Kusaiean-English Dictionary Pali Language Texts: Micronesia
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KUSAIEAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY PALI LANGUAGE TEXTS: MICRONESIA Social Sciences and Linguistics Institute University of Hawaii Donald M. Topping Editor KUSAIEAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY KEE-DONG LEE University of Hawaii Press Honolulu Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Inter- national (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. The license also permits readers to create and share de- rivatives of the work, so long as such derivatives are shared under the same terms of this license. Commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824880040 (PDF) 9780824880057 (EPUB) This version created: 20 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. The publication of this book is subsidized by the government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Copyright © 1976 by The University Press of Hawaii All rights reserved CONTENTS Preface viii How To Use This Dictionary x Kusaiean-English Dictionary 18 A 20 E 40 F 49 I 82 K 104 L 158 M 182 N 208 O 225 P 241 R 276 S 282 T 346 U 379 W 386 Y 396 English-Kusaiean Finder List 404 vi The official spelling system in use since 1977 renders Kusaie as Kosrae, and Kusaiean as Kosraean. PREFACE The compilation of this dictionary took place over a period of approximately four years, beginning in 1970. My own services were supported through a grant from the government of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the University of Hawaii. The work performed by Messrs. Lyndon Cornelius, Elmer Asher, Wilson Kephas, and Salik Cornelius—who were the primary Ku- saiean language consultants—was supported by the Trust Ter- ritory government and the East-West Center through the Pacific Language Development Project. The Department of Linguistics and the Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute (now the Social Sciences and Linguistics Institute) of the University of Hawaii also contributed time and facilities to support the research project under which this dictionary was compiled. Many persons helped me in preparing this work. In addition to the Kusaiean people mentioned above, who left their home island for many months in order to work on this project in Honolulu, there were others who deserve special mention. Dr. Robert Hsu, of the Social Sciences and Linguistics Institute, University of Hawaii, designed the computer programs that assembled the mass of linguistic data and that processed it through to the printed form. Dr. Ann Peters checked and im- plemented the computer typesetting specifications and handled technical liaison with the photocomposition firm and with the publisher. My colleagues Kenneth Rehg, Hiroshi Sugita, John T. Jensen, and Sheldon Harrison were all willing to lend their helping hand whenever I had difficulty in finding the right gloss for certain Kusaiean words. Melody Moir Actouka and Cynthia Dalrymple keypunched the text of the dictionary. Ms. Actouka and Jim Tharp carefully went through the entire dictionary and pointed out many inconsistencies and errors in an earlier draft. My deepest thanks go to all of those who helped me directly or indirectly. This work had to start from scratch. When the compilation first began, a word-list of 500 items prepared under the aus- pices of the United States Peace Corps was the only resource material available for Kusaiean vocabulary items. Later, I was able to make good use of Wolean Sasu [The New Testament]. As my knowledge of Kusaiean increased, I was also able to make viii PREFACE use of Byron Bender’s Marshallese-English dictionary printout, which enabled me to educe many Kusaiean words from the pu- tative Kusaiean-Marshallese cognates that I found there. I recognize and take full responsibility for any shortcomings that may be found in this dictionary. I hope that they may be eliminated from future editions of the work. I also hope that the present dictionary, meager as it is, will be of some help to those who want to learn Kusaiean, for those who want to keep the Ku- saiean language alive, and for those who are interested in Ku- saiean out of linguistic curiosity. May the Kusaiean language live long. KEE-DONG LEE ix HOW TO USE THIS DICTIONARY Following are some brief explanations of the general make-up of this dictionary, which was designed to be a companion volume to the Kusaiean Reference Grammar (The University Press of Hawaii, 1975; henceforth KRG). References will be made to dif- ferent sections or chapters of KRG whenever it is necessary. 