Rethinking Religious Encounters in Matabeleland Region of Zimbabwe, 1860-1893
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History 1886
How many bones must you bury before you can call yourself an African? Updated December 2009 A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story Part D: 1886 - 1909 Compiled by: Dr. Anthony Turton [email protected] Caution in the use and interpretation of these data This document consists of events data presented in chronological order. It is designed to give the reader an insight into the complex drivers at work over time, by showing how many events were occurring simultaneously. It is also designed to guide future research by serious scholars, who would verify all data independently as a matter of sound scholarship and never accept this as being valid in its own right. Read together, they indicate a trend, whereas read in isolation, they become sterile facts devoid of much meaning. Given that they are “facts”, their origin is generally not cited, as a fact belongs to nobody. On occasion where an interpretation is made, then the commentator’s name is cited as appropriate. Where similar information is shown for different dates, it is because some confusion exists on the exact detail of that event, so the reader must use caution when interpreting it, because a “fact” is something over which no alternate interpretation can be given. These events data are considered by the author to be relevant, based on his professional experience as a trained researcher. Own judgement must be used at all times . All users are urged to verify these data independently. The individual selection of data also represents the author’s bias, so the dataset must not be regarded as being complete. -
Terence Ranger Bibliography T
Review N°89 - Spring 2015 An Association of Concerned Africa Scholars (ACAS) Tribute to Terence O. Ranger (29 November 1929 – 3 January 2015) Compiled by Timothy Scarnecchia, Teresa Barnes, and Peter Limb April 8, 2015 This special ACAS Review pays tribute to Terence O. Ranger who passed on January 3, 2015, just after midnight just past his 86th Birthday. We sent out a call for tributes in January. We also know that Terry’s students, as well as the Editorial Board of the Journal of Southern African Studies, and the members of the British Zimbabwe Society will be producing their own tributes. We at ACAS who worked and knew Professor Ranger wanted to add our small contribution by focusing here on his role as an activist scholar. Peter Limb, Terri Barnes, Terry Ranger, and Jim the Guardian. Diana Jeater previously wrote Brennan at the Conference organized in honor of an excellent academic biography of Ranger’s Terry held at the University of Illinois in 2010. contributions, and also reproduced an interview she did with Terry in the "Terence Fortunately, there are many useful ways to Ranger: Life as Historiography" History learn more about Terence Ranger’s life and Workshop Journal (Spring 2012) 73 (1): 193- work. His students, Jocelyn Alexander and 210. David Maxwell, wrote an obituary for Association of Concerned Africa Scholars Review 89 Spring 2015 1 Peter Limb has written an excellent review of Ranger’s impact in his "Terence Ranger, “Once in while there comes on stage a man African Studies and South African who dares to challenge orthodoxy. -
CHINGAIRA MAKONI's HEAD: MYTH, HISTORY and the COLONIAL EXPERIENCE TERENCE RANGER Eighteenth Annual Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture
CHINGAIRA MAKONI'S HEAD: MYTH, HISTORY AND THE COLONIAL EXPERIENCE TERENCE RANGER Eighteenth Annual Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture March 29, 1988 African Studies Program Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana Copyright 1988 African Studies Program Indiana University All rights reserved ISBN 0-941934-52-7 T.O. RANGER Terence Ranger, Rhodes Professor of Race Relations, University of Oxford, is the Hans Wolff Memorial Lecturer for 1988. He holds B.A. Hons., M.A. and D.Phil. degrees from Oxford University, where he studied at The Queens College and at St. Antony's. At that time he was working on British history in the seventeenth century. His interest in African history was aroused by his appointment to a Lectureship at the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1956. There he became involved in the African nationalist movement and began to do research on its roots in late nineteenth century insurrection and twentieth century protest associations. His involvement in African politics led to his deportation in 1963; his research led to the publication of Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896-7 and The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930. In 1963 he became the first Professor of History at the University College of Dar es Salaam and in 1969 went to UCLA as Professor of African History. In 1974 he became Professor of Modern History at the University of Manchester from which position he moved to his present post in October 1987. As Rhodes Professor he has responsibility for the development of African Studies in Oxford as well as a more general oversight of race relations. -
A Biographical Study of Bishop Ralph Edward Dodge 1907 – 2008
