DOCSLIB.ORG

Newly Discovered Rock Art Sites in the Malaprabha Basin, North Karnataka: a Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Newly Discovered Rock Art Sites in the Malaprabha Basin, North Karnataka: a Report Newly Discovered Rock Art Sites in the Malaprabha Basin, North Karnataka: A Report Mohana R.1, Sushama G. Deo1 and A. Sundara2 1. Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed to be University, Pune – 411 006, Maharashtra, India (Email: [email protected]; [email protected]) 2. The Mythic Society, Bangalore – 560 001, Karnataka, India (Email: [email protected]) Received: 19 July 2017; Revised: 03 September 2017; Accepted: 23 October 2017 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5 (2017): 883‐929 Abstract: Early research on rock art in the Malaprabha basin began in the last quarter of the 20th century. Wakankar explored Bādāmi, Tatakoti, Sidla Phaḍi and Ramgudiwar in 1976. This was followed by Sundara, Yashodhar Mathpal and Neumayer located painted shelters in Are Guḍḍa, Hire Guḍḍa abd Aihole region. They are found in the area between the famous Chalukyan art centres of Bādāmi and Paṭṭadakallu. The near past the first author carried out field survey in the Lower Malaprabha valley as part of his doctoral programe during 2011‐2015. The intensive and systematically comprehensive field work has resulted in the discovery of 87 localities in 32 rock art sites. The art include geometric designs or pattern, Prehistoric ‘Badami Style of Human Figures’, human figures, miniature paintings, birds, wild animals like boar, deer, antelope, hyena, rhinoceros, dog etc. Keywords: Rock Art, Badami, Malaprabha, Karnataka, Engravings, Elevation, Orientation Introduction: Background of the Research 1856 CE is a remarkable year revealing the visual art of distinction of our ancestors in a cave at Almora (Uttarkhand) in India around by Henwood (1856). This happened two decades before the discovery of rock art and initiation of research in Western Europe in the year 1879 CE. Since then rock art have been discovered and studied for the last 150 years. The year 1867 would remain as a milestone in the history of Indian rock research mainly because Archibald C. Carlleyle , the first assistant in the Archaeological Survey of India who under Alexander Cunningham discovered rock paintings along with microliths near Sohangighaṭ in the Kaimur range, Mirzapur district, Uttar Pradesh. Carlleyle has not published any account of his discoveries apart from his field notes left with his friend Rev. Reginald Gatty. Those notes were later published by Smith in 1906. By the same time there was another discovery and systematic survey of rock‐art sites in Mirzapur region by Cockburn (1883, 1989). In South India, initial investigation ISSN 2347 – 5463Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5: 2017 began around 1842 by Capt. Newbold, in and around Kappagallu but he was silent about those pictures (Foote 1916). However, the first report on the petroglyphs at Kappagallu seems to have been made known by F. Fawcett in 1892, in the Asiatic Quarterly Review. He was also discovered Edkal cave in Kerala in 1901. Foote (1916) also briefly addressed the Kappagallu rock art in his book on The Foote Collection of Indian Prehistoruic and Photohistoric Antiqueties, Notes on their Ages and Distributions. In the early decades of the twentieth century mostly officers of the Geology, Archaeology Departments and even an individual here and there and they would report them in reports as well as journals. It is only with the incomparably extensive, sustainable and indomitable work in 1957 by Wakankar (1957) that the subject of rock art came prominently to limelight as a branch of study worth pursuing for the better understanding of the human thinking of the past and their society. He worked intensively in the Bhimbetka and surveyed around 700 shelters of them 300 with paintings. His Ph. D. thesis entitled Rock Paintings of India in 1973 from Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune was on these investigations and he also discovered most of the sites in many parts of India. Later, it followed by many scholars of the respective regions. In course of site more than 6000 rock art cave/shelters have been reported from Indian subcontinent. In Karnataka, it was undoubtedly Fred Fawcett (1892) was the first at the instance in Kappagallu‐Sanganakal area near Ballari in 1890s. Munn (1915, 1994, 1935) a British officer