Session 5 Agenda 8:30-8:45 Prior sessions recap and Session 5 intro 8:45-10:15 Passive strategies 10:15-10:45 Natural ventilation exercise 10:45-11:00 Break 11:00-12:15 Passive case studies 12:15-12:30 Conclusion / Q&A Logistics and Expectations
- Be on time - Be open, honest and candid - Safe learning environment - Smartphone/Blackberry off please -Get to know your new BSA Space- feel at home here! Quick overviews-Three related 2030 advocates:
The 2030 AIA 2030 AIA+2030 Challenge Commitment Professional Series Architecture 2030
- Non-profit organization founded by Ed Mazria in 2002. - Authors of “The 2030 Challenge” - Major Goal: To achieve a dramatic reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the Building Sector by changing the way buildings and developments are planned, designed and constructed. Architecture 2030
The 2030 Challenge
How: - Design strategies - Technologies/systems - Off-site renewables Source: www.architecture2030.org
60% of what? AIA 2030 Commitment
American Institute of Architects requirements
Two months Six months One year Annually
Establish a Implement min. Develop sustainability Report progress team or leader of four actions action plan that toward goals to guide the items related to demonstrates success and share firm’s plan firm operations toward 2030 goals publicly
Source: www.aia.org AIA 2030 Commitment
Reporting summary
FIRM NAME ALL OFFICES Design Work 2009 Overall Course Goals
“The AIA+2030 Professional Series helps design professionals create buildings that meet the ambitious energy efficiency goals of the Architecture 2030 Challenge. Ten 4-hour sessions offer strategies to reach 60% reduction in fossil fuel greenhouse gas emissions, giving design professionals the knowledge and leverage to create next-generation, super efficient buildings-and providing firms with the skills that will set them apart in the marketplace.”
LAND USE WATER ENERGY MATERIALS HEALTH AIR QUAILITY Boston Series (Today)
3/16/12 SETTING + ACHIEVING ENERGY GOALS WITH INTEGRATED DESIGN™ 4/13/12 GETTING TO 60: THE POWER OF TARGETS + LOAD REDUCTIONS™ 5/11/12 ACCENTUATE THE POSITIVE: CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN™ 6/8/12 SKINS: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE THERMAL ENVELOPE™ 7/13/12 PASSIVELY AGGRESSIVE: EMPLOYING PASSIVE SYSTEMS FOR LOAD REDUCTION™ 8/10/12 ILLUMINATING SAVINGS: DAYLIGHTING AND INTEGRATED LIGHTING STRATEGIES™ 9/7/12 RIGHT-SIZED: EQUIPMENT AND CONTROLS FOR SUPER-EFFICIENT BUILDING SYSTEMS™ 10/12/12 SITE POWER: RENEWABLE ENERGY OPPORTUNITIES™ 11/9/12 THE HAND-OFF + STAYING IN SHAPE: OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE + EDUCATION™ 12/14/12 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: ACHIEVING 2030 GOALS ON THE PROJECT AND AT THE OFFICE™ pas·sive-ag·gres·sive ag·gres·sive·ly pas·sive (păs'ĭv-ə-grĕs'ĭv) (ə-grĕs'ĭv-li păs'ĭv) adj. Personality disorder adj. Forcefully attacking a design characterized by passive resistance project, looking to capitalize on to demands for adequate inexpensive energy saving performance in occupational or strategies that a caveman (or social situations, as by cavewoman) would recognize. procrastination, stubbornness, sullenness, and inefficiency. ….and so low maintenance!
solar orientation thermal mass natural ventilation What happens when we go from this-to this?
AIA+2030 Series, Session 5
July 13, 2012
Lecturers: Gunnar Hubbard, AIA, USGBC®Faculty™ Principal, Thornton Tomasetti
Matthew Payne, VP Built Ecology
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Passive Design The engineer’s perspective ..
