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US 2004/0237384 A1 Orr (43) Pub US 2004O237384A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2004/0237384 A1 Orr (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 2, 2004 (54) FUEL COMPOSITIONS EXHIBITING (52) U.S. Cl. ................. 44/314; 44/320; 44/358; 44/359; IMPROVED FUEL STABILITY 44/360; 44/444 (76) Inventor: William C. Orr, Denver, CO (US) Correspondence Address: (57)57 ABSTRACT HOGAN & HARTSON LLP ONE TABOR CENTER, SUITE 1500 A fuel composition of the present invention exhibits mini 1200 SEVENTEENTH ST mized hydrolysis and increased fuel Stability, even after DENVER, CO 80202 (US) extended storage at 65 F. for 6–9 months. The composition, which is preferably not strongly alkaline (3.0 to 10.5), is (21) Appl. No.: 10/722,063 more preferably weakly alkaline to mildly acidic (4.5 to 8.5) (22) Filed: Nov. 24, 2003 and most preferably slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.8), includes a e ars lower dialkyl carbonate, a combustion improving amount of Related U.S. Application Data at least one high heating combustible compound containing at least one element Selected from the group consisting of (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 08/986,891, aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, filed on Dec. 8, 1997, now Pat. No. 6,652,608. cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, ger manium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manga Publication Classification nese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, palladium, rubidium, Sodium, tin, Zinc, (51) Int. Cl." ........ C10L 1/12; C1OL 1/30; C1OL 1/28; praseodymium, rhenium, Silicon, Vanadium, or mixture, and C1OL 1/18 a hydrocarbon base fuel. US 2004/0237384 A1 Dec. 2, 2004 FUEL COMPOSITIONS EXHIBITING IMPROVED Viscous base fuel hydrocarbons. The longer chain or more FUEL STABILITY complex hydrocarbons, e.g., heavy oils, heavy fuel oils, diesels, etc., are typically not preferred as fuels due to FIELD OF THE INVENTION handling, emission and combustion concerns. 0001. The present invention relates to enhanced struc tured fuel compositions for use in jet, turbine, diesel, gaso SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION line, and other combustion Systems. More particularly, the 0006 A primary object of the present invention is the present invention relates to fuel compositions using Viscous development and utilization of fuels having enhanced com hydrocarbons, which are Substantially neutral pH, and bustion structure which have increased stability. A further which employ a Silicon based combustion catalyst. object of the present invention is the development of enhanced combustion. Structured in which the base fuel may BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION be more Viscous, or not as highly refined, as now required to 0002 International patent application Nos. PCT/US95/ meet minimum fuel Standards. A further object is the 02691, PCT/US95/06758, and PCT/US96/09653, are incor employment of a co-metallic catalyst, which further porated in their entirety herein by reference, and disclose enhances the combustion structure of the DMC and metal/ fuel compositions and combustion techniques for achieving non-metals component, further improving thermal effi Vapor phase combustion based on an enhanced combustion ciency, fuel economy, power and emissions. structure (“ECS”). This enhanced combustion structure includes a combustible metallic and free radical generating 0007. In accordance therewith, the substantially non oxygenated compound. It has been found that Such free alkaline fuel compositions of the present invention exhibits radical generating oxygenates include C2-C12 aldehydes, improved Stability, with no apparent hydrolysis after Storage aldehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 for six months or more. In addition, the presence of lower oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters, oth dialkyl carbonates and metals in the fuel compositions of the roesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C5-C20 glycol present invention allows for the use of-highly viscous base ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 fuels. dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 0008. The improved fuels described herein contain a base organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxy hydrocarbon fuel or propellant (including hydrogen) co-fuel, lic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, as provided in the PCT applications referenced above. Such acetic acids, boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, co-fuels may be viscous, moderately viscous, or highly orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, formic acids, Viscous (e.g. having Viscosities outside industry standards). nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, which can meet minimum Said Viscous fuels are combined with