS (Menispermaceae) -- Calumba Root
Chemicals ALKALOIDS Root 20,000 - 43,000 ppm DUKE1992A No activity reported. BISJATRORRHIZINE Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. CALUMBIN Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. CHASMANTHIN Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. COLUMBAMINE Root: DUKE1992A Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antimalarial 0.72 ug/ml JE32:161 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; CNS- Depressant DUKE1992B ; Enterotonic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B COLUMBIN Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. COLUMBIN-2,3-EPOXIDE Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. COLUMBINYL-GLUCOSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A No activity reported. CRYPTOGENIN Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. DIOSGENIN Root: DUKE1992A Antifatigue JE26:85 ; Antiinflammatory PH2 ; Antistress JE26:85 ; Estrogenic 20-40 mg/kg/day/15 day scu mus; Hepatoprotective PH2 ; Hypocholesterolemic PMP23:57 ; Mastogenic EO Root 700 - 15,000 ppm DUKE1992A No activity reported. EX(METHANOL) Plant: DUKE1992A No activity reported. ISOJATEORINYL-GLUCOSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A No activity reported. JATEORINE Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. JATEORINYL-GLUCOSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A No activity reported. JATEORRHIZINE Root: DUKE1992A Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Enterotonic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B MUCILAGE Root: DUKE1992A Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Demulcent PJB1(2):279 PALMARIN Root: DUKE1992A No activity reported. PALMATINE Root 20,000 ppm; DUKE1992A Abortifacient DUKE1992B ; Adrenocorticotrophic DUKE1992B ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antialzheimeran? 411 ; Antiarrhythmic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticholinesterase 411 ; Antiinfarctal PMP25:57 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antimalarial PR4(4):131 ; Antipyretic GMJ ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 411 ; Inotropic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Respiradepressant DUKE1992B ; Uterotonic 411 STARCH Root 300,000 - 350,000 ppm DUKE1992A Absorbent M29 ; Antidote (Iodine) JBH ; Antinesidioblastosic M29 ; Emollient M29 ; Poultice M29 TANNIN Root: DUKE1992A
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 39 Anthelmintic JNP59:205 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antinephritic CPB38:1049 ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Carcinogenic AHP156 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 THYMOL Essential Oil: DUKE1992A Acaricide X10826162 ; Allergenic M&R366 ; Analgesic MAD ; Ancylostomicide MAD ; Anesthetic MAD ; Ankylostomacide MAD ; Anthelmintic 411 ; Antiacne NIG ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.75 TRA42:511 ; Antialzheimeran? LGR ; Antiarthritic MAD ; Antiatherosclerotic IC50=4 uM JAF45:578 ; Antibacterial MIC=50-400 ug/ml; Antibronchitic MAD ; Anticariogenic MIC=200-400 ug/ml JNP59:823 ; Anticholinesterase LGR ; Antihalitosic AH12(4):17 ; Antiherpetic MAR ; Antiinflammatory (=indomethacin) DFN:161 ; Antilepric MAD ; Antimelanomic IC50=120 uM/l JN127:668 ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antioxidant 100 ppm MAR ; Antioxidant (LDL) IC50=4 uM JAF45:578 ; Antiperiodontic MIC=50-200 ug/ml JNP59:823 ; Antiplaque MIC=39-625 ug/ml 451 ; Antiradicular EC=60 JEO5:153 ; Antirheumatic 411 ; Antisalmonella X11307877 ; Antiseptic 20 x phenol W&W ; Antispasmodic; Antistaphylococcic JAR10:7 ; Antistreptococcic MIC=200-400 ug/ml JNP59:823 ; Antitrichinosic 5% MAD ; Antitussive IWU ; Ataxigenic ZEB ; Candidicide 100 ug/ml (>Nystatin) JE58:143 ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Counterirritant NIG ; Culicide LC50=36-49 mg/l X11997977 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor (=indomethacin) DFN:161 ; Dentifrice ARC ; Deodorant MAR ; Dermatitigenic M&R366 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; Enterotoxic WIC ; Expectorant LAF ; FLavor FEMA 2-100 ARC ; Fungicide M11 ; Gastroirritant M29 ; Gram(+)icide MIC=200-400 ug/ml JNP59:823 ; Gram(-)icide MIC=50-200 ug/ml JNP59:823 ; Insecticide 0.22 uM/fly JAF50:4576 LC50=36-49 mg/l X11997977 ; Insectifuge X10701181 ; Irritant LAF ; Larvicide 10 ppm 454 58 ppm X10701181 LC50=36-49 mg/l X11997977 ; Molluscicide PR13:649 ; Myorelaxant JAR4:22 ; Nematicide MLC=0.1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative ZEB ; Sprout-Inhibitor PER.COM.SFV ; Tracheorelaxant DUKE1992B ; Trichomonicide LD100=25 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Urinary-Antiseptic 411 ; Varroacide X10826162 ; Vermicide MAD
