USFOR-A “We Can, We Will”

Afghanistan Trainers Community of Interest 21 Apr 10 1530-1700Z

The overall classification of this briefing is: UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO Agenda 21 Apr 10

• Opening Remarks • Due-out Review • BG Leo Beulen (NDL): Chief, HQ ISAF CJ3 • CIVCAS Issues • Revised ISAF SOP 373 • USFOR-A Issues • Upcoming Events

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 2 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO TCOI Due-out Updates

# Date Lead Action Update

1 7 Apr 10 HQ ISAF CJ-37 Given statement, “51% of CIVCAS is caused by Compiling from multiple HQ IJC J7 EOF”, provide a top 10 list of examples that can be sources (CAAT, IJC, CJTFs) used for scenarios in pre-deployment training Will post to ISAF/IJC Wiki [COL Martin - NTC] and SIPR JKO Portal 2 7 Apr 10 USFOR-A J7 Provide information regarding EoF and CIVCAS to Posted JALLC studies from support a briefing to OPS DEPS and Tank [JS J7] Jun 09 – Feb 10 on SIPR TCOI Portal 3 7 Apr 10 HQ ISAF CJ-37 How do units link in with the Afghan Mission This topic has been Network (AMN) for pre-deployment operations? addressed in 2 previous [COL Deane – BCTP] TCOIs. Will hold for future TCOI once AMN goes live

J7 / COL Barry V. Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 3 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED

COMISAF Training Directive

AFG TCOI Conference 21 Apr 10

BG BEULEN Chief, HQ ISAF/CJ3

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 4 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED Agenda

• Introduction • COMISAF’s COIN Training Guidance • COMISAF’s Directives • Hot Topics • Parting Thoughts

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 5 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED Introduction

• Counterinsurgency (COIN) requires a shift in mindset from “enemy focused” methodology to “population centric” – All forces must understand and apply COIN in their missions – Very few of ISAF‟s Troop Contributing Nations have COIN Doctrine – NATO is still working on common COIN doctrine and training

• COMISAF‟s COIN Guidance and COIN Training Guidance documents provide the foundation – JFCBS Directive 75-8 further delineates training guidance and tasks in accordance with OPLAN 30302 Annex BB

All Forces are ISAF's Ambassadors throughout the country

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 6 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED COMISAF’s Training Guidance COIN Language

Active Support Passive Support Neutral; “on the Passive Support Active Support Nuetral of GIRoA of GIRoA Fence” of Insurgents of Insurgents • Important as other soldier skills • Critical for partnering relationship • People are the Prize • Understand • Respect for country & culture • Change: think-act-opsOperational • 95% speak Dari, 65% speak Pashtu • Language Environment • US: “AFPAK Hands;” Others? • C-IED • Manage-Fuse Info • English: Be proficient Day 1 • Driving • Detainee Ops • Don’t get left behind! • Escalation of Force • Know Enablers • Fire Support • Decentralized Ops • Partnering • Money = effects Salaam ~ Chazh Bah Khigher ~ Tashakor

• Civilian Gov & Dev • Learning Org… CTC-A Topics Counterparts

Counter-IED • Inconsistent Basic Skills across National training programs • “Make-up” required in ISAF, Unsat • Need Operational-Strategic staff officer training Train the force before it arrives in theater to be COIN-ready Day 1! 7 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED COMISAF’s Directives Tactical Directive Driving Directive • Protect the Population--win support • We’re highly visible; dismount, talk, • Accept tactical risk & shop Avoid Strategic Failure • Slow down, don’t interrupt traffic, let • Disciplined use & escalation of force civilians pass • Battle damage assessment • No Hit & Run--do accident form, • Cultural Considerations unless immediate risk • Incidents: stay, assess, report, • Reckless & aggressive driving explain, settle, investigate • Alienates Afghan people

Escalation of Force and ROE Civilian Casualties • Can win tactically but lose strategically • “CIVCAS is how we LOSE” • Insurgent math: -1 Civ + 20 INS • CIVCAS spike despite COM emphasis • Appropriate escalation & Positive ID? • Understanding/behaviour ingrained during training & ops?

