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Darli Massardo História Natural E DARLI MASSARDO HISTÓRIA NATURAL E EVOLUTIVA DE DIONE HÜBNER, [1819]: UMA ABORDAGEM MORFOLÓGICA E MOLECULAR. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia Animal. Área de Concentração: Biologia e Comportamento Animal Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gilson R. P. Moreira Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre 2013 HISTÓRIA NATURAL E EVOLUTIVA DE DIONE HÜBNER, [1819]: UMA ABORDAGEM MORFOLÓGICA E MOLECULAR. DARLI MASSARDO Tese aprovada em: 20 de Novembro de 2013. Prof. Dr. Luiz Alexandre Campos (UFRGS – Porto Alegre) Prof. Dr. Eduardo Carneiro dos Santos (UFPR – Curitiba) Profa. Dra. Danessa Schardong Boligon (UNC – Concórdia) iii “O futuro pertence àqueles que acreditam na beleza de seus sonhos.” (Elleanor Roosevelt) Por isso, dedico esta tese àos meus queridos pais Nérci e Fátima, à minha amada irmã Keli por sempre acreditarem em mim e nunca me abandonarem em minhas decisões, e ao meu querido afilhado Leonardo. iv Agradecimentos “Ser lembrado é acima de tudo um agradecimento que deve ser retribuído com um obrigado muito especial, feito de dentro para fora, do coração para o mundo.” (Vinítius Sales) Por isso agradeço: Ao orientador Gilson R. P. Moreira Aos colaboradores Marcus R. Kronforst, Héctor A. Vargas, Paula A. Roratto, Gislene L. Gonçalves e Rodrigo Fornel. Aos amigos do LMCI, colegas e ex-colegas que de alguma forma sempre me ajudaram Ábner, Ana Kristina, Bruna, Carolina, Danessa, Daniel, Denis, Dirleane, Fernando, Kim, Louise, Rosângela, Sabrina. Aos professores da Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal Ao Laboratório de Citogenética e Evolução Ao Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal (UFRGS) e ao FAS Center for System Biology (Harvard) Aos curadores de Lepidoptera que me receberam tão bem Jackeline Miller (MGCL/FLMNH - Gainesville), Bob Robbins e Brian Harris (USMN - Washington) e Gerardo Lamas (MUSM - Lima), bem como aos demais curadores das outras coleções entomológicas que autorizaram o acesso e o registro dos espécimes deste estudo Aos que me ajudaram com as fotos de museu Juan Grados, Kim Ribeiro Barão e Rosângela Brito. À facilitação ao acesso das borboletas utilizadas neste estudo Héctor A. Vargas, Carolina Millán, Julian Adolfo Salazar e Sabrina Thiele. v Ao RU pelo almoço de todos os dias Às pessoas que por um momento me receberam seus lares Leonardo Ré Jorge (Campinas), Ari Martinez (Gainesville, Flórida), Danessa Boligon e Alexandre Machado (Porto Alegre). Às fontes financiadoras CAPES (Doutorado), CNPq (Doutorado Sanduíche) e PPG/BAN. Aos amigos da UFRGS Adriano Cavalleri, Augusto Ferrari, Ivanklin Campos-Filho e Felipe Ribeiro, bem como aos demais colegas do departamento. Aos amigos de Boston Simone e Christian, Francia e Francisco, Rodrigo, Davi, Yochai, Jaime e Romela, Alexandra, Scott, Kathryn, Adriana e Maria. Aos amigos do Kronforst Lab Marcus, Kenny, Ayse, Nicola e Krushnameg. Aos amigos da academia Clayton Melo e José Guedes. Às amigas e amigos do Extremo Oeste Catarinense Alice, Clarice, Dinara, Eliane, Lisiane, Lulo, Ricardo e Tiago. Em especial à Alice por ter me proporcionado a alegria de ser a “Dinda” do Leonardo. Às amigas de Porto Alegre Danessa, Daiana, Fátima e Carolzinha. Aos amigos queridos de bares e discussões Alexandre, Fátima, Leonardo e Thiago. Um agradecimento especial ao Alexandre por todos os ensinamentos, discussões, parceria e apoio. Às aulas de inglês, “sessões de terapia” e claro pela sincera amizade vi Patrícia Freitas À querida amiga Danessa e ao querido amigo Denis pelos mais de 6 anos de amizade e companheirismo. Às primas queridas Indiana e Tais Aos tios e tias amados Justina e Sérgio, Selita, Marilene, em especial a minha tia Juju por ter me “alimentado” bem e me recebido sempre como filha nesses maravilhosos anos de convívio. À minha inesquecível fiel amiga Xaninha Aos que sempre em todos os momentos da minha vida me apoiaram, deram suporte, alegrias e acima de tudo muito amor Meus pais Fátima e Nérci, minha irmã Keli e meu cunhado Alemão. vii “Talvez não tenha conseguido fazer o melhor, mas lutei para que o melhor fosse feito. Não sou o que deveria ser, mas Graças a Deus, não sou o que era antes”. (Marthin Luther King) viii SUMÁRIO RESUMO………………………………………………………………………….…………..x APRESENTAÇÃO…………………………………………………………………………..xii 1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Heliconiini ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Dione Hübner, [1819] ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Dione juno (Cramer 1779) ............................