References 411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989. 451: Osawa, K., Matsumoto, T., Maruyama, T., Takiguchi, T., Okuda, K., and Takazoe, I., Studies of the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and their constituents against periodontopathic bacteria, Bull Tokyo Dent. Coll., 31 (1), 1990, 17-21 454: Berenbaum, M. R., The natives knew, Chemtech, (May), 1990, 275-279. 525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp. AH12(4):17: American Health, 12(4): 17, 1993. AHP156: Jim Duke's personal files ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect. CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990. CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files DFN:161: Jim Duke's personal files DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363. FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files
40 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT GMJ: Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp. HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14. IWU: Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp. JAF45:578: Jim Duke's personal files JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files JAF50:4576: Jim Duke's personal files JAR10:7: Jim Duke's personal files JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22. JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp. JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files JE26:85: Jim Duke's personal files JE32:161: Jim Duke's personal files JE58:143: Jim Duke's personal files JEO5:153: Jimenez, J., Navarro, M.C., Montilla, M.P., Martin, A. and Martinez, A. 1993. Thymus zygis Oil: Its Effects on CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Free Radical Scavenger Activity. JEO5: 153-8. JN127:668: Jim Duke's personal files JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files JNP59:823: Jim Duke's personal files JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994. LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp. LGR: L. Gracza (1985) as cited by Buchbauer re antiacetylcholinesterase. M&R366: Jim Duke's personal files M11: Merck 11th Edition M29: Martindale's 29th MAD: Madaus, G. 1976. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Hilfmittel. Vol,. 1-3. 2862 pp. (+ 144 p. index). Georg Olms Verlag, Hildescheim. Reprint of 1938 Madaus. MAR: Martindale's 28th NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp. PER.COM.SFV: Duke, J.A.. Personal Communication. PH2: Jim Duke's personal files PJB1(2):279: Jim Duke's personal files PMP23:57: Jim Duke's personal files PMP25:57: Jim Duke's personal files PR13:649: Jim Duke's personal files PR4(4):131: Jim Duke's personal files RWG29: Jim Duke's personal files SZ44:183: Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 44: 183. TRA42:511: Tramil, 42: 511. W&W: Wagner & Wolff, eds. 1977. New Natural Products (RS164. I56. 176) WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp. X10701181: Jim Duke's personal files X10826162: Jim Duke's personal files X11307877: Jim Duke's personal files X11997977: Jim Duke's personal files ZEB: Zebovitz, T. C. Ed. 1989. Part VII. Flavor and Fragrance Substances, in Keith L. H. and Walters, D.B., eds. Compendium of Safety Data Sheets for Research and Industrial Chemicals. VCH Publishers, New York. 3560-4253. ppm = parts per million tr = trace
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 41 Mon Nov 14 07:26:26 EST 2005 Please send questions and comments to: James A. Duke Green Farmacy Garden 8210 Murphy Road Fulton, MD 20759
or Mary Jo Bogenschutz (E-Mail: [email protected]) Dr. Duke does not recommend self diagnosis or self medication. Please see the disclaimer for more information.
42 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT ANNEX 3: LIST OF NAMES OR PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED
Dr. Chipangula, Grant William, President, International Traditional Medicines Council of Malawi ITMCM.
Chimbamba F.G. Zipatso Nursery, P.O. Box 87, Mwanza. Tel: 01 432 244.
Tr. Dr. Nyali Bangwe Market, Blantyre
Chamia Felix, M. Assistant Community Development Officer, Mwanza District Assembly.
Chikalipo V. member of Tsemba Women’s Developmnet Group Mgango Village, T/A Kanduku, Mwanza.
Tr. Dr. Mapondo, Bangwe Market
Tr. Dr. Amidu, Bangwe Market
Tr. Dr. Namalamba, Bangwe Market
Tr. Dr. Mrs. Nyali, Bangwe Market
Tr. Dr. Bindula, Mwanza Medicinal Gardens and Clinic, Kanjedza, Mwanza.
