DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of the Bile and Gall Bladder Microbiota of Healthy Pigs Esther Jimenez 1, Borja Sanchez 2, Annarita Farina3, Abelardo Margolles4 & Juan M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of the Bile and Gall Bladder Microbiota of Healthy Pigs Esther Jimenez� 1, Borja Sanchez� 2, Annarita Farina3, Abelardo Margolles4 & Juan M ORIGINAL RESEARCH Characterization of the bile and gall bladder microbiota of healthy pigs Esther Jimenez 1, Borja Sanchez 2, Annarita Farina3, Abelardo Margolles4 & Juan M. Rodrıguez1 1Departamento de Nutricion, Bromatologıa y Tecnologıa de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain 2Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo – Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain 3Department of Human Protein Sciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland 4Instituto de Productos Lacteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Rıo Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain Keywords Abstract Bile, gall bladder, microbiome, microbiota, proteome. Bile is a biological fluid synthesized in the liver, stored and concentrated in the gall bladder (interdigestive), and released into the duodenum after food intake. Correspondence The microbial populations of different parts of mammal’s gastrointestinal tract Abelardo Margolles, Instituto de Productos (stomach, small and large intestine) have been extensively studied; however, the Lacteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Rıo characterization of bile microbiota had not been tackled until now. We have Linares s/n 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Tel. studied, by culture-dependent techniques and a 16S rRNA gene-based analysis, (+34) 985892131; Fax (+34) 985892233; the microbiota present in the bile, gall bladder mucus, and biopsies of healthy E-mail: [email protected] Juan M. Rodrıguez, Departamento de sows. Also, we have identified the most abundant bacterial proteins in the bile Nutricion, Bromatologıa y Tecnologıa de los samples. Our data show that the gall bladder ecosystem is mainly populated by Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and transmission electron microscopy Tel. (+34) 913943749; Fax: (+34) (TEM) allowed us to visualize the presence of individual bacteria of different 913943743; morphological types, in close association with either the epithelium or the ery- E-mail: [email protected] throcytes, or inside the epithelial cells. Our work has generated new knowledge Funding Information of bile microbial profiles and functions and might provide the basis for future This work was supported by AGL2013- studies on the relationship between bile microbiota, gut microbiota, and health. 44761-P and AGL2013-41980-P projects from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (Spain). Borja Sanchez was the recipient of a Ramon y Cajal postdoctoral contract from MINECO. Received: 11 June 2014; Revised: 21 September 2014; Accepted: 23 September 2014 MicrobiologyOpen 2014; 3(6): 937–949 doi: 10.1002/mbo3.218 Introduction et al. 2012). Within the GIT, most of the studies regarding bacterial diversity and functions have been focused on the The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and other mam- colon because of the easy access to samples (either feces or mals harbors a complex microbiota that confers immuno- biopsies) and also, the very high bacterial abundance in logical, metabolic, and neurological benefits to the host such location (~1012 bacteria per gram of colon content). (B€ackhed et al. 2005; Gill et al. 2006; Xu et al. 2007; Collins In contrast, the characterization of the microbiota of other ª 2014 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 937 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bacteria in Bile and Gall Bladder E. Jimenez et al. GIT locations (stomach, small intestine) has been ham- Experimental Procedures pered by technical and ethical difficulties to access biologi- cal samples in healthy hosts. However, culture-independent Sample collection methods have revealed an unexpectedly wide microbial diversity in such locations (Bik et al. 2006; Stearns et al. Six gall bladders were taken from six healthy white sows 2011; Zoetendal et al. 2012; Wang and Yang 2013), and (same age and farm) that were sacrificed in a conven- have suggested an important role of such site-specific tional slaughterhouse (Matadero Madrid Norte, San microbiomes in the host physiology (Li et al. 2009; Yang Agustın de Guadalix, Madrid) under the supervision of et al. 2013). the official Veterinary personnel. Previously, the proce- Traditionally, the stomach was considered as a particu- dure was approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal larly hard barrier for orally ingested microorganisms and, Experimentation