GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN : INVENTION AND IMITATION

Edited by: Tom Nickson Nicola Jennings COURTAULD Acknowledgements BOOKS Publication of this e-book was generously in Spain: Invention and Imitation ONLINE supported by Sackler Research Forum of The Edited by Tom Nickson and Nicola Jennings Courtauld Institute of Art and by the Office of With contributions by: Scientific and Cultural Affairs of the Spanish Embassy in London. Further funds came from the Colnaghi Foundation, which also sponsored the Henrik Karge conference from which these papers derive. The Javier Martínez De Aguirre editors are especially grateful to Dr Steven Brindle Encarna Montero and to the second anonymous reader (from Spain) Amadeo Serra Desfilis for their careful reviews of all the essays in this Nicola Jennings collection. We also thank Andrew Cummings, Diana Olivares who carefully copyedited all the texts, as well as Costanza Beltrami Alixe Bovey, Maria Mileeva and Grace Williams, Nicolás Menéndez González who supported this e-book at different stages of its Begoña Alonso Ruiz production.

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List of Illustrations

Acknowledgements

1. Gothic Architecture in Spain: Invention and Imitation Tom Nickson, Courtauld Institute of Art

2. The ‘Sumptuous Style’: Richly Decorated Gothic Churches in the Reign of Alfonso the Learned Henrik Karge, Technical University, Dresden

3. The King, the Architects and the Philosopher: Invention in Mallorcan Architecture around 1300 Javier Martínez de Aguirre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

4. Architectural Practice in Spain 1370–1450: Documents and Drawings Encarna Montero, Universitat de València

5. Patterns of intention: Royal Chapels in the (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries) and the Capilla de los Reyes in the Convent of Saint Dominic, Amadeo Serra Desfilis, Universitat de València

6. Inventio and Imitatio: the Appropriation of Valois Style by a Converso Contador Mayor Nicola Jennings, Colnaghi Foundation

7. New Functions, New Typologies: Inventio in Valladolid’s College of San Gregorio Diana Olivares Martínez, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

8. Imitating a Model, Establishing an Identity: Copying San Juan de los Reyes at San Andrés, Toledo Costanza Beltrami, Courtauld Institute of Art

9. Redesigning Miraflores: Simón de Colonia’s Architectural Perception Nicolas Menéndez González, Ministerium für Heimat, Kommunales, Bau und Gleichstellung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen

10. Hallenkirchen and Spanish Gothic Architecture: Historiographic Invention and Architectural Imitation Begoña Alonso Ruiz, Universidad de Cantabria 2.4 2.14 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Burgos , cloister seen from north. Abbey church of Santa María de Cañas, La Rioja, portal of the chapter house (northern 2.5 part), from the cloister. , cloister, south wing from Chapter 1 de Compostela (c.1188-1211). Photo: Charles east (1260s). 2.15 Thurlston Thompson, 1866. , view from the southwest 1.1 2.6 (2007). Tomb of King Peter III of Aragon (1291 – 1.11 Burgos Cathedral, cloister, north wing, statues c.1302) from the northeast, with the double Real Colegiata de Santa María de Roncesvalles, of Fernando III of Castile and his wife Beatrice 2.16 tomb of King James II of Aragon and his wife, (begun by 1214). of Hohenstaufen, before restoration (1260s). Cuenca Cathedral nave vault and triforia (c. Blanche of France, in the background. Abbey 1250-1300). church of Santes Creus, . 1.12 2.7 , presbytery vaults and Burgos Cathedral, cloister, west wing from 2.17 1.2 triforium (c.1254-1274). south east (1260s). Cuenca Cathedral, detail of the nave triforium Double tomb of King James II of Aragon and and clearstory (c. 1250-1300). From Tom his wide, Blanche of France (begun 1310, with 1.13 2.8 Nickson, Toledo Cathedral. Building Histories minor alterations in the 16th century), located Cathedral, cloister (1323-1400). Burgos Cathedral, cloister, capital frieze in the in Medieval Castile (University Park: The south of the crossing, detail of the east face. north wing. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015), fig. Abbey church of Santes Creus, Catalonia. 60. 1.14 2.9 1.3 , plan (begun 1394). Burgos Cathedral, cloister, capital frieze in the 2.18 Church of San Esteban, Seville, portal (before south wing. Toledo Cathedral, presbytery, straight bay with 1420, with 17th-century modifications in the 1.15 the tomb of Cardinal Mendoza. Lithograph upper parts). Gerona Cathedral, east end (begun 1312), 2.10 after a drawing of Genaro Pérez Villaamil (c. nave (begun 1347?). Photo from G. E. Street, Saint-Germer-de-Fly, Chapel of the Virgin, 1835-40). From Genaro Pérez Villaamil and 1.4 Some Account of Gothic Architecture in Spain stained glass window showing the abbot, León Auguste Asselineau, España artística y Church of San Juan Bautista (San Juan de la (London: John Murray, 1865). the architect, and the work of stonemasons. monumental (: José Ribet, 1865), pl. Palma), Seville, portal (after 1420). From Dieter Kimpel and Robert Suckale, Die 29. Chapter 2 gotische Architektur in Frankreich 1130-1270 1.5 (Munich: Hirmer, 1985), fig. 445, after a 2.19 Las Atarazanas (shipyards), Seville (begun 2.1 drawing of Emile Bœswillwald. Toledo Cathedral, presbytery, straight bay, 1252). León Cathedral, nave elevation. From Georg triforium and clearstory (1250s). From Tom Dehio and Gustav von Bezold, Die kirchliche 2.11 Nickson, Toledo Cathedral. Building Histories 1.6 Baukunst des Abendlandes, atlas, vol. 5 Abbey church of Santa María la Real de Las in Medieval Castile (University Park: The Toledo Cathedral, west façade (largely 14th (Stuttgart: Cotta 1901), pl. 523, 2. Huelgas, nave with nuns’ . Lithograph Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015), fig. century, with late 18th-century additions). after a drawing by Genaro Pérez Villaamil (c. 47. 2.2 1842-50). From Genaro Pérez Villaamil and 1.7 Reims Cathedral, on the south side of the León Auguste Asselineau, España artística y 2.20 León Cathedral, presbytery and south nave. From Hartmut Krohm and Holger monumental (Barcelona: José Ribet, 1865), pl. Toledo Cathedral, chapel, west (begun 1250s, complete by 1303 or earlier). Kunde (eds.), Der Naumburger Meister 50. wall with the tomb of Fernán Gudiel (d. – Bildhauer und Architekt im Europa der 1278). From Tom Nickson, Toledo Cathedral. 1.8 Kathedralen, vol. 1 (Petersberg: Imhof, 2011), 2.12 Building Histories in Medieval Castile Guillem Sagrera, La Llotja, Palma de p. 295, fig. 2. Abbey church of Santa María la Real de Las (University Park: The Pennsylvania State (1426-1447). Huelgas, Burgos, western portal from the University Press, 2015), fig. 63. 