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Musical Instruments in Western European Art

An Iconographical Guide

The Frame Drum – 15th - 16th century

Status of August 2004

PLEASE DO NOT SEND ADDITIONAL ENTRIES. The entries published here are only the ones for which I have somewhat respectable bibliographic entries at this time. I have much more information for these and for additional entries which will be added as I get around to it. I didn't set out to compile a bibliography -- or, more properly, an iconography. This list is just what happens to be lying about the house. It is very much a work in progress, but if I waited until everything was perfect, it would never appear.

However, I would appreciate corrections -- wrong page references, for example. Send corrections to

Mary Rasmussen Music Department University of New Hampshire Durham NH 03824 (USA)

I am singularly error-prone, alas, and I am sure that there are numerous mistakes in this list. I am quit capable of looking at page 257 and writing down 277, and I seem to have difficulty telling right from left. Sorry.

The purpose of this iconography is to answer the question "Where can I find an illustration of ...?" I have included only works of art for which there is a published reproduction (plus some that are in the Visual Collection, Fine Arts Library, Harvard University and a few in the Bild-Archiv Photo Marburg).

Many thanks to Isabel Gray and the UHN Music Department for putting this index on their web page.

**

[GB] BRITISH ARTISTS

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Naval Scenes: [Pa private collection] Anon. Henry VIII and his Entourage Debarking from Dover to Boulogne, 1520. The Royal Collection, Her Majesty the Queen, Windsor 2

Castle. Includes drummers in +dories. One is drumming beside a standard with the fleur-de-lys. (H. Soly, ed. Karl V. 1500-1558 und seine Zeit. Cologne 2003. pp. 128- 129 [fine color reproduction])

[NL] DUTCH ARTISTS

I: Old Testament

Job: [Pa Poznan MN] Netherlands, first quarter, 16th century. Job Comforted by Musicians. Poznan MN (ex Breslau, Children's Hospital). Liveried musicians play fiddle and lute. A youth in military costume holds a flute and a drum. (Warsaw MN 1969 catalog, vol. II, no. 1576 [useless reproduction])

Judith: [Heemskerck Dr] Hemmskerck, Maerten van (1498-1574). Holofernes' Body found by Bagoas (1564). Copenhagen SmfK. drawing. Includes a military figure playing a frame drum at the head of an advancing column of lancers. unimp. (J. Garff. Tegninger af Maerten van Heemskerck. Copenhagen 1974. pl. 84) Engraved by Philips Galle as no. 8 of a series of the story of Judith and Holofernes. pub. H. Cock (1564?). (IB vol. 56, no. 5601.016:8, p. 64)

[Heemskerck-Coornhert Pr] Dirck Volkertsz Coornhert (1522-1590) after Maerten Heemskerck. The Flight and Slaughter of the Assyrian Army, from The Story of Judith and Holofernes. Includes a retreating drummer (drum on his back) beside a retreating standard bearer. (IB vol. 55, no. 5501.022.8, p. 85)

Other: [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). David and Abigail. Copenhagen SmfK. Includes in the background a column of troops led by figures playing flute and shallow frame drum. (Friedländer XII, no. 251, pl. 140, as ca.1506)

[Lucas van Leyden Pa] Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533). Worship of the Golden Calf. Amsterdam RM. Includes dancers accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. There are also trumpeters. (H. van Os et al. Netherlandish Art in the Rijksmuseum 1400-1600. Amsterdam 2000. no. 47, p. 135 [small, unhelpful color reproduction], frontispiece [fine color detail]; J. J. van Thiel et al. All the Paintings of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam Amsterdam 1976. p. 355 [utterly useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.L963.11Mo)

II: New Testament

Other: [Lucas van Leyden Pr] Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533). The Conversion of St. Paul. engraving. A drummer, drum on his back, stands to one side and points to the principal group of figures with one of his drumsticks. (Lavalleye nos. 32, 35 [detail])

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IV: Saints

St. Anthony: [Claes van Leyden Dr] Claes van Leyden, Aertgen (1498-1564). The Temptation of St. Anthony. Leiden, University, Prentenkabinet. drawing. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (exh Washington NGA, 1986-87: The Age of Bruegel. No. 1, p. 43 [ok reproduction])

St. Mary Magdalene: [Lucas van Leyden Pr] Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533). The Dance of St. Mary Magdalen (1519). engraving. Figures dance and promenade, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. In the middle ground the Saint rides in a stag hunt (emblem of frivolity, foolishness). In the background, two hunters blow curved horns. There is also a small group of singers. (B. 122; Hollstein [Dutch] X, p. 145; Lavalleye no. 117, no. 118 [detail]; Hirth no. 42; Early Music 8 [1980] 463; P. Parshall. "Lucas van Leyden's Narrative Style." Nederlands kunsthistorisch jaarboek 29 (1978) 185-237, this reproduced p. 226, relevant text pp. 224-229; Exh Washington NGA, 1983: The Prints of Lucas van Leyden and his Contemporaries. Ed. E. S. Jacobowitz and S. L. Stepanek. no. 71)

VII: Allegory

Heaven/Hell: [Bosch Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). Hell, from the Altarpiece of the Garden of Earthly Delights. Madrid Prado. Includes a frame drum beaten by a grotesque demon. From inside the drum a man peers out through the resonance hole in the frame. (Reuterswärd cat. 44, p. 249 [poor reproduction]; Boczkowska, A. "The crab, the sun, the moon and Venus: Studies in the iconology of Hieronymus Bosch's triptych The Garden of Earthly Delights." Oud-Holland 91 [1977] 197-231 [with miscellaneous detail reproductions]; L. Dixon. Alchemical Imagery in Bosch's Garden of Delights. Ann Arbor 1981; L. Dixon. "Bosch's 'Garden of Delights' Triptych: Remnants of a 'Fossil' Science." Art Bulletin 63 [1981] 96-113; Friedländer V, no. 110, pll. 100-102 [poor reproduction]; E. H. Gombrich. "Bosch's 'Garden of Earthly Delights': A progress report." Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 32 [1969] 162-170; Hammerstein Diabolus. nos. 172-176; Komma p. 94 [fair detail]; J. Lenneberg. "Bosch's 'Garden of Earthly Delights': Some musicological considerations and criticisms." Gazette des Beaux-Arts 103 [Sept. 1961] 135-144; R. H. Marijnissen and P. Ruyffelaere. Hieronymus Bosch. Das vollständige Werk. Antwerp 1999. pp. 85 [small color reproduction of the entire triptych], 134 [color reproducton], 148 [partial color detail]; K. Meyer Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 323 [ fair detail]; Authentication: Institute royale du patrimonie artistique Bulletin 6 [1963] 233- 240; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.39T) Also: I. Mateo Gomez. "El Jardin de las delicias. A proposito de una copia temprano y un Tapiz." Archivo español de arte 40 (1967) pl. VI after p. 48 (copy: private collection)