of the Complutense University of as a consequence, was long thought to be a sterile envi- Madrid (Spain). Once the abdominal cavities of the ani- ronment. However, the discovery of Helicobacter pylori mals were open, the gall bladders were clumped, led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of the stom- removed from the carcasses using sterile scalpels, soaked ach as an ecological niche for bacteria (Fox and Sheh in a clorhexidine solution, introduced in independent 2013). Nowadays, a substantial body of evidence shows sterile containers (which were kept on ice), and trans- that some bacterial phyla (including Firmicutes, Actinobac- ported to the laboratory within the first hour. Then, teria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria) and genera (Lacto- each bladder was rinsed with sterile PBS (pH 7.2) and bacillus, Streptococcus, Propionibacterium, etc.) can be bile (~50 mL) was extracted using a 20-mL sterile syr- regularly isolated from the stomachs of healthy adults inge after the application of hydrogen peroxide in the (Yang et al. 2013). zone where the needle was inserted. Once the bladder Similar to the stomach, the gall bladder (one of the was completely emptied, the superficial mucus layer accessory digestive glands) has also been considered a very coating the gall bladder epithelium was collected and hostile territory for bacteria. Bile, whose major constitu- then, three biopsies of 1 cm2 were cut with a scalpel. ents include bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and the Swabs from the external side of each gall bladder were pigment biliverdin, functions as a biological detergent obtained, before they were clumped in order to confirm that emulsifies and solubilizes lipids, being essential for that there was no artificial contamination due to the fat digestion. This detergent property of bile also confers abattoir environment. potent antimicrobial activity, primarily through the disso- lution of bacterial membranes (Begley et al. 2005a,b). In Culture-dependent assessment of bacterial addition, the antimicrobial activity of some of its com- diversity pounds, such as bile acids, seems to play a key role to control bacterial proliferation in the small intestine (Hof- The swabs from the external side of the gall bladders, mann and Eckmann 2006; Inagaki et al. 2006). In fact, the bile of one sow, and the gall bladder mucus and those conditions that are linked to a decrease in bile acid biopsies of the remaining five sows were cultured. The secretion are usually associated with bacterial overgrowth bile of the later animals was reserved for metagenomic in the small intestine and, eventually, with infection (Bau- and proteomic analyses. Biopsy specimens were cut into er et al. 2001). small pieces and homogenized with 10 mL of sterile PBS Despite bacterial hostility of bile, it has been recently (pH 7.2). The samples were plated onto Brain Heart shown that strains of some species, such as Salmonella spp. Infusion for total counts (BHI; Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK), or Listeria monocytogenes, are able to grow and survive Columbia Blood Agar for isolation of streptococci, within the gall bladder and may be associated with infec- staphylococci, enterococci, corynebacteria, and related tions and with the pathogenesis of gallstones (Hardy et al. Gram-positive bacteria (CNA; BioMerieux, Marcy l’Eto- 2004, 2006; Crawford et al. 2008, 2010; Dowd et al. 2011; ile, France), Man, Rogosa, Sharpe for isolation of lactic Gonzalez-Escobedo et al. 2011). These studies showed that, acid bacteria (MRS; Oxoid) and McConkey (MCK, Bio- at least, some bacteria can colonize and survive in the gall Merieux; for enterobacteria) agar plates and incubated bladder. However, the global bacterial diversity of bile and aerobically at 37°C for 48 h. In parallel, samples were gall bladder from healthy hosts has not been assessed yet. also plated onto MRS (Oxoid) agar plates supplemented In this context, the objectives of this work were to with L-cysteine (0.5 g/L) (MRS-cys), which were describe the microbiota (culture-dependent methods), the incubated anaerobically (85% nitrogen, 10% hydro- microbiome (culture-independent methods), and the gen, 5% carbon dioxide) in an anaerobic workstation microbial protein content in bile and gall bladder samples (MINI-MACS; DW Scientific, Shipley, UK) at 37°C for collected from healthy pigs. 48 h. 938 ª 2014 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. E. Jimenez et al. Bacteria in Bile and Gall Bladder that time, the slides were briefly washed with sterile water, Identification of the isolates air-dried, and stored in the dark. All isolates were observed by optical microscopy to deter- Subsequently, samples were blue stained with DAPI mine their morphology and Gram staining. Additionally, (49,69-diamidino-2-phenylindole; Sigma), which detects they were tested for catalase, oxidase, and coagulase