Mpemba, George Director of Administration, P/Bag 3, Mwanza. Tel: 01 432 902, Cell: 08 892 967.
Mbulanje, Maxwell, District Executive Committee Cell: 09 942 117.
Tr. Dr. Kachiwaya, Edwin, P.O. Box 8, Mwanza.
Tembo Charles District Community Development Officer P.O. Box 48, Mwanza, Cell: 08 871 796.
Tr. Dr. Jeketi, C. J., Mtandamuda Village, T/A Kanduku, Mwanza.
Tr. Dr. Chigayo, Sandali Village, T/A Kanduku, Mwanza.
Kunkhoma, Medison D., Retired Agricultural Extension Officer, Chairman of Mwanza Legume Association and advisor of Tsemba Women’s Development Group, P.O. Box 98 or 99 Mwanza.
Tr. Dr. Chiwala, A., Tulonkhondo Village, T/A Kanduku, Mwanza.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 43 Tr. Dr. Kaitano Ntupanyama, Sujali Village, T/A Chapananga, Chikwawa.
Tr. Dr. Samison Robert, Chakumasika II Village, T/A Chapananga, Chikwawa.
Khembo David (farmer), July Village T/A Chapananga, Chikwawa.
Tr. Dr. Kulingamanda, Nsingano Village, T/A Chapananga, Chikwawa.
Tr. Dr. Mbweza, Elifa, July Village, T/A Chapananga, Chikwawa.
Tr. Dr. July, Lazaro, July Village, T/A Chapananga, Chikwawa.
Tr. Dr. Mpola, Liwonde Market, Group Village Headman, Kalonjera, T/A Liwonde, Machinga.
Tr. Dr. Lingano Zikota, Njale Village, Sub T/A Amidu, Balaka.
Tr. Dr. Muli, Livisoni, Kaudzu Village, T/A Sitola, Machinga.
Tr. Dr. Kasauka G. S. Liwonde Market, (2nd Junction to Ntaja from MI Road)
Tr. Dr. Esnath Lingomo, Balaka Market,
Tr. Dr. Phiri Seba Gustino Phiri, Home Based Care Centre, Chifundo Project Roman Catholic Herbal Garden, Balaka Catholic Mission. Cell: 08 324 922.
Mkhuwala, Rosemary, Sister In-Charge Chifundo Project, Herbal Garden, Balaka Catholic Mission. Cell: 08 324 922.
Tr. Dr. John, Gilbert, Kaumphawi Village, T/A Msamala, Balaka (Majiga I – Mpezeni Road).
Tr. Dr. Manguwo, Magret, Chimsonthe Village, T/A Makwangwala Ntcheu or Balaka Market, Kaumphwi Villge, T/A Msml, Blk. Cell: 08 366 729.
Tr. Dr. Lifa, Nkuli, Nsaliwa Village, T/A Kalembo, Balaka.
Tr. Dr. Alia Mkwanda, Nsaliwa Village, T/A Kalembo, Balaka.
44 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT Tr. Dr. Thonje Sadiki, Duncan Village. S.T.A. Kachenga, Balaka.
Tr. Dr. Saidi Antoni, Mponda Vilalge, T/A Makanjira.
Tr. Dr. Sigala, Njasi, Mponda Village T/A Makanjira, Mangochi.
Tr. Dr. Muhajili, Village Makanjira, T/A Makanjira, P.O. Box 46, Makanjira.
Tr. Dr. Ali Mapepa, Binali Village T/A Makanjira, P.O. Box 47, Makanjira, Mangochi,
Tr. Dr. Kabvina, Chinyama Village, T/A Makwangwala, Ntcheu.
Phiri Manuel, farmer, Penga Penga Village, T/A Makwangwala, Ntcheu.
Tr. Dr. Mbendera, Penga Penga Village, T/A Makwangwala, Ntcheu.
Chilewani, Gladsoni Committee Member, Mpemba Irrigation Club, Zelengera I Village, T/A Ganya, Ntcheu.
Gonjani, Robert, Member, Mpemba Irrigation Club.
Gunde, Suwedi, Member, Mpemba Irrigation Club.
Barrison, Daniel, Community Police Forum Section of the club.
Malingaliro, Paulo, Police Forum Section of the club.
Kingsley Edna, Member of the Mpemba Irrigation club.