Vice/Virtue: [Bosch Pa] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). Luxuria, from The Seven Capital Sins and the Four Last Things. Madrid Prado. Includes, on the ground, a harp, 4

a recorder (not a tabor pipe -- too many holes) and a small frame drum. (O. Benesch. Collected Writings, II. Ed. E Benesch. London 1971. fig. 6; R. L. Delevoy. Bosch. New York 1990. p. 18 [color reproduction of the whole table top], as ca.1475; Haak. p. 87 [small reproduction of the whole table top]; Hammerstein Diabolus. no. 152. Considers recorder and drum to be pipe and tabor [p. 96]; Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 120; K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 74; F. Sopeña and A. Gallego. La musica en el Museo del Prado. Madrid 1972. p. 58 [splendid color reproduction]; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 68 [1966] 286 [detail]; Oud-Holland 91 [1977] 209; Vis. Coll. 374.1.B652.4Se/4Se1c)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Mostaert Pa] Mostaert, Jan (ca.1475-1555/56). Last Judgement. Copenhagen SmfK. Includes several musical angels, one of whom plays a small frame drum. (Vis. Coll. 374.M858.39J)

Beggars: [Bosch Dr] Bosch, Hieronymus (ca.1450-1516). Sheet of Studies of Crippled Beggars. Brussels MRBA. drawing. Includes figures with two guitars, two harps, two lutes, a small drum and clapper sticks. (exh Rotterdam BvB 1936: Jeroen Bosch, Noord-nederlandsche primitieven. drawings cat. no. 22, fig. 19)

[Bosch Dr/Pr] ______. Studies of Crippled Beggars. Vienna Albertina inv. no. 7798. drawing. Inludes a lame man with a case of flutes hanging from his belt (?) and a small frame drum. (R. H. Marijnissen and P. Ruyffelaere. Hieronymus Bosch. Das vollständige Werk. Antwerp 1999. p. 459; W. Salmen. Der Spielmann im Mittelalter. Innsbruck 1983. Abb. 48; Burlington 90 [1948] 175, notes exh London V & A, 1948: Old Master Drawings from the Albertina) Anonymous engraving published by H. Cock ("Aux quatre vents") (Bröcker Drehleier. fig. 150 [after Sudeck]; de Jongh-Luijten Mirror. p. 112 [ok reproduction], as ca.1570; E. Sudeck. Bettlerdarstellungen vom Ende des XV. Jahrhunderts bis zu Rembrandt. Strasbourg 1931. [SdK, 279] Abb. 2; exh The Hague, 1994: Music and Painting in the Golden Age. p. 309 [small reproduction, not exhibited])

Military Musicians: [Claes van Leyden Pr] Claes van Leyden, Aertgen (1498-1564). Standard-Bearer, Flute Player and Drummer. engraving. The drum has a snare on the bottom head. (Hollstein [Dutch] IV, no. 166, p. 149)

[Lucas van Leyden Dr] Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533). Standard Bearer, Flute Player and Drummer. Berlin SM Ksk. drawing. (K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 10; Vis. Coll. 374d.L963.90[g])

Putti: [Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] Cornelisz van Amsterdam (van Oostsanen), Jacob (ca. 1470-1533). Virgin and Child. Bamberg, Bayrische Staatsgemäldesammlungen. Putti on the frame play a flute and a shallow drum (held 5 vertically). There are numerous other musical angels and putti. This is a variant of a painting in Arnhem, Gemeentemuseum, which does not have the flute- and drum- playing putti. (van Dijck-Koopman. no. 10)

[Cornelisz van Amsterdam Pa] ______. Adoration of the Trinity. Kassel, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister. Many musical putti, including one playing a small, shallow frame drum held with one hand and beaten with a single stick. (Friedländer XII, no. 245, pl. 136 [not helpful for details]; Vis. Coll. 374.C813.39T1)

[B] FLEMISH ARTISTS

I: Old Testament

Other: [Ta Padua Museo Civico] Flemish (designed by Adrian van den Houte), early 16th century. Preparations for the Expedition against Rabbath, with the Arming of Uriah. Padua, Museo Civico. tapestry. Includes military figures in the background playing flute and frame drum. (Oud-Holland 83 [1968] 76)

II: New Testament

Herod, Feast of: [Orley Pa] Orley, Bernard van (ca.1491-1542). The Beheading of John the Baptist, with the Feast of Herod in the Background. private collection. At the beheading figures hold a flute and a frame drum. At the feast they play. (Friedländer VIII, cat. no. 92, pl. 91; Oud-Holland 84 [1969] 261)

IV: Saints

Other: [G van der Weyden Pa] Weyden, Goossen van der (b.ca.1465-m. soon after 1538). The Embarkation of St. Dympna, from The Legend of St. Dympna. private collection. There seems to be a figure holding a little frame drum. (exh London, Burlington House, 1927: Flemish and Belgian Art 1300-1900. p. 84; exh Antwerp 1930: Flemish Art. catalog pub. Paris 1932 as Trésor de l'art flamande. pl. XV)

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

[Ta private collection] Flemish (Brussels, atelier of Pieter van Aelst, probably after a cartoon by Quentin Metsys). The Wedding of Philippe le Beau and Jeanne d'Aragon, Antwerp 1496. private collection. tapestry. A torchlight dance with stately dancers accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (exh Brussels, Palais des Beaux-Arts, 1951: La siècle de Bourgogne. pl. XLVII, as 1496-1506; exh Amsterdam RM, 1951: Bourgondische Pracht. cat. no. 138, pl. 33, as ca.1500)

VII: Allegory

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Months/Zodiac (February/Pisces): [Ms London BL Add. 24098] Flemish (Bruges), early 16th century. February, from a Book of Hours. London BL Add. Ms 24098, fol. 19v. manuscript illumination. A torch dance at a banquet, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (Bowles Pratique. pl. 91 [fine color reproduction], as ca.1500)