2.3 Claustro de San Fernando, c. 1275. 1. 9 Naumburg Cathedral, capitals of the western 2.20 Aljafería, Zaragoza, Gothic portal, (c.1488- rood screen. From Hartmut Krohm and 2.13 Toledo Cathedral, plan. From Rodrigo 1495). Holger Kunde (eds.), Der Naumburger Abbey church of Santa María de Cañas, La Amador de los Ríos, Monumentos Meister – Bildhauer und Architekt im Europa Rioja, presbytery vault (late 13th century). arquitectónicos de España (Madrid: Ministerio 1.10 der Kathedralen, vol. 1 (Petersberg: Imhof, de Fomento, 1905). Maestro Mateo, Pórtico de la Gloria, Santiago 2011), p. 267, fig. 1. 2.21 Chapel (left: north; right: south) (early 14th 3.18 89.3 x 62 cm. Archivo Capitular de Tortosa, León Cathedral, stained glass window in the century). Cathedral of , the Royal Tortosa. westernmost bay of the nave, image of Alfonso Chapel (early 14th century). X the Learned as Holy Roman Emperor. From 3.9 4.8 Carlos Estepa Díez et al., La Catedral de León. Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, funerary 3.19 Guillem Solivella (?), elevation of a pinnacle Mil años de historia (León: Edilesa, 2002), p. arcosolium in the Trinity Chapel (early 14th Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, Gothic (c.1400). Ink on paper. Arxiu Capitular de 282. Photo: Imagen M.A.S. century). image-tabernacle of the Virgin Mary (14th Lleida (inv. P0148), Lérida. century). Chapter 3 3.10 4.9 Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, Guillem 3.20 Maestre Carlí (?), drawing for the main façade 3.1 Forteza’s hypothesis (black: first project built; , Mallorca, upper gallery (begun of , detail (c.1408). Ink on Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, elevation. diagonal lines: first project not built; crossed before 1309). parchment, 311 (6 Catalan spans) x 140 cm. In Joan Domenge, L’obra de la seu. El procés lines: second project). In Guillem Forteza, Arxiu Capitular de Barcelona, Barcelona. de construcción de la catedral de Mallorca ‘Estat de l’arquitectura catalana en temps Chapter 4 en el tres-cents (Mallorca: Institut d’Estudis de Jaume I. Les determinants gòtiques de Chapter 5 Baleàrics, 1997), fig. 22. la catedral de Mallorca’, in Miquel Seguí 4.1 Aznar (ed.), Guillem Forteza. Estudis sobre Pinnacle (c.1440). Polychrome wood, 150 cm 5.1 3.2 arquitectura i urbanisme. Volum 2 (Barcelona: high. Museo de la Ciudad, Ayuntamiento de Leonard Crespí, King Alfonso V, supported by Bellver Castle, Mallorca, courtyard (begun Abadia de Montserrat, 1984). Valencia. an Angel, praying in front of the before 1309). Crucifixion (c.1436–1443). Miniature in 3.11 4.2 colours and gold on parchment (in book), 3.3 Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, arch opening Convent of San Francisco de Teruel, model of 22.5 x 15.5 cm. British Library, London, Ms. Map of the kingdom of Mallorca. In David into the Royal Chapel, rose windows, pilasters, window tracery (unknown date). Clay, 18.5 x Additional 28962, f. 44v. Abulafia, Un emporio mediterráneo: el reino and pillars (14th century). 8 cm. Museo Casa Benlliure, Valencia. catalán de Mallorca (Madrid: Ediciones 5.2 Omega, 1996), map 1. 3.12 4.3 Francesc Baldomar, Kings’ Chapel (capilla de Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, east end After Maestre Ysambarte (?), plan of Seville los Reyes) (1439–1463). Convent of Saint 3.4 (early 14th century). Cathedral (c.1481, copy of an earlier project Dominic, Valencia. Family tree of the Monarchs of Aragon and of c.1433). Ink on paper, 57 x 41.1 cm. Mallorca (1229-1334) (produced by the 3.13 Convent of Santa Clara de Bidaurreta, Oñate 5.3 author). Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, squinches in (Guipúzcoa). Bertran Riquer, Royal Chapel of Santa Ágata the Trinity Chapel (left) and the Royal Chapel (c.1302). Royal Palace (), 3.5 (right) (early 14th century). 4.4 Barcelona. Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, plan. In Egas Cueman, project for the Velasco Tomb Joan Domenge, L’obra de la seu. El procés de 3.14 in the chapel of Santa Ana (c.1464). Ink on 5.4 construcción de la catedral de Mallorca en el Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, passageways paper, 45 x 21 cm. Monastery of Guadalupe, Pere Balaguer, Saint Martin’s Chapel tres-cents, fig. 20. piercing the buttresses of the Royal Chapel Guadalupe (Cáceres). (c.1401). Charterhouse of Valldecrist, Altura (left: north; right: south) (early 14th century). (Castellón). 3.6 4.5 Bellver Castle, plan. A. Jiménez in Marcel 3.15 Juan Guas (?), presbytery of San Juan de los 5.5 Durliat, L’art en el regne de Mallorca Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, nave and Reyes (1485-1490). Ink on parchment, 194 Royal Palace (Palau Reial major), Barcelona, (Mallorca: Editorial Moll, 1989), fig. 28. aisles (14th century). x 96 cm. Museo del Prado (inv. D05526), oratories and royal tribune in Royal Chapel of Madrid. Saint Agatha (c.1302–1406). 3.7 3.16 Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, section. In Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, keystone in 4.6 Joan Domenge, L’obra de la seu. El procés de the Trinity Chapel with the figure of the king Pere Sacoma (?), plan of the bell tower of Sant 5.6 construcción de la catedral de Mallorca en el praying to God (early 14th century). Feliu de Gerona (c.1368). Ink on paper, 16 x Former Convent of Saint Dominic, Valencia, tres-cents, Palma, 1997, fig. 21. 16 cm. Arxiu Diocesà de Girona, Gerona. plan in its present state. 1. Only remaining 3.17 bay of the conventual church. 3: Saint Vincent 3.8 Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, east end 4.7 Ferrer Chapel. 4: Kings’ Chapel. Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca, discharging lower level plan (produced by the author). Antoni Guarc or Andreu Julià, plan of Tortosa arches in the external sides of the Trinity Cathedral (c.1379-1382). Ink on parchment, 5.7 Chapter 6 6.12 arquitectura/internacional/ampliacion-del- Former Convent of Saint Dominic, Valencia, Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, museo-nacional-de-escultura-de-valladolid- plan and section of Kings’ Chapel in its 6.1. Proposed reconstruction of central tomb espana.html. present state. Produced by Arturo Zaragozá, Royal Convent of Santa Clara de Tordesillas showing how different elements fitted together. Dirección General del Patrimonio Artístico, (with Saldaña Chapel on far right), Drawing by Matilde Grimaldi. 7.9 Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Castile, Spain. College of San Gregorio, Patio de Estudios. Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia. 6.13 6.2 Santa Clara de Tordesillas, south portal 7.10 5.8 Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, (1460s?), detail of the arms of Fernán Lopez College of San Gregorio, interior of the Francesc Baldomar, Kings’ Chapel (1439– interior view facing east (1430-1435). de Saldaña (L); and of the Vélez de Guevara Assembly Hall (1488-1496). 1463), main entrance from the convent and Ayala families impaled dexter with castle atrium. Convent of Saint Dominic, Valencia. 6.3 and lion of Castile and León (R). 7.11 Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, College of San Gregorio, entrance to Alonso 5.9 relief of shield-bearing angel inside tomb niche Chapter 7 de Burgos’ chamber (1488-1496). Leonard Crespí, King Alfonso, Queen Mary (1430-1435). and their court attending mass at a royal 7.1 7.12 chapel (c. 1436–1443). Miniature in colours 6.4 College of San Gregorio, Valladolid (1488- College of San Gregorio, window and doors and gold on parchment (in book), 22.5 x 15.5 Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, 1496), main courtyard. from the spiral staircase (1488-1496). cm. British Library, London, Ms. Additional seated female saint (c.1437-1445). Limestone, 28962, f. 281v. 135 x 62 x 50 cm. 7.2 7.13 College of San Clemente, Bologna (1367), College of San Gregorio, main courtyard 5.10 6.5 main courtyard. (1488-1496). Leonard Crespí, A chapel with an office being Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, celebrated in front of an altarpiece of three relief, exterior west wall (c.1435-1441). 