• ‘HOW’ to effectively use passive design techniques • Learn how to spot the opportunity • Identify an appropriate technique • Use rules of thumb to integrate the idea into the design • Quantify the expected performance (thermal comfort, energy) • Analysis tools to optimize the design • Potential Pitfalls
• Focus on three primary techniques • Solar orientation • Natural ventilation • Thermal mass
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Let’s review what impacts comfort
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TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING
HOT SHOWERS AND COLD BEER
First: Understand the climate
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Passive Heating
MIT House 1939
OLD SCHOOL IF IT LOOKS GOOD IT PROBRABLY ISNT MAKING THE BUILDING MORE EFFICIENT
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HOW MUCH CAN PASSIVE HELP?
In discussing solar energy, the SOLAR SAVINGS FRACTION or solar fraction is the amount of energy provided by the solar technology divided by the total energy required for heating (heating load).
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BUT DONT YOU HAVE ANY DATED EXAMPLES OF 1960s ERA HIPPIE COMMUNES THAT SHOW HOW TO DO THIS? P73Q =( ! + 9>
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DIRECT & INDIRECT GAIN GAIN
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80%REDUCIT ON IN ENERGY COMSUMPTION
DIRECT GAIN Factors affecting performance
• Orientation & location of glazing • Size and type of glazing • Detail of thermal mass • Overall building heat loss coefficient • Arrangement of furniture in solar rooms • Thermal coupling between solar and non solar spaces • Control of gain and loss thru glazing
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DIRECT GAIN ORIENTATION
HEMICYCLE HOUSE
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DRAWBACKS single glazing was typical at the end of WWII, and insulation in walls and ceilings was minimal.
Noon June 21, 2000
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Collecting Storage (Trombe - Michel Type Walls)
KELBAUGH HOUSE, PRINCETON NEW JERSEY
Kelbaugh House Princeton NJ:
1. DIRECT GAIN 2. INDIRECT GAIN 3. ISOLATED GAIN
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LARGE OPENINGS FOR DIRECT GAIN, SMALL ONES FOR INDIRECT
WHY IS THIS HERE?
The sunspace AT FIRST THE wasSUNSPACE at first notWASN T isolatedSEPARATED from FROM the mainTHE floor MAIN LIVING SPACE space .
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THE FIRST WINTER THE FAMILY INSTALLED A HEAVY INSULATING CURTAIN BETWEEN THE ATTACHED SUNSPACE AND THE KTICHEN. THIS ALLOWED THEM TO CLOSE OFF THE SUNSPACE IF IT WAS EVER TOO HOT OR TOO COLD WHY WOULD IT BE TOO COLD ?
INSULATE BEFORE YOU INSOLATE
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SUN: FRIEND OR FOE? LETS TAKE A CLOSER LOOK
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So what’s the answer?
Thomas Herzog - 1977
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CONVECTIVE LOOPS BAER SYSTEM
Invented by Steve Baer
• Designed for south facing slopes • 3 airflow paths • Uses rocks as thermal mass • Very effective in certain climates
Convective Loops : Barra System
Invented by Horazio Barra 1987
•THERMOSYPHONIC System •NO FANS NEEDED • Concrete technology (chanels) • Moves warmed air throughout entire building • Flow rate proportional to the square root of temperature elevation in the collector, ergo high temps under low radiation conditions • Sensitive to flow impediment •EQUAL N/S TEMP DISTRIBUTION
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WHAT IF YOU MADE A WHOLE ROOM INTO A SOLAR COLLECTOR?
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Sun Spaces
Advantages
•Buffering •Increase Collection Potential •Add living space (semi-tempered)
Types:
Modified greenhouse Sunporch
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WHAT ABOUT A MULTPLE FLOORS OF A BUILDING
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WHAT ABOUTTHE
ROOF
Roof Ponds
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Passive Cooling is based on the use of natural and artificial heat sinks.
TYPES
• Comfort ventilation (daytime) • Nocturnal Ventilative Cooling • Radiant Cooling • Direct Evaporative Cooling • Indirect Evaporative Cooling
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Natural Ventilation How do I decide when it is appropriate?