Gaisi Elube, Member of the Mpemba Irrigation club.
Majowina Isaac, Supplier of Calumba root, Zalengera I Village, T/A Ganya, Ntcheu.
Njaidi Michael, middle man trader for Calumba root C/O Sharpe Valley Congregation, P.O. Box 43, Bwanje.
Prof. Saka J.D.K., Chancellor College, University of Malawi Zomba, Malawi.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 45 Dr. Kayambazinthu D., Forestry Research Institute of Malawi, Zomba.
Prof. Sambo E. Y. Dean of Sciences, Biology Department, Chancellor College, University of Malawi, Zomba.
Prof. Seyani J., National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens.
Guta C., Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre, Blantyre.
Mbewe, Thokozani, Chancellor College Library, Zomba.
Mrs. Kumdana E., Family Health International (Blantyre Office).
Mrs. Kansalu Patricia, Kungoni Research Centre, Mua Hospital, P.O. Box 41, Ntakataka.
Oosthuisen, Marie, Anamedi, Member and Social worker for Ntakataka Church of Prebysterian Congregation Dedza, P.O. Box 161, Ntakataka on secondment from Iternal Life Outreach, Pretoria, South Africa. Cell: 09 371 492,.
Chatuluka, Richard, Member of Anamedi and Session Clerk for the Ntakataka C.C.A.P. Church, P.O. Box 161, Ntakataka.
Tr. Dr. Gustino, Lorant, Chikalasa M’gawi Village, T/A Kachindamot, Dedza.
Tr. Dr. Samison Lister, Kachenga Village, T/A Kachenga, Balaka.
Tr. Dr. Liyoma Kefasi, Mulosola Village, T/A Mwambo, Zomba
Patel, H. I., Technician, National Herbarium and Botanic Gardens, Zomba. Tel: 01 525 118.
Mrs. Makowa, Rose, P.O. Box 41 Ntakataka (Teacher at Mua Primary School and a member of Ntakataka CCAP Congregation – directed contact to Anamedi Group of Ntakataka Congregation).
Mathias James, farmer and mats producer M’gawi Village, T/A Kachindamoto, Dedza.
Mrs. Mtenjera, Blantyre Agricultural Development Division, Tel: 01 624 300.
Sonjela Shano, Technician, Soil Chemist, Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station Tel: 01 471 266.
46 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT Tr. Dr. White Alice, Kachulu Trading Centre, T/A Mwambo, Zomba.
Tr. Dr. Liyoma, Khefasi Mulosola Village, T/A Mwambo, Zomba.
Fedwin, Watson, Lumwira Village T/A Ganya, Ntcheu, Grocery owner and crop trader.
Michera, Willard, Anthropologist and Archaeologist. Manager of Cultural Programs, Kungoni Library and Cultural Centre, P. O. Box 41 Ntakataka Cell:09294320
Mpemba, George. Director of Administration, Mwanza District Assembly, P/Bag 3, Mwanza Tel: 01 432 902, Cell: 08 892 967
Mbulanje, Maxwell, District Environmental Officer. Tel/Fax: 01 432 345/222 Cell: 09 942 117
Thamala, Garvaz, Head-Wildlife Management Liwonde National Park. Tel: 01 542 308, Cell: 08 387 317.
Kishombe, Lenard, Director of Finance, Balaka District Assembly. Cell: 08 324 908.