7.3 7.14 Dominican saints (c. 1436–1443). Miniature College of Santa Cruz, Valladolid (1486- College of San Gregorio, main staircase (1488- in colours and gold on parchment (in book), 6.6 1491), façade. 1496). 22.5 x 15.5 cm. British Library, London, Ms. Villaespesa Chapel, , tomb Additional 28962, f. 263v. niche (c.1425). 7.4 7.15 College of San Gregorio, portrait of Alonso de College of San Gregorio, first floor of the main 5.11 6.7 Burgos (detail from the façade) (c.1499). courtyard (detail) (1488-1496). Leonard Crespí, King Alfonso at prayer (c. Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, 1436–1443). Miniature in colours and gold on entrance and re-laid paving stones in 7.5 7.16 parchment (in book), 22.5 x 15.5 cm. British between the crypt and the altar. College of San Gregorio, Alonso de Burgos’ College of San Gregorio, vaults covering the Library, London, Ms. Additional 28962, f. coat of arms (detail from the façade) (c.1499). chapel (1488-1496). 38r. 6.8 Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, 7.6a 7.17 5.12 Saint Andrew (c.1437-1445). Limestone, 136 College of San Gregorio, main courtyard College of San Gregorio, façade (c.1499). Vicente Casanovas, Plan of the former x 55 x 54 cm. (above). Convent of Saint Dominic (1842). Archivo 7.18 Intermedio Militar Centro, Comandancia de 6.9 7.6b College of San Gregorio, façade (detail) Obras de la Región Militar, Valencia. Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, College of Santa Cruz, main courtyard (c.1499). seated female saint, back view (c.1437-1445). (below). 7.19 5.13 College of San Gregorio, wild men from the Francesc Baldomar, Hagioscope on the eastern 6.10 7.7 façade (c.1499). wall of the Kings’ Chapel (1439–1463). Tomb of Sancho Sánchez de Oteiza, Tudela College of San Gregorio, detail from the Convent of Saint Dominic, Valencia. Cathedral, detail of deacon (c.1418). façade (c.1499). 7.20 College of San Gregorio, ornamental details 5.14 6.11 7.8 (1488-1496). Francesc Baldomar, Kings’ Chapel (1439– Saldaña Chapel, Santa Clara de Tordesillas, College of San Gregorio, ground floor, 1463), view from Saint Vicent Ferrer Chapel. Proposed reconstruction of central tomb with mezzanine and first floor. Notes from the Convent of Saint Dominic, Valencia. alabaster effigies and seated saints. Drawing by author over plans from Nieto Sobejano Matilde Grimaldi. Arquitectos published in http://arqa.com/ Chapter 8 8.10 8.20 9.10 Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, Simón de Colonia, church of Santa María de 8.1 Portada del Pelícano (late 15th¬ century, exterior of the east end (convent established in Miraflores, portal of narthex (c.1486). Church of San Andrés, Toledo, interior moved to its present location in the mid-20th 1477¬, church completed c.1503). looking east towards the Epiphany Chapel century). 9.11 (church constructed in the second half of the Chapter 9 Simón de Colonia, church of Santa María de twelfth century; nave reconstructed 1630–7. 8.11 Miraflores, clearstory (1480s). Epiphany Chapel established 1503, probably Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, 9.1 built in the 1510s). detail of the doorway leading from the church Santa María de Miraflores, Burgos (c.1465), 9.12 to the cloister (late 15th¬ century). plan. Produced by N. Menéndez, C. Pérez de Simón de Colonia, Chapel of the Condestable, 8.2 los Ríos, A. Kobe, and R. Köpf. Burgos Cathedral (1480/90s). Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, 8.12 interior looking east (convent established in Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, 9.2 9.13 1477¬, church completed c.1503). detail of foliage decoration on the crossing , unfinished buttress at the Current means of access to Santa María de piers (late 15th¬ century). east end (1470-90s). Miraflores. 