A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz
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Natural Ventilation How do I decide when it is appropriate?
A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz
Natural Ventilation How do I decide if it is appropriate?
• Space Usage
• Internal heat gains &
• How long will the space be used for?
• User or automatic control?
• When is the space used? (night/day, summer, all year)
• Internal partitions? (core and shell vs full fitout – owner occupied)
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Natural Ventilation How do I decide if it is appropriate?
• Example - Internal heat gain calculation
Cooling capability of ventilation air is given by: & Q = heat gain rate per second (kW) m = mass flow of air per second (kg/s)
Cp= Specific heat of air (usually 1 kJ/kg) ∆T = Temperature difference of incoming and outgoing air
Outgoing air is approximated to room condition (say 24 Celsius (75F))
If my cellular office is 3m x 3m x 3m, and is estimated to achieve 10 air changes per hour and has 1 person (70W), 1 computer (100W) and 1 x 35W light, what must the external condition be to be able to naturally ventilate?
• m = 27m3 x 10m3/hr x 1.2 kg/m3 /3600s = 0.09 kg/s • Q = 0.205 kW = 0.09x(24-Ta) • Ta = 21.7 degrees
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Natural Ventilation How do I formulate a strategy?
Drivers - Wind pressure, Stack pressure, Combination Inlet and Outlet sizes Air Change Effectiveness
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Natural Ventilation How do I choose an appropriate strategy?
Wind or buoyancy?
Basic Strategy no.1 – Side Ventilation
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Natural Ventilation How do I choose an appropriate strategy?
Basic Strategy no.2 – Cross Ventilation
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Natural Ventilation How do I choose an appropriate strategy?
Basic Strategy no.3 – Stack Ventilation
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Natural Ventilation How do I integrate my strategy with my design?
What rules of thumb can I use?
Natural Ventilation Strategy Floor to Maximum Ceiling Room Depth Height Side ventilation H 2 x H Side ventilation with 1.5m H 2.5 x H vertical separation Cross ventilation H 5 x H Stack ventilation (with central H 10 x H atrium)
Design Inlets Outlets Total Input Ventilation 2% of floor 2% of floor 4% of floor Free Area area area area A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz
Exercise Sizing room openings, room depth
In this room we are in ..
How big is it?
What basic strategy could we use?
Would we need to modify the space planning or envelope in any way?
How big is it? How big should our inlets and outlets be?
What if we were in an area with insect problems?
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
Whether it works depends on what the goal is .. - Achieving acceptable thermal comfort with minimal energy - Prevention of space overheating - Expulsion of contaminants
Design targets - Air changes (6-10 ACH; often dealing with low delta T means high air volume is necessary). Typical HVAC is 6 ACH. Fresh air only system may be only 2ACH - Air temperatures (can be no better than the outdoor air temp; more likely to be 2-5F above the external air temp) - Thermal Comfort (PMV) - Toxicity concentration in (e.g. CO ppm)
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
Use computer simulation tools;
1. Bulk air flow modeling (e.g. TAS, IES) – models “advection” • Pressure calculations based on temp differences and wind pressures • Air changes • Air temperature • Holistic thermal comfort • Annual performance in terms of hours and load
2. Computational Fluid Dynamics • Air distribution within a space • Temperature, velocity, comfort distribution
3. Wind Tunnel Testing • External pressure fields
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not? Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications Aerospace Design: airfoils, turbine blades, airframes Microelectronic Circuit Board Heat Transfer Chemical Vapor Deposition Sputter Coating Injection Molding Die Design Automobile Aerodynamics Hull and sail design for America’s Cup Reaction Vessel Design for Combustion or Chemical Production
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
A side note on thermal comfort.
Thermal comfort is not determined entirely by air temperature. In fact when natural ventilation is concerned it is often detrimental to consider only air temperature.
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
A side note on thermal comfort.