Mrs. Kachoka N.D., Chancellor College Library, Zomba Tel: 01 524 222 Ext. 227 Cell: 09 336 236.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 47
ANNEX 4: SCOPE OF WORK
Proposed Assignment: Colombo Root (Jateorhiza spp.) Specialist
Expected Duration: Approximately 24 days LOE
Proposed Candidate: Yesetsani E. Kambewankako
Anticipated Start Date: 25th April or as soon thereafter as practical
Purpose of Assignment: To undertake preliminary assessment of the resource base for Colombo, its ecological and agronomic characteristics, and make recommendations on its possible cultivation in Malawi
Deliverable(s): Technical report on the results of a preliminary resource assessment in Chikwawa, Dedza, and Mangochi districts;
Compilation of available published literature and papers on Colombo, with a brief summary of key findings; and
Recommendations on possible cultivation of Colombo by producers of Traditional-Use Plant Products in Malawi Background and Program Context The purpose of COMPASS II (USAID/Malawi; 2004—2008) is to enhance household revenue from participation in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) initiatives that generate income as well as provide incentives for sustainable resource use in Malawi. Building on the solid foundation established under NATURE, MAFE, and COMPASS I towards building capacity of the Malawian government and nongovernmental organizations to adopt strategies that ensure long-term economic and environmental sustainability, COMPASS II seek to accomplish three objectives: 1. To increase the decentralization of natural resource management, 2. To enhance rural communities' capacity to sustainably manage their natural resources, and 3. To increase sales of natural resource-based products by rural households. Achievement of progress toward these objectives requires a multi-faceted approach toward devolving authority to manage natural resources to field levels, facilitating the acquisition of skills to dispatch that authority responsibly and profiting from sustainable utilization of those natural resources. The Natural Resource-Based Enterprise (NRBE) Development team is responsible for achieving progress toward the third of these objectives: increasing the sales of natural resource-based products (NRBPs). COMPASS II personnel are expanding sales of natural products by identifying those that have the greatest potential to generate employment, increase household income and support sound natural resource management.
One of those NRBP clusters currently under detailed investigation is a category of plants generically referred to as Traditional-Use Plant Products (TUPP9). During the early stages of an ongoing pre-feasibility assessment of a
9 The term traditional-use plant products is used to encompass a wide range of woody plant parts (roots, seeds, bark, leaves) as well as herbaceous plants or parts used by households in Malawi and its neighboring countries for various uses. Some of the uses – especially concoctions or extracts – are reportedly for medicinal or nutritive purposes. By promoting the production, processing, or trade in these plants or these products COMPASS II personnel do not mean to imply endorsement by Development Alternatives, Inc. or USAID about the effectiveness of any of these uses.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 49 variety of TUPP plants, Colombo Root (Jateorhiza spp.) emerged as one of those that may hold serious potential for increasing household incomes across a wide spectrum of agro-climatic and socioeconomic conditions.
This early indication of high potential triggered the next stage in the structured investigations: a more detailed look at this particular species. Specifically, the next steps in the investigation and the purposes of this assignment are three-fold:
1. to conduct a thorough literature review of Colombo Root to summarize previous scholarly or scientific work that may have been carried out on the species, in order to determine if earlier research either supports or refutes the preliminary indication of high potential by the species to contribute significantly to the household income of rural producers; 2. to assess – within an order of magnitude if possible – the approximate scale of the existing resource base of Colombo Root in the three areas of Malawi with the highest reported density, so that preliminary estimates about sustainable harvest can be calculated; and 3. to recommend a set of possible cultivation guidelines based on the ecological and agronomic characteristics of Colombo as revealed from the literature review and field observations As with the overall TUPP Pre-Feasibility Analysis being conducted by Don Greenberg and Bronwyn Irwin, this assignment contributes to achievement of Sub-Task 3.1.1: “identify clusters and complete sub-sector analyses for key natural products” in the COMPASS II 2005 Annual Work Plan. The work described herein also contributes toward the accomplishment of Task 3.3: “Develop and Strengthen Partnerships between Communities and the Private Sector” and Sub-Task 3.1.2: “organize national and regional natural product conferences.”
POSITION OVERVIEW AND DELIVERABLES The Colombo Root Specialist will work with the TUPP Pre-Feasibility Team, NRBE Development Specialist, Regional NRBE Development Specialist, and other staff and organizations as needed to conduct and report on the potential for Colombo Root to be a profitable TUPP produced for sale and for traditional household uses, and to contribute toward an implementation plan for expanding the production, processing and trade of Colombo, if warranted by commercial viability. Organizations to be approached toward collaboration include National Herbarium & Botanical Garden, Forestry Research Institute of Malawi, university departments, traditional healers, and potential private investors.
The position requires short-term, full-time service for a period of approximately 24 person-days. The Specialist will be based in the main COMPASS II project office in Blantyre, although a substantial portion of the time will be spent in travel to Lilongwe, Zomba, target districts where high concentrations of Colombo have been reported (Chikwawa, Dedza, Mangochi), and various other field locations.
The Specialist will coordinate all work with, and report to, the Chief of Party for technical guidance and identification of priorities within this Scope of Work. Technical clarification on procedures and activities being undertaken by the Natural Products team will be coordinated with the HIV/AIDS and Community Development Specialist, NRBE Pre-Feasibility Specialist, or NRBE Development Specialist. Day-to-day operational matters including travel logistics will be coordinated though the Office Manager and her staff, upon COP approval of all actions requiring the commitment of COMPASS II funds.