in 1915 amidst an extensive megalithic burial site dotted with about three hundred port‐hole chambers, three painted rock art shelters in the terraces of extensive granite hill ranges with countless natural caves and rock shelters near Hire Benkal. Krishna (1931) recorded an engraving of a tiger in Chandravalli in his explorations in late 1920s. R. S. Panchamukhifound an engraving of a pair of bulls facing each other on vertical side of a sandstone hill in Kullolli. In early 1950s Allchins couples (19in the course of their field study of the archaeological remains in the region of the Raichur doab. Allchin (1960) and Sundara (1974, 1978, 1984) threw light on rock art sites like Sivapura, Bilebhavi, Ānegundi, Emi Guḍḍa and at Piklihaḷ (with the kind assistance of the Director of Archaeology for Hyderabad, Dr. P. Sreenivasachar, he did a small excavation). Here numbers of paintings and bruising were found in association with Neolithic evidence (Gordon and Allchin 1955; Gordon 1951, 1958). Raymond and Bridget Allchin (1994‐95) conducted a detail study of Maski and Piklihaḷ rock art sites. Wakankar (Wakankar and Brooks 1976) brought to light a few paintings in Badami. Similarly Nagaraja Rao (1964) noticed paintings of a row of humans hand in hand engaged in folk dance in Tekkalkota. Yashodhar Mathpal and Neumayer located painted shelters in Are Guḍḍa and Hire Guḍḍa by 1978. Little later by Neumayer (1983, 1993, 2010). Since 1961 Sundara (1994) has been reporting painted caves and shelters especially in Anegondi‐Hire Benkal area (1987), Badmi‐Aihole area; Bellary‐Hospet 884 Mohana et al. 2017: 883‐929 area, Billamarayanagudda (1985), Chitradurga‐Chandravalli‐Jeṭṭinga Rāmēśvara area near Brahmagiri; Ankola coastal Karnataka and studied them along with the already known sites during his frequent field explorations for varied purposes in North Karnataka. Lakshman Telagavi (2004, 2006) has been noticing some rock art sites here and there as for instance in Hampi region and Middle Vedavati (Hagari) basin. Sharana Basappa Kolkar has been mainly on the rock paintings in Hire Benkal area, his Ph. D. thesis and later he published a monograph in Kannada entitled Shilayugada Gavichithragalu (Prehistoric Paintings: In Kannada). In coastal Karnataka Gururaj Bhat (1975) and Vasanta Shetty (1983) were probably the first to report the existence of rock engravings at Gavali. Mention should be made of an important discovery of a rock engraving panel in Sonda by Raghunath Bhat. Many more sites are being discovered since then. Particular mention should be made about the discovery an extensive rock engraving site in Buddhana Jeddu, Basrur, Mandarti and Subrahmanya and further exploration in known sites e.g. Gavali, Bole, Sonda from 2009 and onwards by Murugeshi and his team (2014). And in January 2011, they have discovered isolated engravings at Mandarti and Subrhmanya. The most recent systematic and full‐fledged exploration of rock art sites in the Malaprabha basin is being carried out by the first author (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017) as a part of his Ph.D. research: Reading Rock Art: Interpreting Temporal and Geographic Variability in the Middle Krishna Basin: Karnataka in the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune. He has noticed for the first time some more sites in the region. Many of them are of the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic period (Mohana 2013, 2014a, 2014b, 2014c, 2016, 2016a; Mohana and Hemant 2015). This paper presents newly discovered rock art sites with picture and other associated cultural materials in the Lower Malaprabha valley by the first author (2015a) as part of his Ph.D. programme. The explored sites are 32 sites; all the sites have 87 localities with pictures (Figures 1 and 2). Among the 32 sites 17 sites are discovered by the first author and the remaining are previously known. Locality and Pictures During the field investigation, field data have been documented as thoroughly as possible, such as detailed description of the sites (i.e. shelters/cliff/boulders/bedrrock with pictures) e.g. location, local name of the particular shelter or boulder, geo coordinates (GPS), elevation from AMSL, elevation of the shelter from the natural surface, dimension of the each shelter, floor, orientation, depiction of the picture: minimum hight from the floor of the particular locality (e.g. wall, ceiling, boulder, bedrock), type i.e. pictograph and