ABSTRACT Toward a New Church in a New Africa: A Biographical Study of Bishop Ralph Edward Dodge 1907 – 2008 This biography of a Methodist Bishop, Ralph Edward Dodge is an extensive look into how, as a missionary, mission board executive, and bishop, Dodge applied principles of indigenization he embraced as a young man preparing for missionary work to the complexities of ministry in Southern Africa when empires were withdrawing and new nations were forming. Written by an African, the dissertation examines Dodge’s impact upon the several countries in which he was involved as a churchman ‒ countries that would soon move from imperial subjugation to independence. Ralph Edward Dodge (1907–2008) was an American missionary and Bishop of the Methodist Church and United Methodist Church. He was born in Iowa and went to Africa in 1936 at age 29. He began his missionary career in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Except for four years during World War II, he would serve there until 1950. During the war, he continued his postgraduate work, obtaining two more degrees, including a PhD. Afterwards, Dodge and his family returned to Africa. In 1950, he was asked to serve as Executive Secretary for Africa and Europe at the Methodist Church’s Board of Missions in New York. Six years later, the Reverend Doctor Dodge would return to Africa as Bishop Dodge, the first Methodist Bishop elected by the Africa Central Conference, and the only American. His Episcopal Area included the colonial territories of Angola, Mozambique, and Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). When his twelve-year term was ended, he was elected “Bishop for Life.” Bishop Dodge remained in Africa until his “retirement” in 1968. -
Ethnicity, Narrative, and the 1980S Violence in the Matabeleland and Midlands Provinces of Zimbabwe1
Ethnicity, narrative, and the 1980s violence in the Matabeleland and Midlands provinces of Zimbabwe1 Musiwaro Ndakaripa, Centre for Africa Studies, University of the Free State, South Africa Narratives of ethnicity about the pre-colonial era tended to strain colonial and post-colonial relations between the two main ethnic groups in Zimbabwe, the Shona and the Ndebele, and their largely ethnically defined political parties, the Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) and the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) respectively. The colonial state exaggerated the militant nature of the Ndebele people during the pre-colonial period and blamed them for victimizing the Shona. This contributed to ethnic violence that reached a climax in the 1980s when the colonial white settler regime was replaced by ZANU-PF. This article argues that, while political factors were at play, the political and social power of narratives of ethnicity fuelled the 1980s violence and continues to shape contemporary politics in Zimbabwe. Introduction Studies on Zimbabwean2 history have forwarded various arguments to explain the 1980s violence in the Matabeleland and the Midlands provinces3 of Zimbabwe (see Map 3). These different explanations are still a subject of debate in 1 I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Ian Phimister in the Centre for Africa Studies at the University of the Free State, South Africa and my colleagues Itai Muwati, Government Phiri, Nyasha Mboti, Joseph Mujere and Ushehwedu Kufakurinani at the University of Zimbabwe for their comments and constructive criticism to the earlier version of this article. I also want to thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for this journal who gave useful suggestions. -
Who Are the Ndebele and the Kalanga in Zimbabwe?
Who are the Ndebele and the Kalanga in Zimbabwe? Gerald Chikozho Mazarire Paper Prepared for Konrad Adenuer Foundation Project on ‘Ethnicity in Zimbabwe’ November 2003 Introduction Our understanding of Kalanga and Ndebele identity is tainted by a general legacy of high school textbooks that have confessedly had a tremendous impact on our somewhat obviated knowledge of local ethnicities through a process known in history as ‘feedback’. Under this process printed or published materials find their way back into oral traditions to emerge as common sense historical facts. In reality these common sense views come to shape both history and identity both in the sense of what it is as well as what it ought to be. As the introduction by Terence Ranger demonstrates; this goes together with the calculated construction of identities by the colonial state, which was preoccupied with naming and containing its subjects (itself a legacy on its own). Far from complicating our analysis, these legacies make it all the more interesting for the Ndebele and Kalanga who both provide excellent case studies in identity construction and its imagination. There is also a dimension of academic research, which as Ranger observes, did not focus on ethnicity per-se. This shouldn’t be a hindrance in studying ethnicity though; for we now know a lot more about the Ndebele than we would have some 30years ago (Beach 1973). In contrast, until fairly recently, we did not know as much about the Kalanga who have constantly been treated as a sub-ethnicity of the major groups in southwestern Zimbabwe such as the Ndebele, Tswana and Shona. -
History of Matiwane and the Amangwane Tribe
