1 The 4.2 ka event and the end of the Maltese ‘Temple Period’ 2 3 Huw S. Groucutt1,2,3*, W. Christopher Carleton1, Katrin Fenech4, Ritienne Gauci5, Reuben Grima6, 4 Eleanor M.L. Scerri7,4,3, Mathew Stewart1, Nicholas Vella4 51Extreme Events Research Group, Max Planck Institutes for Chemical Ecology, the Science of 6Human History, and Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany 72Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, 8Germany. 93Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. 104Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. 115Department of Geography, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. 126Department of Conservation and Built Heritage, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. 137Pan-African Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 14Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany 15 16* Correspondence: 17Huw Groucutt
[email protected] 19 20Keywords: Malta, collapse, climate, abrupt, aridity, extreme events, plague, radiocarbon. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29Abstract 30The small size and relatively challenging environmental conditions of the semi-isolated Maltese 31archipelago mean that the area offers an important case study of societal change and human- 32environment interactions. Following an initial phase of Neolithic settlement, the ‘Temple Period’ in 33Malta began ~5.8 thousand years ago (ka), and came to a seemingly abrupt end ~4.3 ka, and was 34followed by Bronze Age societies with radically different material culture. Various ideas concerning 35the reasons for the end of the Temple Period have been expressed. These range from climate change, 36to invasion, to social conflict resulting from the development of a powerful ‘priesthood’.