Months/Zodiac (May/Gemini): [Ms Munich BSB lat. 23638] Bening, Simon (1483/84- 1561), attr. May, from the calendar of a Book of Hours. Munich BSB cod. lat. 23638, fol. 6v. manuscript illumination. In a boat a woman plays a lute and a man plays a flute. There is also a man in the bow of the boat with a large frame drum. (=? MgB III/9, p. 122)

Months/Zodiac (November/Sagittarius): [Ms Venice Marciana] Horenbout, Gerard (a.1465-1541), attr. November, from the Calendar of the Breviary of Cardinal Grimani. Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, fol. 12. manuscript illumination. Martinmas festivities (11 November) include players of flute and frame drum. (The Grimani Breviary. London 1972. pl. 22, as Flemish, 1510-20)

Months/Zodiac (December/Capricorn): [Ms Munich BSB lat. 23638] Bening, Simon (1483/84-1561), attr. December, from a fragment of a Book of Hours. Munich BSB cod. lat. 23638, fol. 13v. manuscript illumination. A torch dance at a banquet, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (Marburg 101 216)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles: [BI Antwerp 1515] Anon. Troops on the March, [led by emperor Charles V?], from Bernardus de Opitiis, Loeflicken Sanck. Antwerp, Jan de Gheet, 1515. woodcut. A troop of cavalry in the foreground is accompaned by three mounted trumpeters (double-eagle banners). In the background a troop of foot soldiers is led by a drummer. unimp. (A. J. J. Delen. Ooude Kunst en Graphiek. Antwerp 1943. fig. 60)

[Ta Naples MN Capodimonte] Flemish (Brussels, Dermoyen Workshop) (cartoon by Bernard van Orley). The Advance of the Imperial Army and Counterattack of the French Cavalry, from the Battle of Pavia series. Naples MN Capodimonte. tapestry. Includes players of flute and drum by the standard in the upper left. (Burlington 144 [2002] 348 [poor reproduction])

[Ta Naples MN Capodimonte] ______. The Surrender of King Francis I. as above. Includes a drummer with his drum on his back (upper left). (Burlington 144 [2002] 348 [miserable reproduction])

[Ta Naples MN Capodimonte] ______. The Imperial Attack on the French Cavalry led by the Marquis of Pescara and on the French Artillery by the Lansquenets Led by Georg von Frundsberg. as above. There seem to be one or more trumpeters (mounted?) (left center) and a drummer with his drum on his back (upper right). 7

(Burlington 144 [2002] 349 [miserable reproduction])

[Ta Naples MN Capodimonte] ______. The Sortie of the Besieged Imperial Trops and the Rout of the Swiss Guard. as above. Includes a drummer with his drum on his back (upper left center). (Burlington 144 [2002] 349 [miserable reproduction])

[Orley Dr] Orley, Bernard van (ca.1488-1541). The Battle of Pavia. Paris Louvre CdD. drawing. Includes a drummer. (Vis. Coll. 374.1d.Or54.4D1)

Fairs/Festivals: [Pa Gaesbeek] Flemish (Tournai), late-15th century. Village Fair. Gaesbeek, Chateau, Museum. Includes figures playing flute and bass drum (played by a monkey-like figure). unimp. (M. Jarry. World Tapestry. New York 1969. p. not recorded; A. G. G. Wouters. Histoire des environs de Bruxelles, I ... Ed. F. Marien. Brussels 1971. p. 255)

Tournaments: [Dr Göttingen University] South Netherlands, ca.1520. Tournament. Göttingen, Georg-August Universtät, Kunstsammlung. drawing. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (Catalogue of Drawings, no. 93, fig. 37)

[Orley Dr] Orley, Bernard van (ca.1491-1542), attr. Tournament. Amsterdam Rpk. drawing. Includes players of flute and frame drum. (exh Amsterdam Rpk, 1963: Keuze van Tekeningen. no. 20, as ca.1520)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Master Frankfurt Pa] Master of Frankfurt (op. 1500-1520). Virgin and Child (from the Puccini Triptych). Pistoia MC. Angels play harp (right) and lute (left). There is also a pair of statuary angels playing flute and frame drum. (Friedländer VII, cat. no. 132, pl. 104 [poor reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 374.1.M3923.34[c])

Musicians: [Vellert Pr] Vellert, Dirk (doc.1511-1544). Drummer and Child (1523). etching. The drummer has his drum on his back. unimp. (IB vol. 14, no. 17, p. 220)

Military Musicians: [Crabbe van Espleghem Pr] Crabbe van Espleghem, Frans (The Master with the Crayfish) (ca.1480-1552). Drummer and Fifer. etching. The drum has a snare on the bottom head. (Hollstein [Dutch] V, no. 49, p. 93 [poor reproduction])

[Claes van Leyden Pr] Claes van Leyden, Aertgen (1498-1564). Standard-Bearer, Flute Player and Drummer. engraving. The drum has a snare on the bottom head. (Hollstein [Dutch] IV, no. 166, p. 149)

[F] FRENCH ARTISTS

I: Old Testament 8

David and Musicians: [Ms Paris Arsenal 601] French, late 15th century. Duke René copying the Psalms, from the Breviary of Duke René II of Lorraine. Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Ms. 601, fol. 2v. manuscript illumination. One of the musicians plays a shallow frame drum, held horizontally and beaten on both heads. (Early Music 19 [1991] May front cover [ok color reproduction, slightly cropped], as ca. 1490; Musica calendar 1986: 4-17 May [ok color reproduction], as ca.1485)

David -- Other: [Pa Paris Cluny] French (Amiens), early 16th century. Coronation of King David and a King of France. Paris, Musée de Cluny, inv.no.822d. David gets musicians in one balcony blowing a curved horn or a small oliphant (blown off to the side like a cornett -- or is it just a perspective problem?) and a straight trumpet; and in the other balcony, a straight trumpet and a shallow frame drum. The King of France (Louis XII) gets pairs of musicians blowing straight trumpets in both of his balconies. (Bowles, Pratique, pl. 18 [Coronation of David, only], as ca. 1501; Vis Coll. 375.F915.19[g])

II: New Testament

Apocalypse -- Elders: [Ms Escorial E Vitr. 5] French (Savoy), completed in 1482. Christ in a Mandorla, Surrounded by the Elders of the Apocalypse, from an Apocalypse. El Escorial, Real Biblioteca de San Lorenzo, Ms E Vitr. 5, fol. 27. manuscript illumination. There are many musical instruments in front of the Elders, including a rather shallow frame drum. The object next to it may be either a beater or a tabor pipe. (Bowles Pratique depicts two different illustrations of the subject, both as fol. 27 [pll. 4, 77b])

