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The Preliminary Assessment of the Resource Base of Jateorhiza Species in Malawi – Literature Review

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The Preliminary Assessment of the Resource Base of Jateorhiza Species in Malawi – Literature Review October 2005 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Community Partnerships for Sustainable Resource Management (COMPASS II) staff. THE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCE BASE OF JATEORHIZA SPECIES ALUMBA OOT IN ALAWI (C R ) M OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 12 COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (COMPASS II) October 2005 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Yesetsani E. Kambewankako, under Contract to Development Alternatives, Inc. i ii Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. iv ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................................................. v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. ..........................................................................................................................vii 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1 2 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................3 2.1 BROAD SCOPING .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 POPULATION MEASURATION .......................................................................................................... 3 2.3 METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS...................................................................................................... 3 2.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 5 3 PRODUCTS AND USAGE OF THE HARVESTED CALUMBA ROOT.....................................................7 4 PREVIOUS WORK.............................................................................................................................9 4.1 AUTHOR’S OWN EXPERIENCE............................................................................................................ 9 4.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF JATEORHIZA SPECIES....................................................... 9 5 TRADE, MARKETING SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE...........................................................................11 6 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CALUMBA ROOT TO THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS ENGAGED IN HARVEST AND SALE OR USE..........................................................................................13 7 TAXONOMY AND VARIETAL DIFFERENTIATION .............................................................................15 7.1 BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE....................................................................................................... 15 7.2 ADULTERATIONS............................................................................................................................. 15 8 ECOLOGICAL AND AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CALUMBA ROOT AS REVEALED FROM THE LITERATURE REVIEW AND OBSERVATION....................................................................................17 9 PRELIMINARY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN AREAS OF ABUNDANCE:.........................................19 10 ETHNOBOTANY OF CALUMBA ROOT SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION RELATED FINDINGS .......21 11 PRODUCTIVITY .........................................................................................................................23 11.1 WILD HARVESTING......................................................................................................................... 23 11.2 THE ROLE OF MEDICINAL BOTANIC GARDENS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CALUMBA ROOT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 23 11.3 CULTIVATION POTENTIAL ............................................................................................................. 23 Commercial scale production approach .................................................................................... 23 Optimum locations............................................................................................................................... 24 Methods of processing and handling .......................................................................................... 24 Cultivation guidelines ........................................................................................................................ 24 Agro-climatic conditions (silvicultural zones) ........................................................................ 24 Propagation techniques .................................................................................................................... 25 Agronomic treatments........................................................................................................................ 25 Intercropping companion species ................................................................................................ 25 Irrigation techniques........................................................................................................................... 25 Harvest and Post–harvest techniques ........................................................................................ 25 12 CROSS–CUTTING ISSUES-STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS OF THE TRADITIONAL HEALERS 27 13 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................29 14 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................31 15 PROPOSED WORK PLAN .........................................................................................................33 ANNEXES................................................................................................................................................35 ANNEX 1: PRE-DEMAND ANALYSIS STUDY – PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ........................................................37 ANNEX 2: DR. JIM DUKE’S CHEMICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL DATABASE ....................................39 ANNEX 3: LIST OF NAMES OR PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED .........................................43 ANNEX 4: SCOPE OF WORK...................................................................................................................49 ANNEX 5: THE PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCE BASE OF JATEORHIZA SPECIES IN MALAWI – LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................................53 ANNEX 6: BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................55 iii Acknowledgements Particular thanks go to the donors, the United States Agency for International Development; USAID for funding this study within the COMPASS II project activities. Credit goes to the Chief of Party and all COMPASS II project staff for their commitment to support this study in so many ways. Last but not least, a credit goes to all respondents who sincerely gave very useful information for the preliminary assessment of the resource base of Calumba Root, (Jateorhiza Species) in Malawi. To all once again, thank you. iv ACRONYMS ARS Agricultural Research Services COMPASS Community Partnerships for Sustainable Resource Management in Malawi FRIM Forestry Research Institute of Malawi MIRTDC Malawi Industrial Research and Technology Development Centre MK Malawi Kwacha NGO Non-government Organisation TUPP Traditional Use Plant Product USAID United States Agency for International Development v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. The main purpose of this assignment was to undertake a preliminary assessment of the resource base of Jateorhiza species (Calumba Root) in Malawi and make recommendations based on a better understanding of its ecological and agronomical characteristics, within a framework of traditional-use plant products (TUPP) research. Specifically, this is a follow up to the COMPASS II Internal report on TUPPs by Don Greenberg and Bronwyn Irwin, 2005. For the purpose of this study, TUPP’s uses include those of medicinal and nutritive purposes. The details are presented as follows:- 1 THE METHODOLOGY Initially, the methodology of the study required a broad scoping exercise and measuration of population and densities of Jateorhiza species. However, during the study period Jateorhiza was found to be in dormant stage. As a result the vegetative part above the ground was not conspicuous. Measuration was therefore not carried out. 2 BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE Jateorhiza is a genus of the Menispermacea family. The genus has only two species: Jateorhiza palmata and Jateorhiza calumba. All of them are collectively known as Calumba root in English and Kamsana, Kambvabingu and Kanjoka in Chichewa while in ChiYao the plant is called Njoka. 3 USAGE OF THE HARVESTED JATEORHIZA ROOT Information gathered indicted that there are many different pharmacological and nutritional attributes for Calumba root. 4 THE PRODUCTS: • Dried pieces/slices • Powder • Pills/Tablets • Fresh 5 PREVIOUS WORK 5.1 Author’s Own Experience The author’s previous
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