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 8 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED Hot Topics Partnering Civ-Mil • ISAF & ANSF: 1 entity--1 purpose • New Civ Dynamic • Habitual, not ad hoc • New NATO SCR and UN SRSG • Live, train, plan & execute together • Civilian Campaign Plans • NATO Pol-Mil Plan • Mutual trust, respect, & sharing • US Civ-Mil Plan (1) Explain • Plan: Build-Hold-Clear-Shape (2) Show (3) ISAF-lead • Civilian Counterparts in Training? • Civ Reps at all levels (4) ANSF-lead • District Delivery (5) ANSF lead w/ overwatch • Afghan Civilian Counterparts • COMISAF Partnering Shura • Ministries, staffs, & Independent • ID best practices & shortfalls Directorate for Local Governance

Fixing Intelligence • DCOS Intel, MG Flynn published report ~ Jan 10 • Too focused on insurgents • Holistic understanding

(See 21 Feb 10 Washington Post article and Jan paper by Center for a New American Security) NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 9 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED Parting Thoughts

Get better every day. • Adapt to the environment -- Shape the environment • Partner with Afghan leaders, security forces, and the population – Listen to the Afghans you meet – Listen to their stories and what they want to tell you – Ask how we can improve and help them achieve their goals • Take action to improve stability in your area. • You are authorized -- you are responsible -- adjust your actions within COMISAF‟s intent

• COIN is the focus–change the way you think, act, & operate – Help GIRoA earn the support of the Afghan people

Active Support Passive Support Neutral; “on the Passive Support Active Support Nuetral of GIRoA of GIRoA Fence” of Insurgents of Insurgents

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 1 0 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED

Questions & Discussion

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 11 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED

CIVCAS Issues BRIEF AFG TCOI

21APR10

Sources: HQ ISAF CCTC, USJFC JCOA NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 12 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED AGENDA

• Strategic Importance of CIVCAS • CIVCAS background • Lessons Identified from Theatre

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 13 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED CIVCAS CONTEXT – STRATEGIC ISSUE

“Because of CIVCAS I think that we have just about eroded out credibility here in Afghanistan. The constant repeat of CIVCAS is now so dangerous that it threatens the mission…I want confirmation that every soldier in the command from every country understands the Tactical Directive”

COMISAF (13 Apr 10)

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 14 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED Civilian Casualty Comparison 2009 - 2010

450 CIVCAS 2010 2009 2008 Total AC Killed by CF 85 181 261 408 Total AC Wounded by CF 96 335 372 400 Total 181 516 633 Total AC Killed by INS 284 1,014 973 2009 2010 Total AC Wounded by INS 614 2,407 1,983 344 350 Total 898 3,421 2,956 Grand Total 398 3,954 3,589

300 275

250 217 215 205 203 200 183 170 150 154 149 150 134 111 112 104 106 109 94 96 100 89 91 77 74 78 66 70 71 48 44 44 44 44 50 41 35 37 31 32 28 27 30 32 23 24 22 24 24 21 17 13 17 17 14 12 16 15 14 15 18 5 7 8 7 11 0 Jan-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10

Afghan Civilians Killed by ISAF/OEF Afghan Civilians Wounded by ISAF/OEF Afghan Civilians Killed by INS Afghan Civilians Wounded by INS

Sources: HQ ISAF CCTC, USJFC JCOA NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 15 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED CIVCAS Events by Category - Challenges

14 2009-2001

12 Most frequent event Categories 10

8 • Most of CF CIVCAS related to

6 EOF/ROE

4 • Main cause of AC death is CAS

0 CAS CCA EOF ROE IDF DF RTA Unknown

25 35

21 30 Last 12 weeks 30 20 19 18 25

Other categories 16 20 15 14 14 • Indirect Fire with failing in targeting 13 15

12 10 9

• Direct Fire during offensive ops 10 Events Numbers Events

CIVCAS Numbers 8

5 5 5 • RTA 4 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 0 2

0 -5 CAS CCA EOF ROE IDF DF RTA Unknown CIV Wounded CIV Killed Events Sources: HQ ISAF CCTC, USJFC JCOA NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 16 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED CIVCAS Reporting

– IAW ISAF SOP – Serves 2 purposes: • Records the facts • Identifies Lessons – Done in parallel with National Investigations – NEEDS TO BE APPLIED

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 17 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED Pre-Deployment Training

1. Train in accordance with ISAF Directives: reinforce mindset of non-kinetic solutions

2. Improve coordination with air assets and IDF

3. Practice Integration of Ground Assets (especially mounted becoming dismounted)

4. Better understanding of what PID means (confirm, confirm, confirm)

5. Force the practice of ground BDA

JUST BECAUSE YOU CAN SHOOT DOES NOT MEAN THAT YOU SHOULD

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 18 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED Pre-Deployment Training

6. Partnering is key – understand how to partner

7. Patterns of life are key – go to school before you deploy

8. Thinking leaders - plan to succeed. Don‟t make lethal force the only option

9. Practice CIVCAS reporting – force them to identify lessons and take remedial action

10. Use Scenarios from Theatre

11. PRACTICE; PRACTICE; PRACTICE

JUST BECAUSE YOU CAN SHOOT DOES NOT MEAN THAT YOU SHOULD

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 19 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED ISAF Directives

• COMISAF Tactical Directive (1 Jul 09) • COMISAF Driving Directive (29 Aug 09) • COMISAF Night Raids Directive (23 Jan 10) • HQ ISAF EOF SOP • HQ ISAF CIVCAS SOP • IJC FRAGO – Command Directed Warning Shot Policy (dated 21 Jan 10)

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 20 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED

Questions?