Deliverables required from the Colombo Root Specialist are the following:
1. A technical report summarizing the findings of a preliminary resource base scoping exercise conducted in Chikwawa, Dedza, and Mangochi districts, with specific attention to that proportion of the resource base found on customary lands, private lands, forest reserves, and state lands. Key questions to be answered include inter alia the following:
50 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT a. Is there more than one species10 (or variety) of Colombo Root being produced in Malawi?
b. Which areas have Colombo Root resources in notable quantities?
c. What habitat types, including elevation, soils, moisture regime, primary vegetative cover, etc. are those where Colombo Root is generally found?
d. For each area that holds notable quantities of Colombo Root resources, the following questions should also be answered:
i. What is the distribution (quantity) of Colombo Root?
ii. Is the Colombo Root resource base currently being harvested?
iii. If so, how much is being harvested, and how frequently?
iv. What time of year does harvest take place?
v. Is the harvest rate considered to be sustainable?
vi. What is the harvested Colombo Root used for?
vii. If it is sold, to whom and at what price?
viii. What is the approximate relative importance of Colombo Root to the overall livelihood of the households engaged in harvest and sale or use?
2. An internal report compiling the literature reviewed, including a summary of key findings related to the ecological, agronomic, household financial, sociological, pharmacological, or other core attributes of Colombo Root that may affect or inform decision making about whether to proceed with promotion or encouragement of the production, processing, or marketing of Colombo Root by households or user groups in Malawi.
3. A set of recommendations – as appropriate – detailing optimal locations and methods for commercial scale production and processing of Colombo Root, including cultivation guidelines on agro-climatic conditions, propagation techniques, agronomic treatments (if any), companion species for intercropping, irrigation methods (if indicated), harvest and post-harvest procedures, and any other information useful to those interested in producing, processing and trading in Colombo Root for domestic or export markets.
SPECIFIC TASKS As described above, the Colombo Root Specialist will conduct a detailed investigation to verify the extent to which this TUPP species has high potential to increase household incomes from its expanded sustainable production, processing, and trade. In order to accomplish this objective, the Specialist will perform the following specific tasks:
1. Meet with the COMPASS II HIV/AIDS and Community Development Specialist, Chief of Party, NRBE Development Specialist, NRBE Pre-Feasibility Specialist, and other members of the implementation team to clarify Scope of Work, identify individuals and organizations for consultations, and set preliminary work schedule that will lead to timely completion of reports.
10 The taxonomy of Colombo is debated, with some botanists considering Jateorhiza palmatae to be the only species in the genus; others believe J. bukobensis to be a distinct species; still others report varietal differences in the genus.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 51 2. Conduct a thorough literature review of existing information – peer reviewed, published, and grey literature material – on Colombo Root in Malawi and other similar agro-climates in southern Africa, including agronomic production requirements, verified pharmacological or nutritional attributes, harvest and processing potential and market entry or other characteristics as available.
3. Compile as many papers as practical of those reviewed, and deliver / present in a folder along with a summary of key findings from the literature review (Deliverable #2 above).
4. Conduct a preliminary resource base “scoping” exercise in those areas of Malawi with reports of relatively high concentrations of Colombo Root, including but not limited to the Ntakataka area of Dedza, the Makanjila area of Mangochi, and those portions of Chikwawa neighboring Mwanza.
5. Evaluate the potential of for commercial production of Colombo in these areas, or others, and report on the findings using the format and content described under Deliverable #1 above.
6. Draft, submit to the COMPASS team and USAID for review, and revise as necessary the cultivation guidelines described above (item #3 under Position Overview and Deliverables).
7. Adhere to all USAID and DAI policies, procedures, and regulations that apply to the specific circumstances of the Specialist’s engagement under the COMPASS II contract.
QUALIFICATIONS REQUIRED The Colombo Root (Jateorhiza spp.) Specialist must have prior detailed knowledge conducting research on this rather unique species, including its propagation. He should hold an advanced degree in agronomy, natural resources, or similar field, and be familiar with methods for estimating the population density of plants in a given area. He should also be familiar with the main features of agronomic, post-harvest storage, processing, packaging, distribution, and marketing aspects of the agri-business value chain in the context of southern Africa. Knowledge of the various constraints faced by rural households to engage in profitable businesses is desirable. The ability to write clear, concise technical reports suitable for presentation to USAID is required.