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA DEPARTMENT OF NATIVE AFFAIRS ETHNOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS Vol. VII HISTORY OF MATIWANE AND THE AMANGWANE TRIBE 1 as told by Mse6enzi to his kinsman Albert Hlongwane Edited and supplemented by Archive Documents and other material BY , ! . ■ N. J. VAN WARMELO GOVERNMENT ETHNOLOGIST O IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA BY THE GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PRETORIA 1938 O.P.-S.7007—1938-sOU. ' ■\* . PLATE 1 frontispiece Mse Cenzi uwjo kaMacingwane kaMatmane UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA DEPARTMENT OF NATIVE AFFAIRS ETHNOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS Vol. VII HISTORY OF MATIWANE AND THE AMANGWANE TRIBE as told by Mse6enzi to his kinsman Albert Hlongwane Edited and supplemented by Archive Documents and other material BY N. j. VAN WARMELO GOVERNMENT ETHNOLOGIST 7/6 PRINTED IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA BY THE GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PRETORIA 1938 G.P.-S.7007—1938—800 Obtainable from the Government Printer, Pretoria. Vol. I of this series : Transvaal Ndebele Texts, 1930. Vol. II. : Kinship Terminology of the South African Bantu, 1931. Vol. III. : Contributions towards Venda History, Religion and Tribal Ritual, 1932. Vol. IV. : Marriage Customs in Southern Natal, by Dr. M. Kohler, 1933. Vol. V. : A Preliminary Survey of the Bantu Tribes of South Africa, 1935. Vol. VI. : Tshivenda-English Dictionary, 1937. ;V-B'BUOTEEK Ji'N ** UHIVERSITEIT V " METORIA. Klasnommer.?^ MseLBEry-zi i Registernommer- JLQk, 0 CONTENTS Page. Chapter 1. The amaNgwane and how this history came to be written .. .. 5 2. Text: Earliest history to izi Bongo of Masumpa 10 3. ,, History of Matiwane up to his flight from Natal 16 4. ,, Matiwane in Basutoland 24 5. -
Race, Identity, and Belonging in Early Zimbabwean Nationalism(S), 1957-1965
Race, Identity, and Belonging in Early Zimbabwean Nationalism(s), 1957-1965 Joshua Pritchard This thesis interrogates traditional understandings of race within Zimbabwean nationalism. It explores the interactions between socio-cultural identities and belonging in black African nationalist thinking and politics, and focuses on the formative decade between the emergence of mass African nationalist political parties in 1957 and the widespread adoption of an anti- white violent struggle in 1966. It reassesses the place of non-black individuals within African anti-settler movements. Using the chronological narrative provided by the experiences of marginal non-black supporters (including white, Asian, coloured, and Indian individuals), it argues that anti-colonial nationalist organisations during the pre-Liberation War period were heavily influenced by the competing racial theories and politics espoused by their elite leadership. It further argues that the imagined future Zimbabwean nations had a fluid and reflexive positioning of citizens based on racial identities that changed continuously. Finally, this thesis examines the construction of racial identities through the discourse used by black Zimbabweans and non-black migrants and citizens, and the relationships between these groups, to contend that race was an inexorable factor in determining belonging. Drawing upon archival sources created by non-black 'radical' participants and Zimbabwean nationalists, and oral interviews conducted during fieldwork in South Africa and Zimbabwe in 2015, the research is a revisionist approach to existing academic literature on Zimbabwean nationalism: in the words of Terence Ranger, it is not a nationalist history but a history of nationalism. It situates itself within multiple bodies of study, including conceptual nationalist and racial theory, the histories of marginal groups within African nationalist movements, and studies of citizenship and belonging. -
Kent Academic Repository Full Text Document (Pdf)
Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Cohen, Andrew and Pilossof, Rory (2017) Big Business and White Insecurities at the End of Empire in Southern Africa, c.1961-1977. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 45 (5). pp. 777-799. ISSN 0308-6534. DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2017.1370217 Link to record in KAR http://kar.kent.ac.uk/60732/ Document Version Author's Accepted Manuscript Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Big Business and White Insecurities at the End of Empire in Southern Africa, c.1961- 1977 Andrew Cohen School of History, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom and the International Studies Group, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Rory Pilossof Department of Economics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Abstract This paper examines popular and widespread mistrust of large-scale capitalism, and its potential for disloyalty to the post-1965 Rhodesian state, by the white middle class and small- scale capitalists in Rhodesia. -
Response to Colonial Encroachment / Invasion: British Penetration