VI: Literary and Historical Subject/Figures

[Ms London BL Harley 6205] French (Paris or Blois), early 16th century. Swiss Dancing as their Villages Burn, from François du Moulin and Albert Pigghe, Les commentaires de la guerre gallique. London BL Ms Harley 6205, fol. 9v. manuscript illumination. Four couples dance, accompanied by militiamen playing flute and drum. (T. Kren. Renaissance Painting in Manuscripts. Treasures from the British Library. New York 1983. p. 182 [small reproduction])

VII: Allegory

Months/Zodiac (May/Gemini): [Ms Besançon] French, [early] 16th century. May/Gemini, from the Book of Hours of Jean d'Achey. Besançon, Bibliothèque. There are six figures in the boat, including men playing a flute and a drum. (Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 144)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor 9

Battles: [BI Paris 1528] Title page of Le Rozier ou Epithome hystorial de France. Paris, for F. Regnault, 1528. woodcut. Includes three battle scenes with players of flute and drum. (Mortimer French. vol. I/2, cat. no. 466, p. 573)

Boating Parties: See also Allegory, Months/Zodiac (May/Gemini).

Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees/Parades: [Ta Paris Arts Africains] French (Arras, early 16th century. Triumphal Procession of the King of Cochin. Paris, Musée des Arts Africains et Océaniens. tapestry. Includes a virtually naked woman playing a frame drum (which seems to have pellet bells around both rims). (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 82 [1973] 306)

Tournaments: [Pa Amiens Picardie] Anon., 16th century. The Puy d'Amiens of 1525 (1526). Amiens, Musée de Picardie. Includes two men in a fancy little tribune playing flute and huge frame drum. (L. Gillet. Trésors des Musées de Province. Paris 1934. vol. I, unnumbered p.; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 109 [1987] 52 [small reproduction, not helpful for flute and drum; Vis. Coll. 375.F916.19[i]1)

[DACH] GERMAN, AUSTRIAN AND SWISS ARTISTS

I: Old Testament

Jephthah: [BI Strasbourg 1485] Anon. The Return of Jepthah, from a Bible. Strasbourg, Johann (Reinhard) Gruninger, 1485. woodcut. The Daughter plays a harp, and she is followed by a woman playing a small frame drum (snare on upper head), held in front of her shoulder. (IB vol. 85, no. 1485/119, p. 107)

Job: [Dürer Pa] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Job. Cologne WRM. Musicians play shawm and a tiny frame drum. (G. Bandmann. Melancholie und Musik. Ikonographische Studien. Opladen 1960. pp. 149-150; J. Blades and J. Montagu. Early Percussion Instruments. London 1976. p. 8 [small reproduction]; H. Keller. Wallraf-Richartz Mseum , Köln. Munich 1965. Abb. 9 [fine reproduction]; E. Panofsky.

Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 1955. fig. 112; Pincherle p. 44 [fine color reproduction]; W. Waetzold. Dürer und seine Zeit. New York 1958. pl. 11, as ca.1500. The drummer perhaps a self-portrait; Cologne WRM. Katalog der Deutschen und Niederländischen Gemälde bis 1550 ... Cologne 1969. pl. 47; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 10 [1938] 168; Vis. Coll. 373.D93.19[a]4) Drawing after by School of Lucas I Cranach (1472-1553) (Berlin KsK). The figures compressed into one scene. (Bandmann Melancholie. p. 151; K. Renger. Lockere Gesellschaft ... Berlin 1970. Abb. 9)

Judith: [Cranach I Pa] Cranach, Lucas I (1472-1553). The Death of Holofernes. Gotha, Schlossmuseum. Includes soldiers outside the tent gambling on a frame drum. 10

(exh Weimar, Kunstsammlung, 1972: Lucas Cranach. p. 65, as 1531)

[Schäufelein Pr] Schäufelein, Hans Leonhard (ca.1483-1539/40). The Battle of Betulia (Apocrypha: Book of Judith). woodcut. Includes a drummer completely submerged in the battle. (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.1021-24, as ca.1530)

Miriam/Crossing the Red Sea: [BI Strasbourg 1485] Anon. Miriam Rejoicing, from a Bible. Strasbourg, Johann (Reinhard) Gruninger, 1485. woodcut. Miriam plays a small, shallow frame drum, hung from a short cord around her neck. The striking head is tilted downward and has a snare. (It is possible that she strikes both heads.) Women behind her play portative organ and psaltery. (IB vol. 85, no. 1485/96, p. 103)

Other: [BI Basel 1524] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Passe-partout title page border with Biblical subjects. Includes a drummer in the left margin. (Hollstein [German] XIV A, no. 64, p. 135, from Johann Bugenhagen, In librum psalmorum Interpretatio ... Basel, A. Petri, 1524)

II: New Testament

Last Judgement: [Fr Raron] Anon., early 16th century. Last Judgement. Raron (Willis). fresco. Two angels play curving trumpets. Devils play several musical instruments, including flute and frame drum. (P. L. Ganz. Die Malerei des Mittelalters und des XVI. Jahrhunderts in der Schweiz. Basel 1950. [Schweizer Kunst, 5] p. 103, as after 1515)

III: Miscellaneous Religious Subjects

Other: [Pr Anon.] German (Munich), early 16th century. Christ and the Loving Soul: Christ Leading the Loving Soul to Heaven (1501). woodcut. Christ plays a shallow frame drum (played with one hand, beaten on the bottom head). (K. Meyer Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1975. p. 314)

V: Mythology

Mercury: [Breu I Dr] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1533). Mercury, drawing in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian, fol. 75v. Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale. pen drawing in green ink. Mercury holds high a recorder. There is a frame drum (V-shaped snare) at his feet. (W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 165 [fine color reproduction])

Muses (unidentified): [BI Augsburg 1507] Hans Süss von Kulmbach (ca. 1480-1522), attr. "Mons Parnassvs"/Apollo on Parnassus, from Celtes and Petrus Tritonius, Melopoiae.. Augsburg, Erhard Oeglin, 1507. woodcut. One of the Pierides or Muses 11

plays a frame drum (shallow, held in front of her shoulder and played with one hand). (Fraenkel no. 2 [ok reproduction]; Kinsky p. 73; Komma p. 83; MGG IX, Taf. 119; H. Röttinger. Dürers Doppelgänger. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK 234] pl. LXVII, as by the "Zeichner der Komödienschnitte," appearing in Gunther's Ligurinus, Augsburg 1507; Early Music 5 [1977] 14, as by Hans Süss von Kulmbach. Says [p. 16] it represents a stage-setting, perhaps a composite finale, and that Apollo must be a borrowing from an Italian contemporary, or rather earlier, source.)