petroglyph, evidence of pounding, present condition of the shelters. During the field survey are documented not only rock art sites but also archaeological remains in the vicinity of the rock art sites. The result of this was the exposure of Mesolithic site, Megalithic sites of different types i.e. dolmen, stone circle etc. inscriptions either engraved or painted of early Badami Chalukyan period and hero 885 ISSN 2347 – 5463Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5: 2017 stones. The natural resourse of ancient water body e.g. river, streams, nala, pot holes of the earch of the locality of every site and proximity of the water body are noted. In last column of the tabulated shelters are mentioned published reference, local information and also new discoveries. Figure 1: Rock Art Localities in the Lower Malaprabha Basin Figure 2: Rock art Sites in Lower Malaprabha Basin (After Mohana and Dalavi 2015) 886 Mohana et al. 2017: 883‐929 Googlaḍi (GLD) Googlaḍi (15° 57ʹ 467ʺN ‐ 75° 34ʹ 779ʺE: Elevation (AMSL) ‐ 616 m) is a hillock, located 1 km to the northwest of village Mushṭigeri (Figures 3 and 4, Table 1). The ground is composed of gravel boulders and covered with vegetation (Mohana 2015a).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hampi, Badami & Around
    SCRIPT YOUR ADVENTURE in KARNATAKA WILDLIFE • WATERSPORTS • TREKS • ACTIVITIES This guide is researched and written by Supriya Sehgal 2 PLAN YOUR TRIP CONTENTS 3 Contents PLAN YOUR TRIP .................................................................. 4 Adventures in Karnataka ...........................................................6 Need to Know ........................................................................... 10 10 Top Experiences ...................................................................14 7 Days of Action .......................................................................20 BEST TRIPS ......................................................................... 22 Bengaluru, Ramanagara & Nandi Hills ...................................24 Detour: Bheemeshwari & Galibore Nature Camps ...............44 Chikkamagaluru .......................................................................46 Detour: River Tern Lodge .........................................................53 Kodagu (Coorg) .......................................................................54 Hampi, Badami & Around........................................................68 Coastal Karnataka .................................................................. 78 Detour: Agumbe .......................................................................86 Dandeli & Jog Falls ...................................................................90 Detour: Castle Rock .................................................................94 Bandipur & Nagarhole ...........................................................100
    [Show full text]
  • The Krishna Temple Complex, Hampi: an Exploration of Its Identity As a Medieval Temple in the Contemporary Context
    THE KRISHNA TEMPLE COMPLEX, HAMPI: AN EXPLORATION OF ITS IDENTITY AS A MEDIEVAL TEMPLE IN THE CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Ashima Krishna January, 2009 © 2009 Ashima Krishna ABSTRACT Hindu temples in India have been in abundance for centuries. However, many have lost their use over time. They lie vacant and unused on vast tracts of land across the Indian subcontinent, in a time when financial resources for the provision of amenities to serve the local community are hard to come by. In the case of Hampi, this strain is felt not only by the community inhabiting the area, but the tourism sector as well. Hampi’s immense significance as a unique Medieval-city in the Indian subcontinent has increased tourist influx into the region, and added pressure on authorities to provide for amenities and facilities that can sustain the tourism industry. The site comprises near-intact Medieval structures, ruins in stone and archaeologically sensitive open land, making provision of tourist facilities extremely difficult. This raises the possibility of reusing one of the abundant temple structures to cater to some of these needs, akin to the Virupaksha Temple Complex and the Hampi Bazaar. But can it be done? There is a significant absence of research on possibilities of reusing a Hindu Temple. A major reason for this gap in scholarship has been due to the nature of the religion of Hinduism and its adherents. Communal and political forces over time have consistently viewed all Hindu temples as cultural patrimony of the people, despite legal ownership resting with the Government of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptation and Invention During the Spread of Agriculture to Southwest China