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pseudomonas Spp. and Other Psychrotrophic
    Pesq. Vet. Bras. 39(10):807-815, October 2019 DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6037 Original Article Livestock Diseases ISSN 0100-736X (Print) ISSN 1678-5150 (Online) PVB-6037 LD Pseudomonas spp. and other psychrotrophic microorganisms in inspected and non-inspected Brazilian Minas Frescal cheese: proteolytic, lipolytic and AprX production potential1 Pedro I. Teider Junior2, José C. Ribeiro Júnior3* , Eric H. Ossugui2, Ronaldo Tamanini2, Juliane Ribeiro2, Gislaine A. Santos2 2 and Vanerli Beloti2 , Amauri A. Alfieri ABSTRACT.- Teider Junior P.I., Ribeiro Júnior J.C., Ossugui E.H., Tamanini R., Ribeiro J., Santos G.A., Pseudomonas spp. and other psychrotrophic microorganisms Pseudomonas spp. and other psychrotrophic in inspected and non-inspected Brazilian Minas Frescal cheese: proteolytic, lipolytic andAlfieri AprX A.A. production& Beloti V. 2019. potential . Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 39(10):807-815. Instituto microorganisms in inspected and non- Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para a Cadeia Produtiva do Leite, Universidade Estadual de inspected Brazilian Minas Frescal cheese: Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid PR-445 Km 380, Cx. Postal 10.011, Campus Universitário, proteolytic, lipolytic and AprX production Londrina, PR 86057-970, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] The most consumed cheese in Brazil, Minas Frescal cheese (MFC) is highly susceptible to potential microbial contamination and clandestine production and commercialization can pose a risk to consumer health. The storage of this fresh product under refrigeration, although more appropriate, may favor the growth of spoilage psychrotrophic bacteria. The objective of this [Pseudomonas spp. e outros micro-organismos study was to quantify and compare Pseudomonas spp. and other psychrotrophic bacteria in inspected and non-inspected MFC samples, evaluate their lipolytic and proteolytic activities and e não inspecionados: potencial proteolítico, lipolítico e their metalloprotease production potentials.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Adaptation of Microorganisms on the Cheese Surface Christophe Monnet, Sophie Landaud-Liautaud, Pascal Bonnarme, Dominique Swennen
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archive Ouverte en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication Growth and adaptation of microorganisms on the cheese surface Christophe Monnet, Sophie Landaud-Liautaud, Pascal Bonnarme, Dominique Swennen To cite this version: Christophe Monnet, Sophie Landaud-Liautaud, Pascal Bonnarme, Dominique Swennen. Growth and adaptation of microorganisms on the cheese surface. FEMS Microbiology Letters, Wiley-Blackwell, 2015, 362 (1), pp.1-9. 10.1093/femsle/fnu025. hal-01535275 HAL Id: hal-01535275 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01535275 Submitted on 28 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Growth and adaptation of microorganisms on the cheese surface 2 3 4 Christophe Monnet1,2, Sophie Landaud2,1, Pascal Bonnarme1,2 & Dominique Swennen3,4 5 6 1 INRA, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, 78370 Thiverval- 7 Grignon, France 8 2 AgroParisTech, UMR782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, 78370 9 Thiverval-Grignon, France 10 3 INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, 78370 Thiverval-Grignon, France 11 4 AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, 78370 Thiverval-Grignon, France 12 13 * Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Compositional and Functional Comparisons of the Microbiota in the Colostrum and Mature Milk of Dairy Goats
    Compositional and functional comparisons of the microbiota in the colostrum and mature milk of dairy goats Zhannur Niyazbekova Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Xiao-Ting Yao Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Ming-Jie Liu Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Nomin Bold Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Juan-Zhen Tong Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Jian-Jun Chang Qinghai University Ying Wen Qinghai University Li Li Qinghai University Yong Wang Qinghai University De-Kun Chen Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Wen-Tao Ma ( [email protected] ) Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-1489 Research article Keywords: Goat milk, Colostrum, Mature milk, Milk microbiota, Microbial diversity Posted Date: May 12th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-26653/v1 Page 1/20 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 2/20 Abstract Background Goat milk is essential for the initial development of kids by providing a great source of commensal bacteria. Here we analyzed the microbiota of goat colostrum which was collected daily for ve days post delivery and mature milk collected at the 7th, 10th, 20nd, 30th, 40th, 50th and 60th days, respectively, from three farms of Shaanxi province. Results The result showed that microbial alpha diversity was higher in the mature milk compared with that in the colostrum. According to taxonomy results, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes,