52 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT ANNEX 5: THE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCE BASE OF JATEORHIZA SPECIES IN MALAWI – LITERATURE REVIEW
Botanical Nomenclature
Jateorhiza is a genus belonging to Menispermacea (the moon seed family) and the common name is Calumba root (1).
The name Jateorhiza is derived from the Latin and Greek word roots implying its medicinal virtues. There are only two species of the genus: Jateorhiza calumba and palmata (3).
Jateorhiza species have wrongly been called “Colombo root” due to a historical mistake which presumed that Jateorhiza’s origin was Ceylon’s Colombo Port, used to transport the root from Africa to Europe. The Portuguese had controlled Jateorhiza trade by 1508 for over three centuries via Colombo Port (3)
Chemical Activities The literature review has shown that there are chemical activities which have been identified from Jateorhiza species. These activities have been recorded by mainly the ARS and under the species palmata (2) phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases, Maryland, USA.
The commercial root is indiscriminately collected from both species (3) as they appear similar. The ARS database has indicted that Jateorhiza species contain tannin, which is a source of many chemical activities, while the manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology (3)
This discrepancy is a justification for chemical characterisation of the Jateorhiza species. In the case of existence of tannin is species based. Calumba root contains 2 to3% total alkaloids, chiefly protoberrberrimes and furanoditerpenoid lactones, an attribute for the bitter taste (4).
Botanical Nomenclature The botanical characterisation of the species is based on the overlapping pattern of the basal leaves as highlighted in Materia Medica and pharmacology in the Cayce Herbal (3)
Biological Activities and Research In Japan, researchers conducted study in 2002, whose results indicated chemopreventive ability of dietary Columbin against chemically induced Colon tumorigenesis, thus providing a scientific basis for chemo preventive ability of columbin against human colon cancer (4).
In November 1998, Sturm S. Stuppner H. of the Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Insbruck, Austria identified isoquinoline alkaloids in medicinal plants including Jateorhiza palmata (5) (preferably its best to refer to Jateorhiza species as it appears “Palmata” has been used in all these studies collectively to include the species “Calumba”).
Adulteration American colombo, Frasera carolinensis in USA appear to be the main adulteration of Jateorhiza species but it does not belong to the Menispermacea family, rather it belongs to the Gentianceae family (6).
Distribution Jateorhiza species are native to the tropical areas of Eastern and Southern Africa including Malawi. Jateorhiza has been cultivated in many tropical regions including Tanzania, and Brazil. 6,7,17,21.
Post Harvest Technology To add to current and local sun-air drying technology the review has given an opportunity to use solar based technologies by using dryers much as that development in Malawi by the Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre MIRTDC (26) and Innotech, Leonberg, Federal Republic of Germany.
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 53 Conservation Strategy Jateorhiza species has been found through the preliminary assessment of the resource base, that it is not as scarce as it was earlier thought. The study has indicted that Jateorhiza is moving towards diminishing levels through human exploitation thus causing genetic erosion. The botanic gardens and the world conservation strategy (9) has linked botanic gardens intimately with medicine and pharmacy. (1.3 page 1). As such, Botanic gardens are seen as centres for the study and conservation of medicinal plants. Jateorhiza species can best be conserved in medicinal botanic gardens that have been laid as basis for future development by the section of community – The traditional healers, in Malawi.
Social-Economical Aspects Product development of Jateorhiza species has a potential due to the fact that traditional medicine still plays a very important role in Malawi. (10) The trend to pay by barter is being replaced by cash payment as indicted by behavioural study in Ntcheu that 3.53% of the respondents’ most used income was for payment of herbalist (traditional medicine) (11) Service (George Goliati, 1998). This trend was found country wide as also documented by G. Goliati, Y. Kambewankako and L. Kujeka in Mulanje Study for Banja la Mtsogolo, 1998.
Uses of Harvested Jateorhiza Species
Many Jateorhiza uses of harvested Jateorhiza species identified by ethnobotanical focus discussion of mainly traditional healers in Malawi have indicated relevance to chemical activities of global data bases such as that of Agricultural Research Service ARS and Rain-free Nutrition Tropical Database. (2, 4)
The caution articulated by the respondents in the use of Jateorhiza, reflect that included for example, in the American Journal of Pharmaceautical Association (19).