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 21 SOP 373 Direction & Guidance for Escalation of Force COMISAF Briefing 21st Apr 2010

(Maj Brian Cleary – Theatre Force Protection)

22 Escalation of Force

A process which seeks to determine the extent of a potential threat and then to match that

threat with an appropriate defensive response

Purpose Principles • ISAF, USFOR-A & • Use of Force – Effort to control without force Contractors • Valuing Life • Lays down the – Care, dignity, respect – as you principles and would your neighbours • Involve Afghan People procedures to employ – ANSF, KLE, Educate the force in a controlled & people. disciplined manner • Take Responsibility – Stay on scene, mitigate consequences, Did planning minimise the risk of CIVCAS, What do we learn?

23 EoF

Individual Procedures • Decision is yours • Support your threat assessment & – Entitled to use force to defend response • You Must: • You need to: – Ask – is there a threat – Determine the facts. Enhance – Does your response require force • Situation / Environment awareness – Use force of a duration & extent • Use tools to assess intent required to meet & defeat threat – No More • Decide „what do you THINK is happenning – Think of consequences – – Decide if it is a threat Collateral damage • Understand „normal behaviour‟ – Constantly review your use of • Understand caps of your force protective systems • Avoid assumptions – do NOT prejudge

24 EoF

Individual Individual • Decide What response is • ACT necessary. – Apply no more force than – Can you reduce or avoid? necessary – En hiding among Civillians. • Review – Ask does kinetic response fit – Have you succeeded the situation and overall • Re-engage if threat remains. purpose • Neutralising does not mean – Understand capabilities of wpn having to kill the enemy systems – When to Stop – Minimise damage if possible – • Once threat has been in case you are mistaken neutralised – Minimise kinetic effect to • When operating under EoF – prevent unintended be prepared to hold back consequences.

25 EoF

Commanders Approach Comd Responsibilities • Take risks to gather information • TTPs and enable better decision making – Variations in environment , own – Easy Route - Use of indirect fire troops caps, physical conditions • Match threat to effective weapon – Validation system • Local Leaders, ANSF. – Practice drills that include dis- • Inform Locals engagement • Planning – Support your troops in decision – Time and Space making – Seek to reduce risks to us and – Minimise risk through training, Afghans equipping, planning and assessment • Avoid Traps – Lay Down – Technology – Techniques – Employ ANSF

26 EoF

Comd Responsibilities MITIGATION • Training • Planned – Local Customs / Variations – Change in Mindset – Pocket Guide • CIVCAS Mitigation Plan • Validation – Links with local governance / elders – Training and Equipment – Explain how local population • Learning Lessons can help – Identify Lessons – Partnering – Dissemination – Maintain a presence – Sharing Lessons • Commanders remain – Critical Analysis engaged with Local Leaders • Mandatory Reporting

27 UNCLASSIFIED Escalation of Force Process ASSESS Understand your environment Use your Info gathering Tools • Warnings • Challenges (Laser,flares, etc.) Are your observations normal or abnormal? IS IT A THREAT? REASSESS If the Threat remains MATCH NO Match your actions to the threat YES Do you have the time/ means to mitigate the Stop and conduct Decide method of Follow-Up Procedures reengagement threat without using Lethal Force? YES NO Have you reduced the threat to an Use other means What amount of Lethal - Cordon acceptable level? Force is required? - Disengage ACT A L Apply as much force as necessary to reduce/ eliminate the threat WA CHOOSE YS WEAPON Remain aware of your surroundings in order to avoid engaging unintended effects UNCLASSIFIED NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED EoF Pocket Guide (Pending Approval)

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 29 NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED

EoF SOP 373 Questions?

NATO/ISAF UNCLASSIFIED 30 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO USFOR-A Issues

• USFOR-A FRAGO 10-121

• Your Responses to Base Defense 101 RFI

• CROWS

• ANSF Support Update

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 31 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO USFOR-A FRAGO 10-121 Identifying Mandatory Training in CJOA

• Main intent of FRAGO was to address internal USFOR-A C2 changes and clarify intent of in-theater training requirements – RSO Mandatory Training: Incoming commanders can’t just waive training because they don’t want to do it – COIN Leaders Course: Although 3 options are listed, option 2 (RSO) and 3 (after assuming battlespace) will only be executed if COIN TRAINING ACADEMY is unable to accommodate PDSSers (option 1) – Paragraph 3 (Tasks): Tasks specific units in the CJOA-A under USFOR-A OPCON • Most of the FRAGO is the same as its predecessor (10-018) • No intention to create additional requirements to the field – beyond that which was addressed in 10-018 and supporting USFOR-A memo to CENTCOM in January 2010 J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 32 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO Responses to 24 Mar RFI Base Defense 101 Course delivered during RSO?