1. HEAD WORD The head word is the word that appears in bold type. The head words are listed according to English alphabetic order. Two or more head words that are identical in spelling but have different meanings are entered separately with subscript numbers, for example, ac1 CONJ. and. ac2 N. a kind of fish. 2. SUFFIXED FORMS Inalienable nouns, adjectives, and verbs can have suffixed forms. But not all suffixed forms appear as head words. In the case of inalienable nouns, only singular suffixed forms appear as head words. The word meaning ‘leg’, for example, has the following forms. I II niyac ‘its or their leg’ (impersonal form) ne ‘leg’ (free form) niyuhk ‘my leg’ niyuhktacl ‘our leg’ niyom ‘your leg’ niyomtacl ‘your leg’ niyacl ‘his or her leg’ niyacltahl ‘their leg’ niyen ‘leg of’ (construct form) The forms in Column I appear as head words but those in Column II do not, because the forms and meanings of the words in Column II are predictable from those of Column I. The forms and meanings of the words in Column I are also predictable from the impersonal form, but they are entered as separate head words for ease of reference. (See KRG 4.1.3 for the set of rules that derive suffixed forms of inalienable nouns from the impersonal forms.) The suffixed forms of verbs or adjectives are not entered as separate head words. The adjective pwaor ‘happy’, for ex- ample, can have the following suffixed forms: pwacryak ‘to be getting happy’ and pwacrlah ‘to have become happy’. But these suffixed forms do not appear as separate head words because their forms and meanings are predictable from the simple (un- suffixed) forms. The suffixes that a certain adjective can take appear after the glosses, as in the following. pwacr ADJ. happy, pleasing, glad, delighted, joyous, interesting, (i, yak, ack) (See KRG 6.3 for the meanings of the suffixed forms of adjec- tives and verbs.) When adjectives and verbs are followed by suffixes, their base forms undergo certain changes in some cases. The verb etuh ‘know’, for instance, becomes etwac when it is followed by the suffix lah or ack, as in etwaclah ‘to have become aware of’, and etwacack ‘to get to know’. In the dictionary, the unsuf- fixed form etuh appears as a head word, but the suffixed forms etwaclah and etwacack do not. Instead, the alternating form etwac and the suffixes are listed in the following way. etuhVt. know, be aware of, realize, understand. (etwac-, lah, ack) (See KRG 4.2.3 for different changes that take place in adjective or verb bases when they are followed by suffixes.) 3. DERIVED WORDS Kusaiean has many derivational rules—rules that derive a word from another word. The adjective kahto ‘pretty’, for ex- ample, can have the following derived words. kahto ‘pretty’ suhkahto ‘not pretty’ suhkahtoiyac ‘prettiness’ suhkahtokihn ‘to regard something as unpretty’ kahtokihn ‘to regard something as pretty’ suhkahtokihniyac ‘regarding as unpretty’ kahtokihniyac ‘regarding as pretty’ kahtokihnyuhk ‘to be regarded as pretty’ suhkahtokihnyuhk‘to be regarded as unpretty’ ahkkahtoye ‘to make pretty’ ahksuhkahtoye ‘to make unpretty’ ahkkahtoyeyuhk ‘to be made pretty’ ahkkahtoyeiyac ‘making pretty’ These derived words are not entered as separate head words for the following two reasons. First, the meanings of the derived words are predictable. Second, if the derived words had been included, the dictionary would be too voluminous. (See KRG 5 for different processes of deriving words from other words.) 4. PART-OF-SPEECH LABELS The head words are followed by one of the following abbre- viations in small caps, to indicate the part of speech. ADJ. adjective ADV. adverb CLS. classifier CONJ. conjunction DET. determiner INTJ. interjection N. noun N. INAL. inalienable noun NUM. numeral PREF prefix PREP. preposition PRON. pronoun Q. question word SUF. suffix TM. tense-marker Vi. intransitive verb Vt. transitive verb When a word can be used as more than one part of speech and the definition does not pose any problem, two parts-of- speech labels follow, as in: af N., Vi. rain (See KRG 4 for general characteristics and subclasses of dif- ferent parts of speech.) 5. CROSS REFERENCES Transitive verbs in Kusaiean have their corresponding in- transitive verb forms. When a transitive verb appears as a head word, its corresponding intransitive verb form appears after the part-of-speech label, as in: fakihs Vt. (Vi: fakfuhk) The intransitive verb form also appears as a head word. Ref- erence to its transitive verb form is made in the following way. fakfuhk Vi. of fakihs When a suffixed form of an inalienable noun appears as a head word, reference to its impersonal form is made in the fol- lowing way.