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

[BI Mainz 1523] Anon. Battle, from T. Livius, Romische historien ... mit etlichen newen Translationen ... Mainz, J. Schöffer, 1523. woodcut. Includes players of flute (barely visible) and frame drum. (Die Weltkunst 59 [1989] 113)

[BI Strasbourg ca.1481] Anon. Of the Merchant and the Ass. from Aesopus, Vita et fabulae. Strasbourg, Heinrich Knoblochtzer, ca.1481. woodcut. A man plays a rather shallow drum, snare on top. Cf. Hispanic, Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures. (IB vol. 83, no. 1481/789, p. 141)

[BI Strasbourg 1502] Anon. Gentleman Dining in a Garden, from Publii Virgilii Maronis Opera. Strasbourg, Sebastian Brant, 1502. woodcut. Musicians at the right play harp and lute. Musicians at the left play flute and drum. At the base of the table there is a tiny fiddle and bow. (G. Schiedlausky. Essen und Trinken. Munich 1956. p. 29 [ok reproduction]; MGG V, col. 1555)

[BI Strasbourg 1507] Anon. Rape of the Sabine Women. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (R. Benz. Wandel des Bildes der Antike in Deutschland. Munich 1948. p. 45, as from Livius, Strasbourg 1507)

[Schmid Fr] Schmid, Thomas (m.ca.1550/60) and others. Assault on Sagunt (Livius 21, 14). Stein am Rhein, St. Georgen, Raum 8, Festsaal. fresco. The figures are in 16th- century costume. There is a mounted trumpeter in the background (with the cavalry) and a frame drum on the ground in the foreground (with the infantry). (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 39: Kanton Schaffhausen II. Basel 1958. p. 129; P. L. Ganz. Die Malerei des Mittelalters und des XVI. Jahrhunderts in der Schweiz. Basel 1950. [Schweizer Kunst, 5] p. 139)

VII: Allegory

Alphabets: [Weiditz Pr] Weiditz, Hans (op. ca.1500-p.1536). Letter "K," from an Alphabet. woodcut. Features putti with a dancing bear and playing a bladder pipe and a shallow frame drum. (Geisberg-Strauss G.1548)

Dance of Death: [Ms Donaueschingen] Anon. ca. 1520. Death outside the Ossuary, 12 from the Handschrift Zimmern. Donaueschingen, F. F. Hofbibliothek, Hs A III, 54. Death beats a frame drum with a bone. (Hammerstein Tanz Abb. 292-97)

[Ms Erfurt] German, last quarter, 15th century. Death Beating a Drum, from a Totenbuch. Erfurt, Michaeliskirche. manuscript illumination. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Sachsen, II/2: Die Stadt Erfurt. Burg 1932. p. 507)

[BI Heidelberg ca.1488] Anon. Skeletons outside the Ossuary, from a Totentanz. Heidelberg, Knoblochtzer, ca.1488. woodcut. A skeleton plays a frame drum. (D. Briesemeister. Bilder des Todes. Unterscheidheim 1970. Abb. W2, as Munich 1500/10; K. Meyer Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 301; Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 139)

[Pa ex Klingenthal] Anon., late 15th century. Totentanz. ex Basel, Frauenkloster/Kloster Klingenthal, cloister (destroyed). Includes a skeleton with a frame drum. Watercolor copy (1768) by E. Büchel (Basel, Kunstmuseum, Ksk) (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 264 [original as 1460-80])

[Fr Metnitz Pfarrkirche] Austrian, ca.1500. Death and the Merchant, from a Totentanz. Metnitz (Kärnten), Pfarrkirche. fresco. Death plays a shallow frame drum. (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 2, in situ, can't really tell what's in it; Salmen Katalog. p. 37)

[Holbein II Pr] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Death and the Lady, from a Totentanz. woodcut. Death beats a very suggestively placed shallow frame drum. (Hammerstein Tanz. Abb. 213; Hirth no. 684; K. Meyer-Baer. Music of the Spheres ... Princeton 1970. p. 303; MGG XIII, Taf. 28/3)

[Master AC Pr] Monogrammist AC. Death and an Aristocratic Couple, from a Totentanz. woodcut. Death has a frame drum hanging from his forearm which he plays with two knobbed sticks. (Early Musc 5 [1977] 97, and note correspondence [U. and R. Henning], p. 431)

Months/Zodiac (July/Leo): [Breu I Dr] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537). July, from a Twelve Months series. Berlin SM KdZ inv. no. 12,839. drawing (roundel -- Scheibenriss). Includes a military figure playing a drum. (ex Berlin SM Ksk, 1967-68: Dürer und seine Zeit. cat. & pl. no. not recorded [ok reproduction]; Vis. Coll. 373d.B759.91[b])

Playing Cards: [Schäufelein Pr] Schäufelein, Hans Leonhard (ca.1483-1539/40). The Knave of Bells, from a set of 48 playing cards. woodcut. A lancer. Above him, hanging like a trophy from a tree, are a case for/of flutes and a frame drum. (Geisberg-Strauss G.1112-1117, as ca.1535)

[Schäufelein Pr] ______. The Two of Hearts, as above. Includes a boating party with figures playing flute and frame drum. (Geisberg-Strauss G.1112-1117) 13

Temperaments (Melancholy): [Cranach I Pa] Cranach, Lucas I (1472-1553). Melancholia. location unknown. Includes a swarm of putti, two of whom play flute and frame drum. (R. Klibansky, E. Panofsky and F. Saxl. Saturn and Melancholy ... New York 1964. pl. 130; exh Rotterdam BvB, 1938: Meesterwerken uit vier eeuwen 1400- 1800. cat. no. 25, fig. 25)

Vanitas: [Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), attr. The Pleasures of the World/Frolickers Threatened by Death. Oxford Ashmolean. drawing. Includes prominent players of flute and drum and, elsewhere, beside the fountain in the center, a barely sketched-in bagpiper. (E. Panofsky. The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 4/1955. illus. 29; W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 6. New York 1974. no. XW.163, p. 2925 [ok reproduction], as "a pasticchio of motifs chosen from Dürer's 'file' by a member of his workshop and put together on a large sheet for practice and amusement in about 1503 to 1505"; K. T. Parker. Catalogue of the Collection of Drawings in the Ashmolean Museum. Oxford 1938. vol. I. pl. LIV)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). "Die eytel vergengklich Freudt vn[d] Wollust diser Welt." woodcut pub. Nürnberg, Christoff Zell, 1534. Includes picnickers serenaded by figures playing lute and woodwind (flute or cornett); a joust accompanied by military figures playing flute and drum; and perhaps a hunter with a curved horn. It accompanies a long poem by Hans Sachs. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 1162; H. Röttinger. Erhard Schön und Niklaus Stör. Strasbourg 1925. [SdK, 229] cat. no. 162, pl. V [poor reproduction])