“Defense Planning/Ops (base defense/occupation/QRF, etc.) 100 level, is not needed” “FORSCOM Pre-deployment training guidance ISO SWA directs all Category 2 units (those who leave the FOB) to conduct base defense training” “…this is basic infantry stuff and I don't see a need to pay for a contract to teach these tasks” “It is not ARCENT's or ISAF’s job to train Company Level tasks on basic skills! Absolutely not” “Let the commanders focus on the training of this at home station before they deploy; this is what they are paid to do. The doctrine is there; it is sound and proven” “I think this best fits in pre-deployment training” “xxTC conducts two collective defensive lanes during the rotations: one is a JCOP Defense STX lane and one is a LFX” “Save the time and let the Army units do this at home as part of their basic unit build ups” “Base Defense Ops training was not an underlying cause of the Wanat and Keating incidents”

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 33 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO CROWS Pre-Deployment Training

• ISSUE: Units not taking advantage of available CROWS mobile training teams in CONUS

• BACKGROUND: Nearly all CROWS training initially conducted in theater to meet theater fielding plan and certification requirements – CROWS Training teams moved to CONUS in Sep/Oct 09 (per USFOR-A Memorandum) – Training teams are advertising and coordinating with units during pre-deployment prep – Units view the training as “optional” – Believe they have already received training or already employed the system in theater – CROWS today is not the same as 6 months or a year ago; constant upgrades/improvements

• RECOMMENDATION: Update FORSCOM Pre-Deployment Training Guidance to mandate CROWS training for units falling in on the system – FORSCOM coordinate with CROWS PMO; ID units and schedule training – Push the training to the CDR – No $$$ cost to the unit POC: CROWS PMO Mr. Ray Alvarez: [email protected] LTC Chris Ford: [email protected]

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 34 ANSF Support to MRX

US Led Exercises NATO Led Exercises - JRTC - JMRC - JFC-B - RC(N) - NTC - JMTC - JWC - RC(W) - 1st Army (PRT) - JWFC - JFTC - US led DIV HQs and above - OMLTs, POMLTs

Validate Validate Request Request USFOR-A ISAF J7 CJ-37 Request MAJ David Burnham Feasible & MAJ Ken McRae [email protected] Validated [email protected].nato.int

NTM-A

Military Expedite Liaison Request Standard Request

Embassy

Individual Approval/Denial Denied Approved 35 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO ANSF Support Requests Status

Org Event Status NTC 10-09 In for signature by ISAF CJ3; expect Ministry of Foreign Affairs processing today (21 Apr 10) NTC 10-10 In for signature by ISAF CJ3; expect Ministry of Foreign Affairs processing today (21 Apr 10) 10 MTN UE 10-3 In staffing at Ministry of Defense for candidate selection/passports 189 IBCT PRT 11-14 In staffing at CSTC-A 4-82 BCT Raider Prep CSTC-A pushing through Ministry of Interior; tight time-line JMTC 10-05C Pending passports

J7 / MAJ Dave Burnham, DSN: 237-9226 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 36 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 2010 COIN Leader’s Course

• 24 – 29 Apr • 22 – 27 May • 26 Jun – 1 Jul COIN Training Center-AFG • 24 – 29 Jul Camp Julian, Kabul • 28 Aug – 2 Sep POC: SFC Richard Inns • 25 – 30 Sep DSN: (318) 237-5523 • 23 – 28 Oct • 20 – 25 Nov Required attendance by leadership of BN and above units during PDSS/LR

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 37 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO Recent Portal Posts

• NIPR – All past TCOI slide decks – COIN IQ Tests (1-3) – 5 Dec 09 COMISAF Memo on C-IED

• SIPR – JALLC CIVCAS Reports

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 38 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO Events on our Radar

• Next TCOI: 19 May 2010, 1530Z – *** NO TCOI on 5 May *** • Next COIN T3C (Tentative Dates): – 13-18 July 2010 – 11-16 October 2010 – Developed for you; we look forward to your attendance • POC for US Students: – LTC Luther Ray – USJFCOM J7 – [email protected]

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 39 UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO Closing Comments

COL Barry V. Hadley Director, USFOR-A J7

J7 / COL Barry Hadley, DSN: 237-1649 21 Apr 10 / [email protected] UNCLASSIFIED / FOUO 40