    Adaptation and Invention during the Spread of Agriculture to Southwest China The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation D'Alpoim Guedes, Jade. 2013. Adaptation and Invention during the Spread of Agriculture to Southwest China. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11002762 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Adaptation and Invention during the Spread of Agriculture to Southwest China A dissertation presented by Jade D’Alpoim Guedes to The Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Anthropology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts March 2013 © 2013 – Jade D‘Alpoim Guedes All rights reserved Professor Rowan Flad (Advisor) Jade D’Alpoim Guedes Adaptation and Invention during the Spread of Agriculture to Southwest China Abstract The spread of an agricultural lifestyle played a crucial role in the development of social complexity and in defining trajectories of human history. This dissertation presents the results of research into how agricultural strategies were modified during the spread of agriculture into Southwest China. By incorporating advances from the fields of plant biology and ecological niche modeling into archaeological research, this dissertation addresses how humans adapted their agricultural strategies or invented appropriate technologies to deal with the challenges presented by the myriad of ecological niches in southwest China.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Geography of Chalukya Temples
    Journal of Social Sciences – Sri Lanka 105 Sacred Geography of Chalukya Temples Niharika S Abstract Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal and Mahakuta are situated in Bagalkot district of the state of Karnataka on and near the banks of river Malaprabha. The Malaprabha valley became the settling ground for human habitation from earliest times. This is evident from a number of prehistoric remains that have been discovered. The reason why the Chalukyas of Badami chose this area as their dynastic hold and why they built the various religious monuments in the region appears to have been a mystery until recent times. It is a possibility that the earlier sites of Guledgudda, Bachangudda, Kyaddigeri, Chilapur, Siddhanakolla and Nagral displaying dolmens and megaliths made the adjoining geography sacred which is why when the Chalukyas of Badami came in power, they found these areas ideal from religious point of view for temple construction. This may also mean an evolution of religious beliefs where the Chalukyas might not have believed in religiosity of dolmens and megaliths but surely understood „sacred-ness‟ of the landscape. These transformations led to a reinvention of the landscape for the construction of temples often in close proximity to rock shelters and megalithic structures. Sacred landscapes during Chalukya reign were complex religious and memorial spaces. There was a clear association between the religious affiliation of Chalukya rulers and those of pastoralists in the region especially in the second half of their rule. Female deity worship such as that of Saptamatrikas and Lajja-gauri, signifies the introduction of fertility rituals. This incorporation of ritual practices and beliefs indicates a complex political and social relationship that the Chalukyas forged in order to continue their rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Karnataka Soil Gravellinessj
    E-421 VOL.1 ,Vvilson- in associatonwith Public Disclosure Authorized IIIE SectoralEnvironmental Assessment Report Public Disclosure Authorized Project Co-ordinating Consultancy Services (PCC) for the Karnataka State Highways Improvement Project IBRD Loan/Credit No. LN-4114 2 SBidar Public Disclosure Authorized Belga Karwarg t ~~ Ba~~durga Mangalor _________ Public Disclosure Authorized Prepaedfor: Govtof Kanataka PublicWorks Dept. (NationalHighways) December2000 ,Vjlsor n associabonwffl IIIE SectoralEnvironmental Assessment Report ProjectCo-ordinating Consultancy Services (PCC) for the KarnatakaState Highways Improvement Project IBRD Loan/Credit No. LN-4114 Bleiga ia Karwar dug Mangalor -galore Pmpaedfr. Govtof Karnatka PutbicWorks Dept. (NationalHighways) Decentbx2000 Kamataka State Highways Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report ImprovementProject Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SECTION I: BACKGROUND 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SEA REPORT ..................................................... I 1.1. OBJECTIVE ...................................................... 