Vice/Virtue: [BI Basel 1527] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Passe-partout title- page border depicting the Tabula Cebetis. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum accompaning a vigorously dancing couple. It is in the section labelled "Incontinentia" (Immoderate, Intemperate). (Hollstein [German] XIVA, no. 33b, p. 23, from Desiderius Erasmus, In Novum Testamentum Annotationes ... Basel, J. Froben, 1527)

Other: [Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-a.1531). Ball. Includes musicians in a gallery playing flute and drum. (Hirth no. 490)

Kayn lust dem Alter wonet bey/ Drum acht ich das es grausam sey.

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). Prognostication for the Year 1524 with Pisces. woodcut. Includes players of flute and frame drum standing on a hill. (IB vol. 13, Commentary, no. 1301.024, p.107)

IX: Heraldic 14

[Cranach I Pr] Cranach, Lucas I (1472-1553). The Arms of Degenhart Pfeffinger. woodcut. Includes a shallow frame drum with a snare. (Hollstein [German] VI ,no. 140, p. 113)

XII: Decorative Elements

[Beck Pr] Beck, Leonhard (op. 1503-1542). St. Rolandus. woodcut. Decoration on an arch includes a frame drum. (Henning p. 58)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Neck and Back Plates for a Suit of Armor. Berlin KsK, Kdz 21 559. drawing. Includes a trophy with a case of/for flutes and a frame drum and sticks (knobs on both ends). (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer, vol. 3. New York 1974. no. 1517/6, p. 1651 [fine reproduction])

[Dürer Dr] ______. Trophy of Musical Instruments, drawing in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian, fol. 19r. Munich, Staatsbibliothek. drawing. Includes a case of flutes and a frame drum. very unimp. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 3. New York 1974. no. 1515/14, p. 1503 [ok reproduction]; Henning p. 149; W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 37 [fine color reproduction])

[Dürer Copy Dr] ______, Copy. Ornament for a Scabbard. location unknown. drawing. Includes a trophy of case of/for flutes, trombone (? -- partly visible -- a trumpet would make more sense) and deep frame drum. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer. Vol 3. New York 1974. no. 10, p. 1802)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles, Encampments and other Military Scenes: See also Old Testament, Judith; Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures; Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Naval Scenes.

[Ms **] Schilling, Diebold (m.1486). Siege of a City, from a chronicle. ** manuscript drawing. Includes military figures playing a flute and a drum. (E. Othbrandt. Illustrierte deutsche Geschichte. Munich [pref. 1963]. opp. p. 157, as "dargestellt von Diebold Schilling in seiner Chronik von 1490")

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] Schilling, Diebold (m.1486). Schilling' s second Bern chronicle, the so-called Spiez Chronicle, commissioned by Rudolf von Erlach of Spiez, 1484-85. Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Mss. Hist. Helv. I, 16. I have selectively indexed this chronicle from Diebold Schillings Spiezer Bilderchronik. Ed. H. Haeberli and C. von Steyner (Lucerne 1990) (henceforth referred to as "Schilling Spiez"). Other illustrations with flute (mostly with drum) can be found in this chronicle 15

on pages 171, 180, 187, 196, 200, 208, 249, 268, 272, 303, 307, 314, 319, 333, 363, 373, 383, 384, 395, 408, 419, 441, 443. 455 and 712.

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. Bern Troops Come to the Aid of the Count of Savoy, Grafenkirch, 1265-67. as above, p. 204. Includes military figures playing flute and drum. (Schilling Spiez, p. 91, Commentary p. 186)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. Bern Receives the Reichsfreiheit, Zürich, 1274. as above, p. 93. Includes prominent military figures playing flute and drum. (Schilling Spiez, p. 93, Commentary p. 187)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. The Conquest of Jagdberg/Jaberg, 1288. as above, p. 124. Includes military figures, in the middle of the composition, playing flute and frame drum. (Schilling Spiez, p. 124, Commentary p. 199)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. The Siege of Schloss Belp, 1289. as above, p. not recorded (between p. 124 and p. 144). Includes military figures playing flute and frame drum. (The siege lasted ten years.) (Schilling Spiez, p. not recorded, Commentary p. 204)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. Bern and Freiburg Troops on the March against Savoy, 1308. as above, p. 149. Prominent military figures play flute and frame drum. (Schilling Spiez, p. 149, Commentary p. 207)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. The Destruction of Burg Bremgarten, 1311, by Troops from Bern. as above, p. 153. Prominent military figures play flute and frame drum. (Schilling Spiez, p. 153, Commentary p. 209) [Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. Burg Kernenried is Overrun, 1318. as above, p. 164. Prominent military figures play flute and frame drum. (Schilling Spiez, p. 164, Commentary p. 215)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. Swiss Troops Attacking Landshut in 1332. as above, p. 204. Includes military figures playing flute and drum (bottom snare). (Schilling Spiez, p. 204, Commentary p. 233; MgB III/8, p. 85, as 1484/85)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. The Return of the Troops from Bern and their Allies. as above, p. 289. Includes military figures playing flute, frame drum and Harsthorn(Harschhorn). (Schilling Spiez, p. 289, Commentary p. 270)

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. Mercenaries from the Waldstatten Marching Home. as above, p. 291. Includes military figures playing flute, frame drum and Harsthorn (Harschhorn). (Schilling Spiez, p. 291, Commentary p. 271)

16

[Ms Bern Bürgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] ______. Troops from Bern, led by Rudolf von Erlach, Ravage the Land of the Kyburgers. as above, p. 309. Includes military figures playing flute and frame drum. (Schilling Spiez, p. 309, Commentary p. 278)

[Ms Bern Stadtbibliothek] Schilling, Diebold (m.1486). The Destruction of Schloss Lucens, 1476, from the Amtlicher (Berner) Chronik (1478-1483) of Diebold Schilling. Bern, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek. manuscript drawing. Includes military figures playing a reverse-curve horn (Harsthorn/Harschhorn); a bagpipe; and flute and frame drum. (G. Duthaler. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel. Basel 1985. p. 34 [ok reproduction]; =? Diebold Schillings Spiezer Bilderchronik. Ed. H. Haeberli and C. von Steyner. Lucerne 1990. Commentary vol. p. 132)