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
A side note on thermal comfort.
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Natural Ventilation Thermal Comfort – Perimeter HVAC
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Natural Ventilation Thermal Comfort – Natural ventilation
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Natural Ventilation Thermal Comfort – Natural ventilation
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Thermal Comfort CFD Visualisation
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Thermal Comfort CFD Visualisation
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Thermal Comfort CFD Visualisation
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Natural Ventilation How do I know whether it will “work” or not?
AHSRAE 55 – 2004: Adaptive thermal comfort methodology
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Natural Ventilation So how can I compliment my natural ventilation strategy?
We want to maximise the hours for which natural ventilation is an appropriate strategy.
• Modify radiant temperatures – shading design, glazing selection, insulation, expose thermal mass
• Provide air movement – enhance greater passive airflow (buoyancy) for comfort and humidity control, ceiling fans, fitout design
• Evaporative cooling
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Natural Ventilation How can I supercharge my natural ventilation strategy?
1. Displacement plenums – and thermal labrynths (Wendouree Performing Arts, Andrew Ewing)
2. Solar driven dual layer roof (Southern Cross Station) Solar driven exhausts (RSPCA)
3. Wind induced negative pressures - venturi effect (Southern Cross Station, RSPCA)
4. Thermally assisted natural ventilation – passive downdraft cooling coils (NELHA, NOAA) shower towers (Wendouree Performing Arts)
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Natural Ventilation How to improve natural ventilation performance
NW Classrooms
SE Classrooms Ground Temperature at Ground Temperature at 4m Month 2m depth (°C) depth (°C) January 5.7°C 7.4°C February 6.0°C 7.2°C March 7.3°C 7.7°C April 8.7°C 8.5°C May 11.7°C 10.5°C June 13.7°C 12.0°C July 14.6°C 13.0°C August 14.4°C 13.2°C September 13.0°C 12.6°C October 10.9°C 11.4°C November 8.6°C 9.8°C December 6.7°C 8.3°C A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz
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Natural Ventilation How to improve natural ventilation performance
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Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center
Concept design approaches
Windscoops
Cross Ventilation
A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Labyrinths
Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center
We built a thermal model to test concepts using hourly weather data
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Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center
We build the model using key architectural and building elements, nominating material properties, aperture sizes and controls, etc
Assigning materials and properties
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Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center
Assigning hourly internal conditions (heat gains from occupants, lighting, equipment, heating and cooling operation etc)
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Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center
We then optimized the concept using simulations for key days (hot days, typical days, cold days) to test how well the natural ventilation was working worw king Checking hourly air flows between zones
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Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center
We then optimized the concept using simulations for key days (hot days, typical days, cold days) to test how well the natural ventilation was worwworking kining
Comparing internal temperatures to outside temperatures to check effectiveness of natural ventilation
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Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center
Which then allowed us to optimize opening sizes and drive spatial requirements to feed back into the architecture
% matinee performances with given comfort conditions (centre seating)
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4.5% Frequency that PMV>1.5 (majority of occupants uncomfortably warm)