1.2. ESSENTIALSOF SEA STUDY.................................................... 3 1.3. METHODOLOGY.................................................... 3 1.4. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT.................................................. 4:4 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ..................................................... 1 2.1. INTRODUCTION..................................................... 1 2.2. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE INDIAN SYSTEM & MAJOR ORGANISATIONS...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PREFEASIBILITY REPORT for M/S Indian Cane Power Limited (Unit : Samsons Distilleries)
    Prefeasibility Report PREFEASIBILITY REPORT FOR M/S IndIAn CAnE POwER LIMITEd (UnIT : SAMSOnS dISTILLERIES) For EXPANSION OF DISTILLERY CAPACITY FROM 60 KLPD TO 180 KLPD AND 2 MW/HR CAPTIVE STEAM BASED POWER GENERATION TO 9 MW/HR COGENERATION UNIT at Sy No 233 & other Survey No’s, Duggavatti Village, Harapanahalli Taluk, Bellary Dist, Karnataka. PREPARED BY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY CONSULTANTS PVT LTD No. 13/2, 14st E Cross, Industrial Town, Agrahara Dasarahalli Rajajinagar, Bengaluru– 560044 QCI/NABET/EIA/ACO/18/00732 M/s Indian Cane Power Limited (Unit: Samsons Distilleries) Prefeasibility Report Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary .......................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction of the Project/ Background Information .......................................... 2 3. Project Description ........................................................................................... 5 4. Site Analysis .................................................................................................. 15 5. Planning ........................................................................................................ 21 6. Proposed Infrastructure .................................................................................. 22 7. Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan ..................................................... 23 8. Project Schedule & Cost Estimation ................................................................. 23 9. Analysis of proposal (Final recommendation)
    [Show full text]
  • Infosys Technologies Completes Delivery of 1,700 Houses for North Karnataka Flood Relief Program
    PRESS RELEASE Infosys Technologies completes delivery of 1,700 houses for North Karnataka Flood Relief Program. Hands over the 4th batch of 1,141 houses built across 11 villages in Gulbarga district Gulbarga, India, April 22, 2011: Infosys Technologies today announced the delivery of an additional 1,141 houses (in addition to 108 delivered at Gulbarga, 425 at Dharwad and 70 at Belgaum), built by the company as a part of its North Karnataka Flood Relief Program initiated in 2009 under Aasare scheme of the Government of Karnataka. The Aasare initiative was established to engage businesses in a public-private partnership to build new houses for those affected by the floods of October 2009. Infosys committed to support the State Government by contributing Rs. 30 Crore for relief and rehabilitation efforts by building over 2,250 houses. The houses were built in 11 villages in Gulbarga district which were affected by the floods in Bheema River and its tributaries. Mr. Kris Gopalakrishnan, CEO, Infosys Technologies and Mr. T.V Mohandas Pai, Member of the Board, Infosys Technologies handed over the houses to Sri. B. S Yeddyurappa, Honorable Chief Minister of Karnataka at Ferozabad, one of these 11 villages. The 2,262 houses are built in 18 villages in 5 districts of North Karnataka, namely Gulbarga (1,249 houses in 12 villages), Yadgir (289 houses in 2 villages), Raichur (229 houses in 2 villages), Dharwad (425 houses in 20 villages of one taluka) and Belgaum (70 houses in 1 village). The houses at Gulbarga, Yadgir and Raichur have been built at new layouts and the ones at Dharwad and Belgaum are in the location of the old houses.