[Ms Bern Stadtbibliothek] ______. Swiss Troops on the March near Grandson, 1476. as above. manuscript drawing. The troops are accompanied by one group of military figures playing flute, curved horn (Harsthorn/Harschhorn) and shallow frame drum; and another group playing bagpipe and shallow frame drum. (G. Duthaler. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel. Basel 1985. p. 10)

[Ms Bern Stadtbibliothek] ______. Dance of the besieging troops celebrating the end of the plague which had been devastating the area/The siege of Laubegg and Mannenberg (1349). as above. manuscript drawing. Military encampment. In the left foreground two groups of three soldiers each join hands and dance, accompanied by military figures playing flute and drum. Behind them there is a trumpeter (the trumpet's banner shows the Bern bear). (G. Duthaler. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel. Basel 1985. p. 24 [ok reproduction])

[Ms Bern Stadtbibliothek] ______. Militia Outside the Walls of Bern as above. Military figures play a flute and a shallow, vertical frame drum; a slightly reverse-curve horn (Harsthorn/Harschhorn); and a bagpipe and a shallow, vertical frame drum. (G. Duthaler et al. Vom Trommeln und Pfeifen. Basel 1986. p. 7 [ok reproduction])

[Ms Lucerne ZB S.23 fol] Schilling, Diebold, the Younger (1460-ca.1522). Lucern Mercenaries entering into French Service (1508), from the Lucern Chronicle (1513). Lucerne ZB, Ms S.23 fol. manuscript drawing. Military figures in a boat play flute and frame drum. (P. Ganz. Geschichte der Kunst in der Schweiz ... Basel 1960. pl. VIII [ok color])

[Ms Lucerne ZB S.23 fol] ______. Standard bearers of the Acht Orte and Solothurn on the march in the Sundgau, 1468, from the Lucerne Chronicle (1513). Lucerne ZB Ms S.23 fol. manuscript drawing. Troops on the march. Military figures, front and center, play flute and frame drum. (G. Duthaler. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel. Basel 1985. p. 27 [ok reproduction])

[Ms Lucerne ZB S. 23 fol] ______. View of Basel, with Troops in the Foreground/ as above. Includes a player of a frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, III: 17

Basel-Stadt, Bd. I. Abb. 53)

[Ms Zürich ZB Ms A 5] Schilling, Diebold (m.1486). Schilling's Great Burgundian Chronicle. Zürich ZV Ms A 5. I have selectively indexed this chronicle from Die Grosse Burgunder Chronik des Diebold Schilling von Bern. Ed. A. A. Schmid. Lucerne 1985 (henceforth refered to as "Schilling Burgundian"). Other illustrations with flute (mostly with drum) can be found in the chronicle on pages 210, 285, 536 and 605.

[Ms Zürich ZB Ms A 5] ______. Swiss Troops Approaching Grandson in Boats. as above, p. 519. Includes prominent military figures in a boat playing flute and frame drum. There is also a bell in a tower. (Schilling Burgundian, Abb. 131)

[Ms Zürich ZB Ms A 5] ______. Troops Marching Across the Untertorbrücke (Murten?), 1476. as above, p. 645. Includes military figures playing a flute (unusually prominent) and frame drum. (Schilling Burgundian, Abb. 154)

[Ms Zürich ZB Ms A 5] ______. Swiss Troops on the March. as above, p. 647. Includes a mounted trumpeter and figures on foot playing flute and frame drum. (Schilling Burgundian, Abb. 155)

[BI Cologne 1499] Anon. "Vn die Baeswijler Strijt ...," from Chronici von der hilligen Stadt Coelln. Cologne, Johann Koelhoff, 1499. woodcut. Battle scene. Includes a drum on the ground with a severed arm still clutching a drumstick. There are also another drum and a flute on the ground. (R. Muther. German Book Illustration ... Transl. R. R. Shaw. Metuchen NJ 1972. pl. 110)

[CI Pavia 1525] Schäufelein, Hans (ca.1483-1539/40). The Battle of Pavia. woodcut. Includes a drummer running alone across a field and a trumpeter (folded trumpet) galloping furiously. (Geisberg-Strauss G.1089-94, as ca.1526)

[Gl Basel HM] Swiss, early 16th century. Scenes of Military Life. Basel HM. Includes military figures with flute and frame drum serenading three officers and a prostitute (?) around a table. (G. Duthaler. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel. Basel 1985. p. 55)

[Pa London, Royal Armouries] Anon. [German?], 16th century. The Battle of Pavia (1525). London, Royal Armouries, The Tower. Includes players of flute (barely visible) and frame drum (prominent -- his drum adorned with the Imperial double eagle) in the right foreground. (H. Soly, ed. Karl V. 1500-1558 und seine Zeit. Cologne 2003. p. 142 [small color reproduction])

[Pa Stein am Rhein] Swiss, early 16th century. Musicians Entertaining Visitors to the Zurzacher Fair (1515). Stein am Rhein, Klostermuseum St. Georgen. Military figures play flute and frame drum. (G. Duthaler. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel. Basel 1985. p. 26 [detail])

18

[Ta Basel HM] Swiss (Bischofzell), 16th century. Scenes of Peasant and Military Life. Basel HM. tapestry. Includes a troop of lancers crossing a bridge, with military figures playing flute and frame drum. (P. Ganz. Geschichte der Kunst in der Schweiz ... Basel 1960. p. 600; Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 23: Kanton Thurgau [Frauenfeld]. Basel 1950. pl. 1, p. XII, as ca.1520. Identifies the bridge as the Thurbrücke, Frauenfeld; Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 48: Kanton Thurgau III. Basel 1962. pp. 22 [detail of the group on the bridge], 36, as ca.1520/30. Identifies the bridge as the Thurbrücke, Bischofzell.)