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Diversity and Profile for Extracellular Enzyme Production of Aerobically Cultured Bacteria in the Gut of Muraenesox Cinereus
    ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 Journal of Life Science 2019 Vol. 29. No. 2. 248~255 DOI : https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2019.29.2.248 A Study of the Diversity and Profile for Extracellular Enzyme Production of Aerobically Cultured Bacteria in the Gut of Muraenesox cinereus Yong-Jik Lee1†, Do-Kyoung Oh2†, Hye Won Kim2, Gae-Won Nam1, Jae Hak Sohn2, Han-Seung Lee2, Kee-Sun Shin3* and Sang-Jae Lee2* 1Department of Cosmetics, Seowon University, Chung-Ju 28674, Korea 2Major in Food Biotechnology and Research Center for Extremophiles & Marine Microbiology, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea 3Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea Received January 26, 2019 /Revised February 24, 2019 /Accepted February 27, 2019 This research confirmed the diversity and characterization of gut microorganisms isolated from the intestinal organs of Muraenesox cinereus, collected on the Samcheonpo Coast and Seocheon Coast in South Korea. To isolate strains, Marine agar medium was basically used and cultivated at 37℃ and pH7 for several days aerobically. After single colony isolation, totally 49 pure single-colonies were iso- lated and phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on the result of 16S rRNA gene DNA sequenc- ing, indicating that isolated strains were divided into 3 phyla, 13 families, 15 genera, 34 species and 49 strains. Proteobacteria phylum, the main phyletic group, comprised 83.7% with 8 families, 8 genera and 26 species of Aeromonadaceae, Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Shewanellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Mor- ganellaceae, Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Vibrionaceae. To confirm whether isolated strain can produce industrially useful enzyme or not, amylase, lipase, and protease enzyme assays were per- formed individually, showing that 39 strains possessed at least one enzyme activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychrobacter Arenosus Bacteremia After Blood Transfusion, France
    DISPATCHES rapidly increased to 40°C) and had chills and headache. Psychrobacter The transfusion was stopped and the patient transferred to the Department of Internal Medicine. At examination, there arenosus was no hypotension, jaundice, or red urine. Standard laboratory testing showed no ABO Bacteremia incompatibility, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and coagulation disorders. According to recommendations after Blood of the Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament Transfusion, (Saint-Denis, France), 3 sets of aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures (Bactec; Becton Dickinson, Pont de Clay, France France) for the recipient (1 immediately and 2 others 4 hours later) and the remaining part of the third erythrocyte Yvan Caspar, Christine Recule, Patricia Pouzol, unit were sent to the bacteriology laboratory for culture. Bruno Lafeuillade, Marie-Reine Mallaret, Gram staining of a blood smear prepared from the third Max Maurin, and Jacques Croize erythrocyte unit showed a large number (≈106 CFU/mL) of gram-variable coccobacilli. We report a case of transfusion-associated bactere- Samples were placed on Columbia blood agar mia caused by Psychrobacter arenosus. This psychrotoler- ant bacterium was previously isolated in 2004 from coastal (bioMérieux, Marcy L’Etoile, France) and incubated at sea ice and sediments in the Sea of Japan, but not from 37°C in anaerobic or 5% CO2–enriched atmospheres. humans. P. arenosus should be considered a psychrotoler- Sample inoculated into blood culture bottles were ant bacterial species that can cause transfusion-transmitted incubated at 37°C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions bacterial infections. (Figure). The aerobic blood culture bottle of the first sample obtained from the recipient and aerobic cultures of the third erythrocyte unit enabled isolation of the same acteria are the leading cause of transfusion-transmitted gram-variable coccobacilli after incubation for 48 hours infections (1).