Frequency that 1 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% % time conditions prevail 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 1% inlet and 1% outlet 1.5% inlet and 1.5% outlet 2% inlet and 2% outlet 2.5% inlet and 2.5% outlet A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center What happens if we increase thermal mass A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center optimize vent sizes A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center add passive evaporative cooling A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center We used air-conditioning modeling software to test the effectiveness of the shower-towers, our passive evaporative cooling Air conditioning model with Entering parameters evaporative cooling A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center We remodeled to test each variation and checked against our design brief Improvement in comfort at matinee performances from increased apertures 10% Frequency that PMV>1.5 (majority of occupants uncomfortably warm) 9% Frequency that 1 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% % time conditions prevail % time conditions 2% 1% 0% May '04 Design Recommended Increased Shower Towers May '04 Design Recommended Increased Shower Towers Aperture Thermal Mass Aperture Thermal Mass Increases Increases Centre Seating Area Level 1 Side Seating Areas A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center Integration was critical within the project team during construction Architecture A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center Integration was critical within the project team during construction Mechanical Services A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center Integration was critical within the project team Hydraulics and plumbing A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center Integration was critical within the project team Interiors A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center Integration was critical within the project team Acoustic treatment A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# D Natural Ventilation Case Study – Wendouree Performing Arts Center Final Outcome • Excellent indoor air quality (>6 air changes per hour through passive ventilation) • Majority of occupants comfortable for 98% of the year • ~80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (compared with standard approach) • No fans • Natural gas heating • No cooling towers • On budget A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation How important is wind in the ventilation flow? A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation How important is wind in the ventilation flow? A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Natural Ventilation How important is wind in the ventilation flow? Two modes of ventilation: Natural Ventilation, driven by: –Solar load to the north –Wind from the south –Internal loads Shower Tower (Passive direct evaporative cooling) A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation How important is wind in the ventilation flow? : ! # && 9 % ]^ % ! \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ " #" !" "#" \ \ \ \ %" %#" %!" %"#" !"#" "" "#" "!" ""#" #" ##" #!" #"#" &" &#" &!" &"#" " #" !" "#" " #" !" "#" " #" !" "#" " #" !" "#" A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation How important is wind in the ventilation flow? : 9 ] ^ A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# J Natural Ventilation Case Study – Southern Cross Station "The roof itself makes much of building physics. It is possible to describe the project in terms of structural forces, prevailing winds, and the ventilation of diesel fumes." – Lubetkin Prize Juror “A powerful conflation of old and new, people and trains, structure and light” - RIBA A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Southern Cross Station 2007 Royal Institute of British Architects Lubetkin Award winner A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Case Study – Southern Cross Station A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Natural Ventilation Bulk Air Flow Modelling A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Bulk Air Flow Modelling A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation Bulk Air Flow Modelling A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# K Natural Ventilation 2D CFD Modelling A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation 2D CFD Modelling Negative Pressures A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation 3D CFD Modelling Tested for –Temperature –Concentrations of NOx and CO Understood –Pressures –Exhaust velocities Scenarios –Wind speed, wind direction –Throttle speed –Transient and Steady-state solutions A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# L Natural Ventilation Venturi Effect A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Natural Ventilation How do I protect against potential pitfalls? Acoustics Managing User Expectations Securit Pests y Control Safety s Air Quality / Weather Humidity Protection A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# J WITH SLOW WINDSPEED YOU CAN REMOVE LOTS OF HEAT WITH A SMALL OPENING THAT SAME SIZE OPENING