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Dione juno juno (Cramer 1779) ................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Dione juno huascuma (Reakirt 1866) ........................................................................ 8 1.3.3 Dione juno andicola (Bates 1864) ............................................................................. 9 1.3.4 Dione juno miraculosa Hering 1926 ......................................................................... 9 1.3.5 Dione juno suffumata Brown & Mielke 1972 ........................................................... 9 1.4 Dione moneta Hübner [1825] ......................................................................................... 10 1.4.1 Dione moneta moneta Hübner [1825] ..................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Dione moneta butleri Stichel [1908] ....................................................................... 11 1.4.3 Dione moneta poeyii Butler 1873 ............................................................................ 11 1.5 Dione glycera (C. Felder & R. Felder 1861).................................................................. 12 1.6 Relações filogenéticas .................................................................................................... 13 1.7 Morfologia ...................................................................................................................... 15 1.8 Morfometria ................................................................................................................... 16 1.9 Marcadores Moleculares ................................................................................................ 17 1.10 Referências ................................................................................................................... 19 2. CAPÍTULO I - External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: IX. Dione glycera (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) ...................................................................................................................... 32 ix 3. CAPÍTULO II - Development of a microsatellite library for the passion flower butterfly Dione moneta Hübner (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) ................................. 68 4. CAPÍTULO III - Multilocus DNA sequences and geometric morphometrics analysis reveal evolutionary history of the passion vine butterfly genus Dione ......................................... 80 5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS…………………………………………………………….130 x RESUMO Entender as relações filogenéticas entre os organismos, como espécies compartilham uma história comum através de sua ancestralidade, é fundamental para o entendimento de processos e padrões evolutivos. Os heliconíneos, ou borboletas-do-maracujá, constituem-se num dos grupos mais conhecidos em Lepidoptera (Nymphalidae). Do ponto de vista filogenético Heliconiini é uma das tribos mais estudadas da família, sendo que seis filogenias já foram propostas, tanto de cunho morfológico quanto molecular, todas com enfoque nos gêneros mais derivados da tribo, como Heliconius e Eueides. Porém, nenhuma dessas filogenias propôs de forma robusta as relações em nível de espécie na maioria dos gêneros. Este é o caso de Dione, uma linhagem considerada “basal” de Heliconiini, pouco conhecida, com status filogenético ainda não bem resolvido. Tendo como objetivo aprofundar os estudos morfológicos e moleculares dentro deste gênero, neste trabalho, descreve-se e ilustra-se pela primeira vez as estruturas externas do ovo, larva e pupa D. glycera, única espécie do gênero ainda não contemplada neste sentido, além de fornecermos uma chave dicotômica para identificação das espécies de Dione nas fases de larva e pupa. Com o intuito de desenvolver trabalhos futuros em nível subespecífico e/ou calcados na genética de populações, desenvolvou-se um banco de microssatélites para a espécie Dione moneta, onde obteve-se 19 loci polimórficos, sendo que a maior parte desses amplificou com sucesso nas demais espécies e subespécies de Dione, bem como para a espécie irmã Agraulis vanillae. Tal resultado demonstra que estes marcadores podem ser ferramentas eficientes para estudos a respetio em D. moneta bem como para espécies de borboletas proximamente relacionadas. Em adição, propomos uma filogenia molecular para Heliconiini onde calculou-se o tempo de divergência entre as linhagens da tribo. Com enfoque principalmente no gênero Dione nossos dados demonstram que este é monofilético e grupo irmão de Agraulis. Também demonstramos que as espécies de Dione são reciprocamente monofiléticas,
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