    [Show full text]
  • TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl Für Mikrobielle Ökologie Analyse Der Bakteriellen Biodiversität Von Boviner Rohmil
    TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie Analyse der bakteriellen Biodiversität von boviner Rohmilch mittels kultureller und kulturunabhängiger Verfahren Franziska Thekla Breitenwieser Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kulozik Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Prof. Dr. Siegfried Scherer 2. Prof. Dr. Rudi F. Vogel Die Dissertation wurde am 23.03.2018 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 04.07.2018 angenommen. Inhaltsverzeichnis INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................................... I ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ...................................................................................................... V SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... VII ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ......................................................................................... IX TABELLENVERZEICHNIS .............................................................................................. XI ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS ..................................................................................... XIII 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Active Microorganisms Thrive Among Extremely Diverse Communities in Cloud Water Pierre Amato, Muriel Joly, Ludovic Besaury, Anne Oudart, Najwa Taïb, Anne I
    Active microorganisms thrive among extremely diverse communities in cloud water Pierre Amato, Muriel Joly, Ludovic Besaury, Anne Oudart, Najwa Taïb, Anne I. Moné, Laurent Deguillaume, Anne-Marie Delort, Didier Debroas To cite this version: Pierre Amato, Muriel Joly, Ludovic Besaury, Anne Oudart, Najwa Taïb, et al.. Active microorganisms thrive among extremely diverse communities in cloud water. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2017, 12 (8), 10.1371/journal.pone.0182869. hal-01598571 HAL Id: hal-01598571 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01598571 Submitted on 6 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. RESEARCH ARTICLE Active microorganisms thrive among extremely diverse communities in cloud water Pierre Amato1*, Muriel Joly1, Ludovic Besaury1, Anne Oudart1,2, Najwa Taib2, Anne I. MoneÂ2, Laurent Deguillaume3, Anne-Marie Delort1, Didier Debroas2 1 Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 2 Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: GeÂnome et Environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 3 Universite Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Observatoire de Physique du Globe, Clermont-Ferrand, France a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Clouds are key components in Earth's functioning.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Drugs
    Mar. Drugs 2015, 13, 4539-4555; doi:10.3390/md13074539 OPEN ACCESS marine drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Structural Investigation of the Oligosaccharide Portion Isolated from the Lipooligosaccharide of the Permafrost Psychrophile Psychrobacter arcticus 273-4 Angela Casillo 1, Ermenegilda Parrilli 1, Sannino Filomena 1,2, Buko Lindner 3, Rosa Lanzetta 1, Michelangelo Parrilli 4, Maria Luisa Tutino 1 and Maria Michela Corsaro 1,* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.C.); [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (S.F.); [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (M.L.T.) 2 Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy 3 Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 10, BorstelD-23845, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, Napoli 80126, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-674149; Fax: +39-081-674393. Academic Editor: Antonio Trincone Received: 22 June 2015 / Accepted: 14 July 2015 /Published: 22 July 2015 Abstract: Psychrophilic microorganisms have successfully colonized all permanently cold environments from the deep sea to mountain and polar regions. The ability of an organism to survive and grow in cryoenviroments depends on a number of adaptive strategies aimed at maintaining vital cellular functions at subzero temperatures, which include the structural modifications of the membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Strategies of Highly Functional Catalases for Adaptation to High H2O2 Environments Isao Yumoto, Yoshiko Hanaoka and Isao Hara
    Chapter Evolutionary Strategies of Highly Functional Catalases for Adaptation to High H2O2 Environments Isao Yumoto, Yoshiko Hanaoka and Isao Hara Abstract Enzymatic evolutionary strategies for adaptation to a high H2O2 environment have been evaluated using catalases with high catalytic efficiency isolated from two H2O2-tolerant bacteria, Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans and Psychrobacter piscatori. The entrance size of the narrow main channel in catalase has been estimated by deter- mining the formation rate of the intermediate state of peracetic acid (b), which is a larger substrate than H2O2 versus that of catalase activity with H2O2 (a) (calculated as b/a). The ratio of b/a in E. oxidotolerans catalase (EKTA) is much higher than that of P. piscatori catalase (PKTA). To elucidate the structural differences between the catalases, the amino acids present in the main channel have been compared between the two catalases and other catalases in the database. The combination of amino acid residues, which contribute high catalytic efficiency in the narrow main chan- nel of EKTA were different from those in PKTA. In this review, we discuss strategic differences in the elimination of high concentration of H2O2 owing to differences in the phylogenetic positions of catalases. In addition, we describe the relationships between the environmental distributions of genera involved in H2O2-resistant bacte- ria and their catalase functions based on the main channel structure of catalase. Keywords: H2O2-tolerant bacteria, Exiguobacterium, Psychrobacter, Vibrio, catalase, narrow main channel, bottleneck size 1. Introduction Oxygen is important for metabolism, acting as a terminal electron acceptor in aerobic bacteria, and these bacteria produce intracellular reactive oxygen species 2•− (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O ), and hydroxyl radical • (OH ) as by-products of oxygen metabolism [1–4].