CAN MOVE MUCH LESS HEAT WITH STACK VENTILATION BUT ITS RELIABLE A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# J A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz NOAA (Hawaii) A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# J A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# J ) $% & ! @%0 ! "# JD Evaporative Cooling Towers (aka PDEC or passive downdraught evaporative cooling) ! "# J Zion National Park Visitor Transit Center: Cool, moist air can be supplied to both outside benches, and space inside ! "# JJ Thermal Mass How do I know when it is appropriate to use ‘thermal mass’ ‘Thermal Mass’ provides thermal inertia generating: - A dampening effect of external conditions on internal conditions - A ‘time lag’ effect of external conditions on internal conditions Observe the daily fluctuations of external conditions and compare with the required internal conditions. A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass How do I know when it is appropriate to use ‘thermal mass’ Climate Generalizations: High Humid Climates Generally avoid thermal mass Warm humid and mild climates can be used but needs careful passive design to avoid overheating Cool temperate climates good candidate for thermal mass, get access to solar energy to heat mass in winter Hot-dry climates high diurnal ranges makes thermal mass ideal A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass How do I know where to use ‘thermal mass’ Thermal mass is of most benefit when it can also be used as a thermal comfort modifier. To do this it must be exposed to the occupant. Lower (or higher) surface temperatures than air temperature provides an element of radiant cooling (heating). Covering thermal mass with carpet or ceiling panels largely defeats the purpose! The most effective is thermal mass with a high ‘view factor’ which means – how much of my viewing angle includes the radiant surface (thermal mass). At the same time the thermal mass should be shielded from the sun. Typically this works best in ceilings or floors, but can also work for internal walls too. A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# J Thermal Mass What is a good level of ‘thermal mass’ Thermal mass can be characterized by material properties of ‘heat capacity’ which is measured in J/K in SI units. THERMAL MASS MATERIAL (volumetric heat capacity, KJ/m³.k) Water 4186 Concrete 2060 Sandstone 1800 Compressed earth blocks 1740 Rammed earth 1673 FC sheet (compressed) 1530 Brick 1360 Earth wall (adobe) 1300 AAC 550 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass What is a good level of ‘thermal mass’ Thermal lag is a key property of thermal mass that makes it so attractive. But, how do we measure it? Time constant is %& && % !$#"&!!$ h = heat transfer coefficient, A = surface area And tells us how quickly a building construction responds to a sudden change in temperature. A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass What is a good level of ‘thermal mass’ Conveniently though we can also use programs like TAS to calculate those numbers for us, for example: 100mm thick brick, T = 0.97 200mm thick brick, T = 3.8 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# JK Thermal Mass How does thermal mass operate with other passive systems? Solar Exposure - Limit in summer with appropriate solar shading - Allow in winter A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Trombe Wall A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Active thermal mass Where climate conditions are not quite right, active strategies are useful for charging or discharging thermal mass with hydronic systems A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# JL Thermal Mass “Artificial” thermal mass Phase Change Materials Artificial eutectic solid/liquid designed to change state at a predetermined temperature Many applications in HVAC System design Also applicable to internal spaces architecturally - More space efficient - Pre-determined behavior A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Key ‘take home’ messages 1. ‘Expose’ the thermal mass (don’t cover it with carpet or plasterboard) 2. Design shading to use or avoid solar energy interaction with the thermal mass in the appropriate season 3. Passive recharge/discharge of energy 4. When used in conjunction with natural ventilation creates a powerful climate moderating strategy to help avoid air conditioning A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Examples - Birabahn A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Thermal Mass Examples - EastGate - Eastgate Shopping Center, Harare A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Examples - Eastgate A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Examples - Eastgate A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Thermal Mass Examples – CH2 Some