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Socio-Ecological Complexity and Ecosystem Services. an Analysis Of

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Socio-Ecological Complexity and Ecosystem Services. an Analysis Of ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Socio-ecological complexity and ecosystem Services An analysis of ecosystem services coproduction and access in the case of Barcelona’s cruise ship tourism PhD Thesis Liliana Solé Figueras Socio-ecological complexity and ecosystem services An analysis of ecosystem services coproduction and access in the case of Barcelona’s cruise ship tourism PhD thesis developed by Liliana Solé Figueras Supervised by Dr.Eduard Ariza Solé PhD program in Geography Department of Geography Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) September 2019 Supervisor statement I STATE that the present study, entitled ‘Socio-ecological complexity and ecosystem services. An analysis of ecosystem services coproduction and access in the case of Barcelona’s cruise ship tourism’, presented by Liliana Solé Figueras for the award of the degree of Doctor, has been carried out under my supervision at the Department of Geography of this university. Bellaterra, 17th Setember 2019. Doctoral thesis supervisor PhD student Director de la tesis doctoral Doctoranda Eduard Ariza Solé Liliana Solé Figueras i Summary Coastal landscapes are highly dynamic and complex socio-ecological systems resulting from the interface of land and sea. This interface creates rich and dynamic ecosystems that provide valuable benefits to humans. Much of the world’s social, cultural, and economic development is concentrated within coastal zones, and they comprise manifold and overlapping actors, activities, and interests. Moreover, coastal socio-ecological systems are under constant transformation. These transformations operate on different temporal and spatial scales in a non-linear manner; hence, unexpected properties and processes emerge. In this context, coastal research to inform and enable coastal management presents the particular need to consider socio-ecological complexity. This research frames the concept of ecosystem services (ES) within socio-ecological systems and political ecology through socio-ecological complexity. Ecosystem services, which are benefits obtained by humans from ecosystems, are the result of coproduction processes between ecological and social components and their multifaceted relations in complex socio-ecological system interactions. Through a systematic literature review, this dissertation critically examines how socio-ecological complexity factors are included in coastal ES literature. The results show the following significant gaps, especially in terms of comprising social aspects of ES: missing cascade-model components of flow and demand; a partial understanding of coproduction with missing core aspects (such as governance, social representations, and technology); a lack of understanding of how power underpins coproduction, trade-offs and access to ES; a lack of assessments that combine different scales (e.g., multi-scale and cross-scale assessments); a gap concerning the intrinsic and relational dimensions of human wellbeing (HWB), as well as the understanding of HWB distribution among social groups; and a lack of uncertainty assessments. To fill the abovementioned gaps, a holistic socio-ecological framework is created. This framework aims to understand the complex and non-linear interactions and feedback processes of coastal ES production, supply, demand, and use. The framework articulates the relationship between coproduction and access and power relations. The created framework serves to study ES demanded by cruise ships in Barcelona through a mixed-method approach by combining semi-structured interviews, official documents, reports (analysed qualitatively using grounded theory analysis), and a survey of cruise ship passengers. This study identifies the ES demanded by cruise ships and their flows from ES provisioning to receiving systems and how these flows have been co-produced through the multi-scalar interactions of different socio-ecological components. The results show that the ES flows of cruise ships embody global, regional, and local scales as well as multi-scale relations and interdependencies. Cruise ships are interconnected worldwide through ES flows. The coproduction of these flows comprises coevolutionary processes, as socio-ecological components co-determine each other. Institutional agreements and social representations are fundamental components of coproduction and coevolution, and both reinforce other component transformations. Adding to that, this research also empirically studies the mechanisms by which stakeholders can access ES at different cascade-model steps and how these mechanisms are underpinned by power relations, and the derived trade-offs of ES from provisioning to receiving systems. Right-based agreements, negotiation via social relations, knowledge, and financial capital are fundamental access mechanisms mediated by power structured through scalar relations. The analysis of access and power reveals who is excluded from ES and how and who receives associated trade-offs and how (i.e. who the winners and losers are). The conceptual apparatus of this thesis (i.e. the cascade-model, coevolution model, scalar relations analysis, access theory, and political ecology approach) serves to study the socio-ecological complexity. Because the study integrated the symbolic and material elements of ES, the study obtains a profound understanding of the complex relations between the social and ecological components. ii Resum Els paisatges costaners són sistemes socioecològics altament dinàmics i complexos que resulten de la interfície terrestre i marítima. Aquesta interfície crea ecosistemes rics i dinàmics, els quals proporcionen valuosos beneficis a les persones. Per aquest motiu, part del desenvolupament social, cultural i econòmic del món es concentra a les zones costaneres on hi conviuen i es solapen múltiples actors, interessos i activitats. A més, els sistemes socioecològics costaners estan en constant transformació, els quals funcionen a diferents escales temporals i espacials de manera no lineal, per tant, sorgeixen propietats i processos emergents i impredictibles. En aquest context, la recerca sobre els sistemes costaners requereix tenir en compte la complexitat socioecològica. Aquesta recerca emmarca els Serveis dels Ecosistemes (SE) dins d’aquesta complexitat. Els SE, que són els beneficis que els humans obtenen dels ecosistemes, s’entenen com el resultat de processos de coproducció entre components ecològics i socials caracteritzats per múltiples interaccions dins de sistemes socioecològics complexos. Mitjançant una revisió sistemàtica, aquesta tesi examina de forma crítica com la literatura científica referent als SE costaners inclou els factors de la complexitat socioecològica. Els resultats mostren buits importants, especialment pel que fa a la inclusió d'aspectes socials dels SE: una comprensió parcial de la coproducció que no inclou aspectes com governança, representacions socials i tecnologia; manca de comprensió de com el poder articula la coproducció, els costos, els beneficis i l'accés als SE; falta d'avaluacions que combinin diferents escales (multi-escalars i trans-escalars); un buit pel que fa a les dimensions intrínseques i relacionals del benestar humà, com també pel que fa a la distribució de benestar entre els grups socials; i la manca d'avaluacions sobre la incertesa. Aquesta tesi doctoral proposa un marc conceptual holístic que integra els buits identificats. Aquest marc té com a objectiu comprendre les interaccions complexes i no lineals, així com els processos de retroalimentació de la producció, oferta, demanda i ús dels SE costaners. D'aquesta manera, el marc articula la relació entre coproducció, accés i relacions de poder. El marc conceptual també serveix per estudiar els SE que utilitzen i/o consumeixen els creuers quan arriben a la ciutat de Barcelona, mitjançant una metodologia mixta que combina entrevistes semiestructurades, documents i informes oficials, que s'analitzen qualitativament mitjançant la teoria fonamentada i una enquesta per a passatgers de creuers. Aquest treball identifica els SE sol·licitats pels creuers i els seus passatgers, així com el flux d’aquests serveis, és a dir el camí que segueixen des dels sistemes de subministrament fins als de recepció. També s’analitzen els processos de coproducció dels SE, els quals es componen de les interaccions multi-escalars de diferents components socials i ecològics. Els resultats mostren com els fluxos dels SE poden ser globals, regionals i locals. Per tant, els vaixells de creuers estan interconnectats mundialment a través dels fluxos dels SE. Els resultats també mostren com els processos de coproducció d’aquests serveis es basen en dinàmiques de coevolució, ja que els components socials i ecològics es codeterminen els uns als altres. Els acords institucionals i les representacions socials són components fonamentals de coproducció i coevolució, ambdós reforcen altres transformacions de components socioecològics. Aquesta recerca
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