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00-Romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina I 00-Romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina II 00-Romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina III 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina I 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina II 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina III ITALIA NAPOLEONICA Dizionario critico a cura di Luigi Mascilli Migliorini in collaborazione con Nicoletta Marini d’Armenia prefazione di Giuseppe Galasso presentazione di Rosanna Cioffi contributi di Francesco Barra, Maurizio Bossi, Giovanni Brancaccio Marina Caffiero, Maria Angela Caffio, Claudio Canonici Rosanna Cioffi, Antonino De Francesco, Renata De Lorenzo Paolo De Marco, Romano Gatto, Veronica Granata Andrea Giuntini, Virgilio Ilari, Marco Iuliano, Marco Manfredi Laura Melosi, Luigi Mascilli Migliorini, Paolo Mascilli Migliorini Francesco Mineccia, Maria Consiglia Napoli, Anna Maria Rao Lauro Rossi, Ornella Scognamiglio, Angelantonio Spagnoletti Massimo Visone, Alessandro Volpi 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina IV Il volume è stato realizzato con il contributo del Comitato Nazionale per le celebrazioni del Bicentenario del Decennio francese 1806-2006. Si ringraziano Giulio Massobrio e il Museo della Battaglia di Marengo per aver concesso l’utilizzo dell’immagine di copertina. UTET Libreria www.utetlibreria.it © 2011 UTET SpA I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di ripro- duzione e di adattamento totale o parziale, con qualsiasi mez- zo (compresi i microfilm e le copie fotostatiche) sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Fotocopie per uso personale del lettore possono essere effet- tuate nei limiti del 15% di ciascun volume dietro pagamento al- la SIAE del compenso previsto dall’art. 68, comma 4, della legge 22 aprile 1941 n. 633 ovvero dall’accordo stipulato tra SIAE, AIE, SNS e CNA, CONFARTIGIANATO, CASA, CLAAI, CONFCOMMERCIO, CONFESERCENTI il 18 dicembre 2000. Le riproduzioni per uso differente da quello personale potranno avvenire, per un nu- mero di pagine non superiore al 15% del presente volume, so- lo a seguito di specifica autorizzazione rilasciata dall’Asso- ciazione Italiana per i Diritti di Riproduzione delle Opere del- l’ingegno (AIDRO), Corso di Porta Romana 108 - 20122 Milano - Tel. 02/89280804 - Fax 02/89280864 - e-mail: [email protected] Finito di stampare nel mese di gennaio 2011 da Litopres Druento (To), per conto della UTET Libreria Ristampe: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina V Indice IX Prefazione Giuseppe Galasso XV Nota del curatore XVII Presentazione Rossanna Cioffi 3 Amministrazione Angelantonio Spagnoletti Comune, p. 15 - Decurionato, p. 16 - Intendenza, p. 18 - Polizia, p. 19 - Prefet- tura, p. 20 - Provincia, p. 22 - Sindaci, p. 23 25 Arti Rosanna Cioffi Accademie d’arte, p. 37 - Architettura, p. 37 - Esposizioni d’arte, p. 38 - Feste e Apparati Festivi, p. 39 - Gran Premio di Roma, p. 40 - Impero (Stile, Gusto Decorativo), p. 41 - Musica, p. 42 - Pittura, p. 43 - Requisizioni, p. 44 - Roma Antica, p. 45 - Scultura, p. 46 - Teatro, p. 47 49 Avvenimenti Francesco Barra 91 Chiesa e vita religiosa Marina Caffiero Catechismo imperiale, p. 106 - Clero e giuramenti, p. 107 - Concordato del 1801, p. 109 - Concordato italiano del 1803, p. 111 - Ebrei, p. 113 - Episcopa- to, p. 115 - Papato, p. 116 119 Cinema Paolo De Marco 141 Città Paolo Mascilli Migliorini