of the indoor environment quality initiatives implemented: – 100% outdoor air with no recirculation – Chilled ceilings for improved thermal comfort – Wave form concrete roof for increased thermal mass – Healthy material selection A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Examples – CH2 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Examples – CH2 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Thermal Mass Examples – CH2 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Examples – CH2 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz Thermal Mass Examples – CH2 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz ! "# Thermal Mass Examples – CH2 A specialist service of WSP Flack + Kurtz $ ( & . 5 ) #$ <<+ - #( PLATE PLATE NATURAL VENTILATION SCHEME 2 The offices, meeting rooms, and sky walk (floors GL, 1, 2) can be partially cooled using nighttime ventilation of thermal mass. During the day when outside temperatures are too warm for ventilation, the building envelope is closed. At night, when the outdoor temperature is lower, outdoor air is allowed to ventilate through perimeter rooms to a central corridor. This air removes stored heat from the mass, leaving it cool to absorb excess heat gain the next day. From the corridors air is discharged through the central atrium to outlets above the roof. Scheme 2 uses the existing atrium to exhaust air from the building. This requires cutting through the gallery spaces on the 4th and 5th floor to provide a continuous vertical chase to the roof. Punching the atrium through the gallery spaces creates daylighting for adjacent spaces, reducing their need for electric lighting. This scheme assumes that negative pressure in the stack tower will be sufficient to draw air through the naturally ventilated spaces. More analysis is needed to determine if mechanical assistance (fans) is required. GALLERY SPACES GALLERY CONDITIONED SEPARATELY GALLERY TICKETS SKYWALK MEETING MGMT ! "# D DRY BULB TEMP (degrees c) 6 7 7 MAX 7 7 7 42.7 6 MIN ( (# " ( % ( #%5 # ( 9.35 % % ( " 6 % % 7 7 0% < 0 0.00 7 7 31% 0-21 ! "7 8 69 8 69 7 17% 21-27 7 6 5 5 39% 27-38 6 11% >38 7% " % 5 % %(#9 ( %( %( % %(# %(# " " $ RELATIVE HUMIDITY (percent) @ MAX 70.71 MIN ! " # 49% <20 4.65 0.00 $ 33% 20-40 13% 40-60 3% 60-80 0% >80 @ @ @ @ ! " # # # @ # ! "# !" # $# %&' " &!" () %&' " & !&+ ( * #&* * #&* ( & ! ( ! "# J ! "# $ % & ' % ) #8 " " • - ( " 1 <<+ & . • 5 ) #8 " " ! "# ) #8 " " ! "# K Manitoba Hydro Headquarters, Winnipeg Energy Efficient Design in extreme Climates Manitoba Hydro Headquarters 2009 Architect: KPMB, Toronto Client: Manitoba Hydro, Winnipeg Climate Data: Outdoor temperature and humidity - psychrometric chart Climate Data: Annual outdoor temperature pattern 70 K ! ! "# L Climate Data: Annual outdoor temperature statistics Comparison: Monthly solar irradiation on a vertical South facade Solar radiation and temperature 8 20 7 15 6 10 5 5 4 0 3 -5 2 -10 Monthly mean temperture (°C) Daily total radiation ( kWh/m² ) Daily total radiation ( kWh/m² on a south-facing vertical surface 1 -15 0 -20 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Toronto average Winnipeg average Winnipeg clear day Winnipeg temperature Building Massing and Concept Development Options for Building Massing Tower City Grid + Podium Low RIse 1 A B C High Rise Courtyard Campus 2 A B High Rise Courtyard Campus 3 A Tower City Grid + Podium Campus 4 A B Tower Solar South + Podium Low RIse 5 A B C D High Rise Stepped Linear Atria 6 A B C ! "# K Building Massing and Concept Development Options for Tower Concept 4A 5B 5C Daylight Tower Comfort Tower Solar Tower Manitoba Hydro Solar Tower Concept N solar stack wintergarden double skin north facade west double skin facade east circulation Wintergarden South typical floorplan Manitoba Hydro Solar Tower Concept ! "# K Approach to climate and energy concept Conventional Manitoba Hydro all air system 100 % fresh air system + radiant – thermo active slab Climate and energy concept Climate and energy concept: winter six story tower module solar chimney Climate- + Ventilation Concept water dispersion 18°C - 23°C and water fall for Winter humidification - + - + solar preheating of supply air per floor air handling units exhaust air into slab heating for fresh air distribution supply air north atria and 18 - 22°C solar chimney Airflow Concept:- + Winter 18°C - 23°C - + facade closed in winter 10°C - 20°C exhaust air via north atrium - + into exhaust chimney 10°C - + per module perimeter outlets fresh air supply unit + waterfall and water auxillary heating for central exhaust fan & 4°C extreme winterdispersion conditions for highly efficient heat recovery from exhaust to fresh air heat revovery coil humidification exhaust air for parkade heat and ventilation distribution via subfloor plenum solar preheating of fresh air