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of the O‑Specific Polysaccharide from The
    Note pubs.acs.org/jnp Structure of the O‑Specific Polysaccharide from the Lipopolysaccharide of Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5T Containing a 2,3,4-Triacetamido-2,3,4-trideoxy‑L‑arabinose Moiety † ‡ † § # Anna N. Kondakova,*, Kseniya A. Novototskaya-Vlasova, Nikolay P. Arbatsky, Marina S. Drutskaya, , ⊥ † ‡ § # Victoria A. Shcherbakova, Alexander S. Shashkov, David A. Gilichinsky, Sergei A. Nedospasov, , † and Yuriy A. Knirel † Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia ‡ Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia § Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia # Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia ⊥ Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Russia ABSTRACT: A novel constituent of bacterial polysaccharides, 2,3,4-triacetamido-2,3,4-trideoxy-L-arabinose, was found in the O-specific polysaccharide from the lipopolysaccharide of Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5T and identified by 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR studies of the polysaccharide and a disaccharide obtained by solvolysis of the polysaccharide with triflic acid. The following structure of the branched polysaccharide was established by sugar analysis, triflic acid solvolysis, Smith degradation, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Psychrobacter is a genus within the family Moraxellaceae of arabinose, which has not been hitherto reported in natural gamma-proteobacteria, which comprises psychrophilic to carbohydrates. mesophilic, halotolerant, aerobic, nonmotile, Gram-negative The lipopolysaccharide was obtained from dried bacterial coccobacilli.1 These bacteria live in extremely cold habitats, cells by the phenol−water procedure8 and degraded under mild such as Antarctic ice, soil, and sediments, as well as in deep sea acidic conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of the Bile and Gall Bladder Microbiota of Healthy Pigs
    Article Characterization of the bile and gall bladder microbiota of healthy pigs JIMÉNEZ, Esther, et al. Abstract Bile is a biological fluid synthesized in the liver, stored and concentrated in the gall bladder (interdigestive), and released into the duodenum after food intake. The microbial populations of different parts of mammal's gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small and large intestine) have been extensively studied; however, the characterization of bile microbiota had not been tackled until now. We have studied, by culture-dependent techniques and a 16S rRNA gene-based analysis, the microbiota present in the bile, gall bladder mucus, and biopsies of healthy sows. Also, we have identified the most abundant bacterial proteins in the bile samples. Our data show that the gall bladder ecosystem is mainly populated by members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allowed us to visualize the presence of individual bacteria of different morphological types, in close association with either the epithelium or the erythrocytes, or inside the epithelial cells. Our work has generated new knowledge of bile microbial [...] Reference JIMÉNEZ, Esther, et al. Characterization of the bile and gall bladder microbiota of healthy pigs. MicrobiologyOpen, 2014, vol. 3, no. 6, p. 937-949 DOI : 10.1002/mbo3.218 PMID : 25336405 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:41962 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Characterization of the bile and gall bladder microbiota of healthy pigs Esther Jimenez 1, Borja Sanchez 2, Annarita Farina3, Abelardo Margolles4 & Juan M.
    [Show full text]
  • Abundance and Potential Contribution of Gram-Negative Cheese Rind Bacteria from Austrian Artisanal Hard Cheeses
    Animal Science Publications Animal Science 2-2-2018 Abundance and potential contribution of Gram-negative cheese rind bacteria from Austrian artisanal hard cheeses Stephan Schmitz-Esser Iowa State University, [email protected] Monika Dzieciol University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Eva Nischler University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Elisa Schornsteiner University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Othmar Bereuter See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ans_pubs Part of the Bacteriology Commons, Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Commons, and the Food Microbiology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ans_pubs/524. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Animal Science Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abundance and potential contribution of Gram-negative cheese rind bacteria from Austrian artisanal hard cheeses Abstract Many different Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to be present on cheese rinds. Their contribution to cheese ripening is however, only partially understood until now. Here, cheese rind samples were taken from Vorarlberger Bergkäse (VB), an artisanal hard washed-rind cheese from Austria. Ripening cellars of two cheese production facilities in Austria were sampled at the day of production and after 14, 30, 90 and 160 days of ripening. To obtain insights into the possible contribution of Advenella, Psychrobacter, and Psychroflexus ot cheese ripening, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of one strain of each genus isolated from VB cheese rinds.
    [Show full text]