Il Foro, 162 - Il giardino, p. 163 - Milano, p. 164 - Napoli, p. 165 - Natura e paesaggio, p. 166 - Roma, p. 167 - Teorie urbanistiche, p. 168 171 Costituzioni e Codificazioni Antonino De Francesco Cassazione (Gran Corte di), p. 183 - Codice civile, p. 184 - Commissione feudale, p. 185 - Giustizia, p. 186 - Magistratura, p. 187 - Tribunali di commercio, p. 189 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina VI VI Indice 191 Economia Francesco Mineccia Beni nazionali, p. 208 - Blocco continentale, p. 209 - Catasto generale, p. 211 - Dazi e dogane, p. 212 - Feudalità, p. 215 - Imposte e tributi, p. 217 219 Editoria Maria Consiglia Napoli Diritto di autore, p. 231 233 Esercito Virgilio Ilari Cappellani militari, p. 245 - Gendarmeria, p. 245 - Guardia nazionale, p. 246 - Guardia reale, p. 247 - Legioni provinciali, p. 247 - Marina da guerra, p. 248 - Scuole militari, p. 249 251 Geopolitica Giovanni Brancaccio Corsica, p. 267 - Ionie (Isole), p. 268 - Lucca (Principato), p. 270 - Malta (Iso- la), p. 271 - Piemonte-Sardegna (Regno), p. 274 - Regno d’Italia, p. 276 - Regno di Napoli, p. 278 - Repubblica Italiana, p. 280 - Sicilia, p. 281 - Stato pontificio, p. 284 - Toscana, p. 285 - Venezia, p. 287 291 Lettere Laura Melosi 309 Luoghi di Memoria Luigi Mascilli Migliorini Arcole, p. 321 - Campoformio, p. 322 - Corsica, p. 322 - Elba (Isola), 323 - Ma- rengo, p. 324 327 Napoleonidi Renata De Lorenzo Carolina Bonaparte, p. 349 - Elisa Bonaparte, p. 350 - Eugenio di Beauharnais, p. 352 - Giuseppe Bonaparte, p. 354 - Gioacchino Murat, p. 356 - Paolina Bo- naparte, p. 358 361 Narrazioni Lauro Rossi Anno 1799, p. 375 - Campoformio, p. 376 - Esilio, p. 377 - Italiani in Spagna, p. 378 - Lazzari, p. 378 - Milano capitale, p. 379 - Prodigi, p. 380 - Proprietà, p. 381 - Spirito pubblico, p. 382 - Unità e indipendenza, p. 383 385 Scienze Romano Gatto Accademie scientifiche, p. 403 - Cartografia, p. 404 - Statistica, p. 406 409 Società Alessandro Volpi 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina VII Indice VII Brigantaggio, p. 419 - Élites, p. 420 - Massoneria, p. 422 - Mendicità, p. 423 - Nobiltà imperiale, p. 424 - Società segrete, p. 426 429 Territorio Andrea Giuntini Comunicazioni, p. 443 - Ingegneri, p. 444 - Porti, p. 446 449 Triennio repubblicano Anna Maria Rao Emigrazione ed esuli, p. 460 - Giacobinismo, p. 461 - Repubblica Cisalpina, p. 463 - Repubblica Cispadana, p. 464 - Repubblica Ligure, p. 465 - Repubblica Napoletana, p. 467 - Repubblica Romana, p. 468 471 Viaggi e Viaggiatori Maurizio Bossi 491 Bibliografia 519 Lemmario 521 Indice dei nomi 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina VIII 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina IX Prefazione Una tradizione consolidata e autorevole, sia politica sia storiografica, attribuiva alla discesa di Napoleone in Italia nel 1796 il valore di un evento decisivo e periodizzante. Era suonata allora – si diceva – la campana per l’ancien régime nella penisola. Era iniziata una storia nuova di mutamenti e di trasformazioni del paese, che, pressappoco in un quindicennio, ne avrebbe riformato radicalmente le strutture e le ripartizioni amministrative, la legislazione civile e penale, l’orga- nizzazione dei governi al centro e alla periferia, i criteri di selezione scolastica e non scolastica della classe dirigente, i rapporti fra Stato e Chiesa e la posizione della Chiesa nella società, il senso dell’apparte- nenza dei cittadini allo Stato e, anzi, alla società politica sia in gene- rale che in