highly efficient run around heat heat recovery from exhaust recovery system with supplemental heating 4°C exhaust air for parkade ventilation and heating Climate and energy concept Climate and energy concept: summer Climate- + Ventilation Concept Six story tower module solar shade and high openings chilled water fall Summer remove solar gains for cooling and dehumidification - + naturally-driven exhaust through solar chimney via north atria - + 20°C - 30°C per floor air handling units for fresh air distribution supply air slab cooling 17 - 21°C - + Airflow Concept: Summer solar gains augment - + 20°C - 30°C stack effect in solar chimney 16°C - 40°C - + exhaust air fresh air supply through facade via north atrium into solar chimney - + per module fresh air supply unit deactivated perimeter outlets chilled water for dehumidification and cooling distribution via subfloor plenum per floor air handling units for fresh air cooling and distribution solar gains vented from facade cavity openings for fresh air supply and cooling of south atrium ! "# K Climate and energy concept Climate and energy concept: intermediate seasons Climate- + Ventilation Concept Six story tower module high openings Intermediate Season vent solar gains water dispersion and water fall for humidification naturally-driven exhaust through solar chimney via north atria per floor air handling (main fresh air intake 18°C - 26°C units deactivated through double facades) solar gains augment stack effect in chimney 15°C - 25°C 18°C - 26°C exhaust air via north atrium fresh air supply into solar chimney through facade per module fresh air supply unit deactivated fresh air intake through outer facade manually opened windows at inner facade natural ventilation of south atrium Airflow concept: intermediate seasons exhaust air to north atrium/ solar chimney fresh air supply via operable window facade cavity office space (12 - 25 °C) 21 - 24 °C Manitoba Hydro Climate and Energy Concept 498( )38%6'!6$%37 !5896%7498('978)3'7 @)3$7 %2%86% 8!1141!6()23%A 7%778!#0%&&%#8 5%6!"1% )3$4@7 6!@!)6)33!896!11A 6%7()6 )!6!)7%$!##%77&14467 2%86% 8!11 !8%6&!117 92)$)&A!3$$%(92)$)&A!)6 %48(%62!1A78%2 ) "46%(41%7* %2%86% $%%5 ! "# K Thermal comfort analysis winter gardens Thermal comfort analysis winter gardens Solar radiation and temperatures in south winter garden South atrium temperatures and solar radiation 25 1200 15 1000 5 800 -5 600 Temperature [°C] -15 400 Solar Radiation [ W/m² ] [ W/m² Radiation Solar -25 200 -35 0 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 Winnipeg cold week outside air temperature atrium air temperature min comfort temp, radiation adjusted facade frame inner surface temp solar radiation on south facade Photo: Gerry Kopelow Photo: Eduard Hueber ! "# KD Daylight analysis offices Daylight factor office areas > 6% 5.5% 5.0% 4.5% 4.0% 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0% Manitoba Hydro, HQ, Winnipeg daylit offices Energy analysis of total building Comparison of energy consumption to national code (MNECB) 25000 2706 MWh/a 20000 6434 MWh/a -81% 15000 -63% 10000 528 MWh/a 2394 MWh/a 12957 MWh/a -55% 5000 5858 MWh/a Total energy consumption [ MWh/a ] 0 Total Energy Savings: Reference Proposed x -60.3% Tower Podium Parcade ! "# K Manitoba Hydro Headquarter, Winnipeg, MB ' &4 #0' # ! "#$%&'#%( ) )#*'+,- * #*' #. / 0' 1" #230"$',!, Manitoba Hydro, HQ, Winnipeg construction phase Manitoba Hydro, HQ, Winnipeg day and night ! "# KJ Manitoba Hydro, HQ, Winnipeg use of buffer zones Manitoba Hydro, HQ, Winnipeg solar chimney French School, Damascus, Syria @ ($ Climate concept summer night ! ! 2 O< ! 8 $ & #.< "9 < ! TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING ! "# K + TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING + TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING 4 / TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING ! "# KK French School, Damascus, Syria TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING French School, Damascus, Syria TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING French School, Damascus, Syria N (# Climate concept winter day TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING ! "# KL French School, Damascus, Syria (# Climate concept summer day Shaded Patio between the buildings TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING French School, Damascus, Syria " Climate concept summer night TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING French School, Damascus, Syria TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING ! "# L French School, Damascus, Syria TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING French School, Damascus, Syria TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING French School, Damascus, Syria TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING ! "# L