Response to Colonial encroachment / invasion: British Penetration: Central Africa: NDEBELE STATE During the 19th Century European penetration into Central Africa had taken the form of individual hunter – explorer for example F. C. Selous, small traders like Webtebeach and missionaries who had followed Livingstone. There was no serious consideration of large – scale European settlements and colonial expansion until the 1880s. The reason behind this was that the area was occupied by the Ndebele, the Rozvi and Shona chieftaincies. However in the 1880s, within the context of the atmosphere of the Scramble, renewed European interests gradually began to gain momentum. Countries showing interest here were Portugal, Britain, and the Boers of the Transvaal. The Concession Seekers: The wake of mineral discoveries in South Africa also inspired by the reports of hunter – explorers, individual fortune hunters and prospectors entered the area seeking concessions especially from Lobengula and Khama. The rumour grew rapidly that they must be a Second Rand in the area between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. Among the later concession seekers, there were government officials from Germany and the Transvaal Boers as well as agents of very rich capitalists who also had imperialist aims (for example capitalists like Rhodes, Alfred Maguire and Rudd). The capitalist urged Britain to colonise the Transvaal so that Britain could be in a position to take over the gold fields. They urged Britain to annex Bechuanaland. These people were not just were individuals. They were agents of imperialism. Lobengula, for as long as he could, avoided granting any concessions whatsoever, but as pressure mounted, he was forced into coming to terms with the imperialists. -
Sek 2.1 Geskiedenis.Indd
Hoofstuk Vier ’n Tyd van onrus en ingrypende verandering Die Mfecane Vir die meeste Afrika-gemeenskappe in Suider-Afrika het die 19de eeu konfl ik, ontwrigting, reorganisering en uiteindelik onderwerping ingehou. Toe die Griekwas noord van die Oranjerivier opduik, was dit soos ’n voorskou vir die Europese lewens- wyse, oorloë en nuwe regering wat op pad was. Voordat hulle die volle impak van die Europese indringing kon ervaar, het die meeste gemeenskappe eers die on- voorspelbare swaarkry van die Mfecane beleef. Letterlike vertalings van die woord Mfecane sê iets oor die veronderstellings ag- ter die begrip. In ouer geskiedenisboeke was dit ’n tyd van “ontwrigting”, “vergrui- sing” en “dwalende hordes” wat feitlik uitsluitlik deur Shaka en die Zulu aangevoor is. Nuwe interpretasies het met nuwe verdagtes vorendag gekom: Europeërs aan die Kaap en in Delagoabaai; en Europese surrogate soos die Griekwas op die hoëveld. Geskiedskrywers verskil oor die oorsake van die Mfecane, maar die ge- beure in dié tyd het onmiskenbaar die politieke landskap in Suider-Afrika herskep. bo: Tot in die 1970’s was historici van mening In die tweede helfte van die 18de eeu en die eerste kwart van die 19de het dramatiese dat die Mfecane – die groot ontwrigtings aan gebeure die aard van Afrika-gemeenskappe omskep en die demografi e van Suid-Afrika die einde van die 18de eeu – uit die groei van verander. Dit is die Mfecane genoem (deur Ngunisprekendes) en op die hoëveld die die Zulu-koninkryk onder Shaka gespruit Difaqane (deur Sotho-Tswanasprekendes). Voor die 1970’s was navorsers meestal van mening het. Die impak van Shaka is egter mettertyd dat die groei van die Zulukoninkryk in Suidoos-Afrika onder Shaka teen die einde van die bevraagteken. -
Nation Building in Zimbabwe and the Challenges of Ndebele Particularism
Nation Building in Zimbabwe and the Challenges of Ndebele Particularism Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni* Abstract This article deploys a politico-sociological historical analysis in the interrogation of the origins, tenacity and resilience of Ndebele particularism across pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial epochs in Zimbabwe. While the issue of Ndebele particularism is currently overshadowed by the recent political and economic crisis that has seen Zimbabwe becoming a pariah state, it has continued to haunt both the project of nationalism that ended up unravelling along the fault-lines of Ndebele-Shona ethnicities and the post-colonial nation-building process that became marred by ethnic tensions and violence of the 1980s. In this article, Ndebele particularism is described at two main levels. Firstly, successive pre-colonial, colonial * Dr Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni is a Lecturer in African Studies at the Ferguson Centre for African and Asian Studies at the Open University, Milton Keynes in the United Kingdom and is also affiliated to the Department of History at the same university. His latest major publication is a book entitled The Ndebele Nation: Reflections on Hegemony, Memory and Historiography (SAVUSA/UNISA Press/Rozenberg Press, Amsterdam, 2008 in press). 27 Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni and post-colonial historical processes contributed to the construction and consolidation of Ndebele particularism. Secondly, this particularism is a product of coalescence of grievance and resentment to Shona triumphalism. The politico-sociological historical analysis is intertwined with a social constructivist perspective of understanding complex politics of identities in general. The discussion is taken up to the current reverberation of Ndebele particularistic politics on the internet including the creation of a virtual community known as United Mthwakazi Republic (UMR) that symbolises the desire for a restored pre-colonial Ndebele nation in the mould of Swaziland and Lesotho.