    [Show full text]
  • By J. N. B. HEWITT
    SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 123 Anthropological Papers, No. 10 Notes on the Creek Indians By J. N. B. HEWITT Edited by JOHN R. SWANTON 119 CONTENTS Page Introduction 123 Towns 124 Clans 128 The Square Ground 129 Government 132 The councils 139 Naming 141 Marriage 142 Education 145 Crime 147 Ceremonies 149 Guardian spirits 154 Medicine 154 Witchcraft 157 Souls 157 Story of the man who became a tie-snake 157 The origin of the Natchez Indians 159 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 13. Creek Square Ground or "Big House", probably that of Kasihta 130 Figure 14. Creek Square Ground or "Big House", perhaps that of Okmulgee 131 121 7711S—39 9 — NOTES ON THE CREEK INDIANS By J. N. B. Hewitt Edited by J. R. Swanton Introduction By J. R. Swanton In the administrative report of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921, Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt reported that he was "at work on some material relating to the general culture of the Muskliogean peoples, especially that relating to the Creeks and the Choctaw." He went on to say that In 1881-82 Maj. J. W. Powell began to collect and record this matter at first hand from Mr. L. C. Ferryman and Gen. Pleasant Porter, both well versed in the native customs, beliefs, culture, and social organization of their peoples. Mr. Hewitt assisted in this compilation and recording. In this way he became familiar with this material, which was laid aside for lack of careful revision, and a portion of which has been lost ; but as there is still much that is valuable and not available in print it was deemed wise to prepare the matter for publi- cation, especially in view of the fact that the objective activities treated in these records no longer form a part of the life of the Muskhogean peoples, and so cannot be obtained at first hand.
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH KARNATAKA 6N/7D Supersaver INR 24000/- PP Delight INR 27000/- PP Gateway INR 30000/- PP Bonanza INR 41000/- PP
    NORTH KARNATAKA 6N/7D Supersaver INR 24000/- PP Delight INR 27000/- PP Gateway INR 30000/- PP Bonanza INR 41000/- PP ITINERARY Day 1: Arrival At Bangalore - Hampi (360 Km / 7 Hrs ) Hampi, a UNESCO World heritage site. The capital of Hindu rulers for more than 200 years, Hampi was full of sacred and royal centres now in ruins.Visit Vithala Temple, Virupaksha Temple, dedicated to Virupaksha, The Hazara Rama Temple, Temple of Achyuta Raya, Archaeological museum etc. Dinner & Dinner & Overnight stay at the hotel. Day 2: Hampi Ss Full day visit to Hampi Visit monuments in Hampi such as Hampi Ruins, Malyavanta Raghunathaswamy temple, Virupaksha Temple, Hazara Rama Temple Complex, Vittala Temple Complex etc. For a comprehensive converage of all monuments, full day is required. Dinner & Overnight Stay at hotel. Day 3: Hampi To Badami ( 140km / 4hrs ) Strategically located within a cliff, overlooking the green waters of the large man made Agastya Lake, this ancient city was the capital of the early Chalukya kings.The worth visiting sites here include rock-cut , structural monuments, four richly decorated cave temples and The archeological museum. Dinner & Overnight stay at the hotel. Day 4: Badami Ss Excursion to Aihole (first capital of the early Chalukyas and considered Cradle of Temple architecture) (33 kms) and Pattadakal Temples (22 kms), a group of 8th century monuments in Pattadakal are the culmination of the earliest experiments in Hindu temple architecture (UNESCO World heritage site). Dinner & Overnight stay at hotel. Day 5: Badami To Hassan ( 404km / 9hrs ) Hassan is popularly called as "poor man's Ooty". There is a temple in the heart of the city of Goddess Hasanamba, the temple will be opened for public once in a year.