8.3 Church of San Andrés, Toledo (church 8.13 9.3 9.14 constructed in the second half of the twelfth Church of San Andrés, Toledo, details of Church of Santa María de Miraflores, from the Miraflores Parkland (1742). Ink and gouache century; bell tower completed 1759). foliage decoration on the piers of the east end northwest. on paper, 33.5 x 56 cm. Archivo General de (probably 1510s). Simancas, Gracia y Justicia, Legajos, 00194. 8.4 9.4 Church of San Andrés, Toledo, east end in its 8.14 Gil Siloe, Tomb of Juan II and Isabel de 9.15 urban context (Epiphany Chapel established Church of San Andrés, Toledo, Epiphany Portugal (c.1489-93). Alabaster. Santa María Simón de Colonia, church of Santa María 1503, probably built in the 1510s). Chapel, north wall of the (established de Miraflores. de Miraflores, north window of western bay 1503, probably built in the 1510s). (1480s) 8.5 9.5 Plans of San Andrés (left) and San Juan de 8.15 Church of Santa María de Miraflores (c.1490), 9.16 los Reyes (right). Not to scale. Design by Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, plan. Produced by N. Menéndez, C. Pérez de Church of Santa María de Miraflores, from the Ludovica Beltrami. north wall of the apse (convent established in los Ríos, A. Kobe, and R. Köpf. western bay. 1477¬, church completed c.1503). 8.6. 9.6 9.17 Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, 8.16 Simón de Colonia (attributed), proposals Simón de Colonia, church of Santa María de vaults of the east end, transept and crossing Francisco de Rojas’ family tree. Produced by for the design of the vaults and clearstory Miraflores, vault of the capilla mayor (1480s). dome (convent established in 1477¬, church the author. of the church of Santa María de Miraflores. completed c.1503). Compass, stylus and ink on parchment, 33.3 9.18. 8.17 x 21.2 cm. Archivo Histórico Nacional, Clero Simón de Colonia, Burgos Cathedral, vault of 8.7 Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, regular, carpeta 259, legajo 6. the Conception chapel (c.1483). Church of San Andrés, Toledo, vaults of coats of arm of Aragón-Castile and personal Epiphany Chapel (established 1503, probably devices of the Fernando and Isabel on the 9.7 9.19 built in the 1510s). south wall of the transept (late 15th century). Church of Santa María de las Cuevas, Seville Simón de Colonia, church of Santa María de (c.1410-19), plan. Miraflores, vault of the second bay counting 8.8. 8.18 from the west (1480s). Church of San Andrés, Toledo, detail of the Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, 9.20 apse, Epiphany Chapel (established 1503, detail of the decoration of the crossing piers, 9.8 Simón de Colonia, church of Santa María de probably built in the 1510s). showing the initials of Isabel and Fernando Juan de Colonia, portal of the church of Santa Miraflores, vault of the eastern bay (1480s). (late 15th century). María de Miraflores (c.1460-44). 8.9 9.21 Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, Toledo, 8.19 9.9 Church of Santa María de Miraflores, vault detail of the east end (convent established in Church of San Andrés, Toledo, detail of the Church of Santa María de las Cuevas, Seville, plan. Produced by N. Menéndez, C. Pérez de 1477¬, church completed c.1503). heraldic decoration in the east end (probably portal. los Ríos, A. Kobe, and R. Köpf. 1510s). Chapter 10

10.1 Church of Santa Maria dell’Anima, Rome (begun 1431).

10.2 Church of Santiago de los Españoles, Rome (1450-58).

10.3 Frontispiece, George Weise, Die spanischen Hallenkirchen der Spätgotik und der Renaissance. I. Alt- und Neukastilien (Tübingen: Kunsthistorisches Institut der Universität, 1953).

10.4 , plan (fifteenth century) (detail). Monasterio de la Santísima Trinidad de Bidaurreta, Oñate, Guipúzcoa.

10.5 Astorga Cathedral, apse (begun c.1471).

10.6. Juan Gil de Hontañón, interior, church of San Antolín (begun 1521). Medina del Campo (Valladolid).

10.7 Church of Roa de Duero, Burgos, interior (finished 1566).

10.8 Almería Cathedral, interior (1522-1564).

10.9 Mérida Cathedral, Yucatán, interior (1562- 1598).

10.10 Church of Villahoz, Burgos, main portal (c.1500-1510). Wikimedia Commons.