quanto distinguibile dalla società civile. A indicare una così ampia azione appariva insufficiente la defini- zione di «monarchia amministrativa», con la quale si designava il re- gime politico-istituzionale introdotto da Napoleone in Italia, così co- me in tanta altra parte d’Europa, a cominciare dalla Francia. Il rin- novamento e le trasformazioni napoleoniche non avevano investito soltanto la sfera politica, gli ordinamenti e le istituzioni cui essi si ar- ticolavano. In altri termini, non avevano riguardato soltanto la strut- tura e l’organizzazione del potere, né soltanto il rapporto fra potere e istituzioni. Erano, invece, penetrati in profondità nella vita della so- cietà, nel suo configurarsi a livello sia pubblico sia privato. Insomma, un effetto ritardato di quello sconvolgimento per cui in Francia la grande révolution aveva fatto crollare l’intero edificio degli antichi or- dini e aveva instaurato un nuovo e più moderno sistema politico e so- ciale dalle amplissime e profonde implicazioni in tutta la vita civile. Un effetto, poi, neppure tanto ritardato. Napoleone (allora anco- ra Buonaparte) era disceso in Italia a soli sette anni dalla Rivoluzio- ne in Francia. Vi era tornato (e già si denominava Bonaparte, con una vistosa francesizzazione del suo nome di famiglia) cinque anni dopo, nel 1801; e vi sarebbe ancora tornato, dopo altri quattro anni, nel 1805, per assumere (ormai sovrano designato col solo nome perso- nale) la corona del Regno d’Italia, da lui stesso istituito. 00-romane 13-01-2011 14:31 Pagina X X Prefazione In questa linea tradizionale di interpretazione del ruolo di Napo- leone nella storia d’Italia, i tre anni di rivoluzioni e sconvolgimenti seguiti alla sua prima discesa nella penisola – il cosiddetto «triennio giacobino», dal 1796 al 1799 – avevano minore importanza del suc- cessivo quindicennio, 1801-1815, in cui – tra Regno d’Italia, annes- sioni alla Francia o, meglio, Impero Francese di cui era sovrano, e re- gimi da lui imposti in altre parti d’Italia, in particolare a Napoli – l’a- zione italiana di Napoleone era stata costante e diretta e aveva essa, propriamente, prodotto i mutamenti e le trasformazioni che abbiamo di sopra indicato. Nella stessa linea, gli anni napoleonici non erano definiti soltanto da questo insieme di effetti, per più o meno profondi che fossero. Vi era stato, allora, di più. Si riteneva, infatti, che fosse allora iniziata una parte più attiva degli italiani nelle vicende del loro paese, e ciò sotto il sogno delle idee nuove che la Rivoluzione francese prima e Napoleone poi avevano diffuso e affermato in mezza Europa. Era, propriamente, iniziato il Risorgimento, lo sforzo, cioè, degli italiani di riportare il loro paese a una condizione politica e civile che si av- vertiva perduta, nel contesto europeo, da due o tre secoli. Non solo l’indipendenza politica, l’affrancamento dalle sovranità straniere do- minanti nella penisola fin dai primi anni del Cinquecento, ma ad- dirittura l’idea dell’unità italiana si era affacciata in quegli anni, a iniziativa dei «patrioti» napoletani, ma con grande eco a Milano e al- trove. E, quasi simbolo di tutto ciò, era nata pure a Reggio Emilia, nel 1797, la bandiera italiana, il tricolore che poi, a Risorgimento con- cluso, sarebbe rimasto come bandiera nazionale. Il nome stesso di «patrioti», col quale erano designati e si desi- gnavano i fautori della Rivoluzione e dei nuovi regimi che ne nasce- vano, appariva un nome significativo.
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