    [Show full text]
  • Hunter-Gatherers of the Congo Basin 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    HUNTER-GATHERERS OF THE CONGO BASIN 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Barry S Hewlett | 9781351514125 | | | | | Hunter-Gatherers of the Congo Basin 1st edition PDF Book RDC is also looking to expand the area of forest under protection, for which it hopes to secure compensation through emerging markets for forest carbon. Witwatersrand: University Press. Hidden categories: Pages with missing ISBNs CS1: long volume value Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Articles with long short description Short description matches Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July Articles with unsourced statements from July Articles with unsourced statements from August All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June Articles with unsourced statements from March Pages containing links to subscription-only content Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers. Hunter- gatherers in history, archaeology and anthropology. But many climate scientists and policymakers hope that negotiations for Kyoto's successor will include such measures. By regional model. Retrieved As the number and size of agricultural societies increased, they expanded into lands traditionally used by hunter-gatherers. Time, Energy and Stone Tools. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. The filling of the cuvette , however, began much earlier. Common ownership Private Public Voluntary. The Archaic period in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section H
    H (The sound) H.P. 15 (Bomber) Giha (African people) [P235.5] USE Handley Page V/1500 (Bomber) Ikiha (African people) BT Consonants H.P. 42 (Transport plane) Kiha (African people) Phonetics USE Handley Page H.P. 42 (Transport plane) Waha (African people) H-2 locus H.P. 80 (Jet bomber) BT Ethnology—Tanzania UF H-2 system USE Victor (Jet bomber) Hāʾ (The Arabic letter) BT Immunogenetics H.P. 115 (Supersonic plane) BT Arabic alphabet H 2 regions (Astrophysics) USE Handley Page 115 (Supersonic plane) HA 132 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE H II regions (Astrophysics) H.P.11 (Bomber) USE Hambach 132 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-2 system USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) HA 500 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE H-2 locus H.P.12 (Bomber) USE Hambach 500 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-8 (Computer) USE Handley Page Type O (Bomber) HA 512 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE Heathkit H-8 (Computer) H.P.50 (Bomber) USE Hambach 512 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-19 (Military transport helicopter) USE Handley Page Heyford (Bomber) HA 516 Site (Niederzier, Germany) USE Chickasaw (Military transport helicopter) H.P. Sutton House (McCook, Neb.) USE Hambach 516 Site (Niederzier, Germany) H-34 Choctaw (Military transport helicopter) USE Sutton House (McCook, Neb.) Ha-erh-pin chih Tʻung-chiang kung lu (China) USE Choctaw (Military transport helicopter) H.R. 10 plans USE Ha Tʻung kung lu (China) H-43 (Military transport helicopter) (Not Subd Geog) USE Keogh plans Ha family (Not Subd Geog) UF Huskie (Military transport helicopter) H.R.D. motorcycle Here are entered works on families with the Kaman H-43 Huskie (Military transport USE Vincent H.R.D.
    [Show full text]
  • MODEL SCHOOLS Annual Report for the Year 2014-15
    Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan MODEL SCHOOLS Annual report for the year 2014-15 Office of the State Project Director, New Public Offices Annexe Building, N.T. Road, Bengaluru – 560 001 Phone & Fax: 22113792, e-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction: The constitutional directive to provide free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years has been achieved to a large extent by recent and consistent efforts and strategic interventions introduced by both central and state governments. The achievements made by these interventions to a large extent, has pushed the lead towards ‘Universalisation of Secondary Education’. The demand for secondary education is increasing worldwide owing to three factors. Firstly, more countries are on the verge of achieving universalized primary schooling and are attempting to move to higher levels of the educational system. The aspirations of the individual as well as the families are focused toward secondary education. Secondly, tens of thousands of young people in developing countries are in the secondary education and they are going to make a world of difference for their own future and for fortunes of their countries. What was once considered as not very essential is now turning into a global opportunity by building values, attitudes and skills of young people through quality secondary education. Thirdly, the global economy needs a more sophisticated labour force armed with competencies, knowledge and work place skills that cannot be developed in primary schools or low limited quality secondary school programmes. Global educational planners envisage provision of education up to secondary level of good quality which is the crucial tool for generating opportunities and benefits in these third world economies.
    [Show full text]