The review has given an important base for the arguments provided in the Technical report, particularly controversial issues relating to the Resource base and its characterisation.
Yesetsani E. Kambewankako
COMPASS II Project Independent Consultant
Blantyre, Malawi
October, 2005 e-mail [email protected]
54 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT ANNEX 6: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. File; //A:\ plantdisp. xsql.htm 2. Dr. Dukes phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Chemicals and their biological activities in; Jateorhiza palmata MIERS (Menis- permaceae)- Calumba root James A. Duke (E-mail: jimduke @ cpcug.org) 3. A manual Materia Medica and Pharmacology by David M.R. Culbreth, Ph.G MD 1927 4. Rain Tree Nutrition-Database File for ; Calumba (Jateorhiza palmata) Carson City, NV 89701 Website 5. Analysis of isoquinoline alkaloids in medicinal plants by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Sturms, S. Stappner H. Institute of Pharmagnosy, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Pubmed services. File;// A\Entrez%20 pubmed.htm 6. Historical roots Guiseng and other medicinal plants by A.R. Harding, file:// A:\057.htm 7. Calumba. A modern Herbal Home page-Botanical.com 8. Medicinal plants of Malawi, Brian Morris 1975 9. Botanical Gardens and the world conservation strategy, in the Botanic Gardens conservation strategy, 1989. 10. Situation Analysis in Malawi, 1993: Page 37. 11. The study of people’s knowledge, attitudes and practices towards modern family planning program for Banja la Mtsogolo in Ntcheu, Malawi – George Goliati, 1998. 12 Solar Turmel Dryer for Agricultural products - Institute of Agricultural Engineering in the Tropics and Subtropics Hohenheim University, Federal Republic of Germany. 13 Regional meeting, integration of traditional medicine in natural health systems : strengthening collaboration between traditional and conventional Health Practitioners, Harare, Zimbabwe, 26-29th November 2001-final report and recommendations. 14 Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers, Niger Flora 214. 1849 Tropics, Niger Flora 214, 1849 No. # 20600480 15 Calumba (Jateorhiza palmata) Home-Plant Name 16 Parallels in plant use in Africa and North America. The Society of Malawi Journal 1981. Page 58. 17 Taxon; Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers Data from GRIN Taxanomy Germplasm Resources Information Network-(GRIN), Maryland, USA http:// images.google.com 18 Abstracts: Consultative workshop on traditional medicine and medicinal plants research Boadzulu Lake Shore Resort, Mangochi 4th - 5th April, 2002 National Herbarium and Botanic gardens of Malawi, Zomba and Chemistry Department, Chancellor College, Zomba 19 Medicinal Herbs to be used with caution during pregnancy-Journal of the American pharmaceutical Association (March - April 2000 Page 240) file:// A:\herbs-breast-feeding and pre, html 20 Botanical and Herbal folk knowledge amongst the Chewa of Malawi by Brian Morris. In Herbal review, spring 1984. 21 Useful plants of Malawi – Jessie Williamson, 1975. 22 Promochem product – Jateorhizine Hcl website @ igcpromozi file://A:\ show product . aspx. htm 23 Formation of an umbrella Organisation for Traditional Medicine Practitioners – Way forward towards sustainable Development of Wildlife Medicinal Resources in Malawi C. P. Maliwichi/Y.E. Kambewankako 1998 24 Searching for a Cure – Conservation of Medicinal Wildlife Resources in East And Southern Africa Nina T. Marshall – A Traffic Network Report, 1998
CALUMBA & LIVELIHOODS MALAWI COMPASS ANNEXES 55 25 Herbs, Elements, Roots and Resins file:// A:\ herbs – c –2.htm 26 Solar dryer – some of MIRTDC technologies MIRTDC; Email;[email protected]/[email protected] 27 Market Potential of cultivated medicinal plants of Malawi- Nyirenda, K K; Masamba, W. L; Saka, J. D. K; 2001. 28 Peoples’ knowledge, attitudes and practice of modern planning services in six villages in Mulanje, Malawi- carried out for Banja la Mtsogolo, Goliati, G; Kambewankako Y; Kujeka, L; 1998. 30 Traditional use plant products: Pre-feasibility analysis - Technical report, page 48 – 49; Don Greenberg and Bronwyn Irwin; June, 2005.
56 ANNEXES MALAWI COMPASS CALUMBA ROOT ASSESSMENT