high energy non-lead burning velocity (BV) and latent heats of vaporization metallic or non-metallics (presented below), together with (LHV) requirements of aforementioned PCT Applications. Symmetrical dialkyl carbonates, e.g., dimethyl or diethyl Specific compounds can be found in detail in Organic carbonate, and preferably a Silicon co-metallic combustion Chemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, catalyst. When the fuel compositions of the present inven N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, tion are then constructed to a weakly alkaline (7.5 to 11.0 Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic pH), substantially neutral (6.5 to 7.5 pH), or acidic (4.5 to Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 6.5 pH),iwhether or not water is present, they exhibit (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. improved Stability with no Substantial hydrolytic propensity. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), and their minimum BV/LHV requirements in aforementioned PCT Applica DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT tions, which are herein by incorporated by reference. INVENTION 0009. The improved fuel composition of the present 0.003 Said enhanced combustion structure oxygenates, invention includes an alkyl carbonate (dimethyl and/or when in combination with a combustible non-lead metal or diethyl carbonate) a metal or non-metallic compound, more non-metal (as set forth below), exhibit high heats of enthalpy fully described below, and optionally a Silicon catalyst, capable, improved combustion, thermal efficiency, fuel co-fuel(propellant), and/or oxidizer. So long as the compo economy, and power. Of particularly interest to this inven Sition is not strongly alkaline, i.e., has a pH of from 3.0 to tion are the enhanced combustion Struture oxygenates of about 10.5, hydrolysis of the fuel composition is avoided. A Symmetrical dialkyl carbonates, especially dimethyl and desirable pH range of the fuel composition of the present diethyl carbonates. invention is from approximately 4.5 to approximately 10.5, 0004. However, it has been reported symrrietrical dialkyl with a more desirable pH range of from approximately 4.5 carbonates, Such as dimethyl carbonate can be problematical to approximately 9.5. An even more desireable pH range is fuel additives due to their potential instability in fuel com from approximately 4.5 to 9.0. Another highly preferred pH positions, which can result in undesired hydrolysis in acidic range is from approximately 5.5 to 8.0. A preferred pH range and aqueous environments. See EPO Application is from approximately 4.5 to approximately 6.5. The most #91306278.2 Karas. Thus, it would be reasonable to expect preferred pH range for the fuel composition of the present fuels containing lower dialkyl carbonates to Store and per invention is from approximately 6.3 to approximately 6.8. form optimally only when in moderately Strong or Strongly 0010 When the pH of the fuel composition of the present alkaline environments, i.e., pHs exceeding 11 or more. invention is less than 11.0, preferably 10.5 or below, 9.5 or Fuels-having pHs lower than 11, e.g. moderately alkaline, below, and more preferably 8.5 or below, the fuel, whether nuetral and acidic would be expected to be problematic. anhydrous or hydrous, may be Stored at ambient temperature 0005. In addition, conventional thinking and regulatory for up to 6 Six months without Substantial apparent hydroly Standards encourage the utilization of more refined leSS SS. US 2004/0237384 A1 Dec. 2, 2004 0.011 For example, Fuel A containing 5% by volume acid, diphenylboronic acid, dibenzylboronic acid, dicylo dimethyl carbonate, 95% by volume unleaded regular grade hexylboronic acid, dicylohexenylboronic acid, dicyclopen commercially available 87 octane (R+M)/2, 1/8 gram tylboronic acid, mgethyldiphenylboronic acid, bis(methyl Mn/gal of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, a )cylohexylboronic acid, bis(methyl)cyclopentylboronic pH of 7.0, and 5% by volume of water, was stored for six acid, bis(methyl)benzylboronic acid, bis(dimethyl)phe months, the fuel exhibited no apparent hydrolysis. nylboronic acid, bis(dimethyl)-cylohexylboronic acid, bis 0012. When such fuel composition was titrated with (dimethyl)cyclopentylboronic acid, or bis(dimethyl)ben acetic acid to a pH of 6.4, still containing 5% by volume of Zylboronic acid. Many other acidic metallics are set forth water (Fuel B) and was then stored for six months, the fuel below and contemplated. exhibited no apparent hydrolysis. 0017. If an additive acid is employed, it is preferred it be 0013 However, when a fuel composition containing dim compatible with the base fuel and have low toxicity, low ethyl carbonate and cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl corrosivity, and be as envirnomentally friendly as possible. was prepared with a
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