[Wsc ex? Hildesheim] German, first half, 16th century. Marching Troops. ex (?) Hildesheim, Haus Wollweberstr. 962. wood relief panel. Includes military figures playing flute and frame drum. (L. Lachner. Die Holzarchitectur Hildesheims. Hildesheim [1882]. pl. XX)

[Altdorfer Pa] Altdorfer, Albrecht (ca.1480-1538). Alexanderschlacht/The Battle of Alexander (1529). Munich AP. Includes my all-time favorite drummer, racing alongside the battle, drumming as though the whole battle depended on him. He is a tiny detail in a huge painting (he's at the far right, in the open space that curves around to the left). Worth a trip to Munich. (L. von Baldass. Albrecht Altdorfer. Vienna 2/1941. p. 179 [detail]; F. Winzinger. Albrecht Altdorfer. Die Gemälde. Munich 1975. cat. no. 50, pl. 50d [detail with the drummer]; H. Bauer. Die Alte Pinakothek in München. Munich 1966. p. 37 [color detail]; B. S. Myers, ed. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. New York 1969. vol. I, p. 71 [color, but the drummer is barely visible])

[Beck Pr] Beck, Leonhard (op. 1503-1542). Siege/"Die belegerung der stadt News," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum, at the right margin. The drum and the drummer are barely visible. (Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 117)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Der alt streit vor Terabanna," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes a barely visible figure playing a flute and drum in front of the standards, center left, and a fleeing drummer, drum on his back, at the right. (Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 155)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Das plockhaus zu Antorf," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute (only a fragment visible) and frame drum. (Henning p. 100 [detail]; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 177)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Slagen in Napls," from Weisskunig. woodcut. There is a drummer carrying his drum. unimp. (Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 225)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Schlahen in Neapolis," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum in the lower left foreground corner. 19

(Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 226)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Hulst, das sie auss der stat wollten," from Weisskunig. woodcut. At the left figures play flute and frame drum. The drum is barely suggested. In the center there is a frame drum lying on the ground. (Henning p. 100 [detail]; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 251)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Tornach," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes a frame drum on the ground, right foreground, There is a flag on the ground in the right foreground corner. (Henning p. 103; =? Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 305)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Die schweizer schlacht auf Stockhamer haid," from Weisskunig. woodcut. There is a frame drum lying on the ground, center right. Grass in right foreground. (Henning p. 104 [detail]; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 307)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Moncelicis," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Figures in the center foreground play flute (held up at a jaunty angle) and frame drum. (Henning p. 105; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 340)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Das schlahen so der Tenetten kunig verlor mit dem roten w[eissen] k[unig] [Henry VII of England] und da erschlagen wird," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes retreating soldiers, one with a frame drum on his back, at the right center edge. (Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 366)

[Beck Pr] ______. Battle/"Slagen bey Vincenz durch her Hans Jacob von Landaw," from Weisskunig. woodcut. There is a mounted trumpeter, upper left center; two mounted trumpeters, right edge center; a frame drum on the ground, upper left center; and a drummer in the melee with standard bearers beside the drum on the ground. (Henning p. 105 [detail, does not show the drummer in the melee]; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 370)

[Breu I Dr] Breu, Jörg I (ca.1480-1537), attr. Troops Assembling. Munich SgS. drawing (roundel -- Scheibenriss). Includes prominent figures playing a flute and a huge frame drum. (L. Baldass. Der Künstlerkreis Kaiser Maximilians. Vienna 1923. Abb. 40, as Die Eroberung von Kufstein; 100 Meisterzeichnungen aus der Staatlichen Graphischen Sammlung München. Munich 1958. pl. 26, as Belagerung von Kufstein)

[Breu I Pr] ______. The Battle of Pavia (1525). woodcut. Includes at least one mounted trumpeter, two two drummers conversing, a frame drum lying on the ground, 20

and a huge frame drum used as a table. (Hollstein [German] IV, p. 174; Geisberg- Strauss no. G.356 [ok reproduction])

[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-a.1531). Battle/"Audenart," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes prominent figures playing flute and frame drum. (Henning p. 100 [detail]; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 183)

[Burgkmair Pr] ______. Battle/"Das slagen in Napls da der von Namurs erslagen ward," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Includes figures standing on a hillside behind the battle playing flute (a very jaunty fellow in a plumed hat) and frame drum (a large, shallow drum [bass drum size], beaten with both sticks on one side -- a rather difficult position to maintain, I would think). They play as though they were playing for a ball. (Henning p. 104 [detail]; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 318)

[Burgkmair Pr] ______. Assault on a Fortified Town (a Burg). woodcut. Includes a fairly prominent figure playing a frame drum. (Hirth no. 618) [Burgkmair Pr] ______. Battle outside a Town. woodcut. Includes figures playing a flute and a frame drum (snare on bottom). (Henning p. 100 [detail])

[Dürer Pr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Battle, from the Ehrenpforte. woodcut. Includes figures right in the thick of it playing flute and frame drum. (Hirth no. 613; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 4 [1886] portfolio supplement, pl. 26)

[Dürer Pr] ______. Battle, from the Ehrenpforte. woodcut. Includes a drummer. (Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 4 [1886] portfolio supplement, pl. 26; = Henning p. 68 [detail], as Hans Springinklee (doc.1512- 1522)

[Manuel Dr] Manuel, Niklaus (Deutsch) (1484-1530). Four Military Scenes (a page from the "Schreibbüchlein," a model book). Basel, Kunstmuseum, Kupferstichkabinett. drawing. Includes an encampment with soldiers gambling on a drum; and a marching troop of lancers with military figures playing flute and drum. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 189, pl. 124 [small reproduction], as ca.1517)

[Manuel Dr] ______. Swiss Soldier under an Arch depicting a Battle. Bern, Kunstmuseum Ksk Inv. U.VI.27. drawing. The battle scene includes a frame drum and sticks on the battle ground with a dead soldier with a broken sword beside them. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 138, pl. 74 [ok reproduction], as ca.1507)

[Graf Dr] Graf, Urs (1485-1527/28). The Battle of Marignano, 13-14. September 1515 21

(1521). Bern, Kunstmuseum, Ksk Inv. U.X.91. drawing. A big defeat for the Swiss. Graf was there. Includes, prominently on the ground in the left foreground, a frame drum with a smashed head. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 34, pl. 7 [ok reproduction])

[Graf Pr] ______. Soldiers Conferring (1515). engraving. One has a huge field drum (partly visible) on his back. unimp. (G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. not recorded)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). The Siege of Ofen, 1541. woodcut. Includes two groups of three drummers in a row, and a drummer resting, his drum on the ground beside him. (IB vol. 13, no. 1301.253, pp. 466-470)

[Wandereisen Pr] Monogrammist HW/Hans Wandereisen (doc.1519-ca.1548). Encampment/"Der profantplatz und Mumplatz bin ich genant/Allen Kriegsslewten wolbekant." woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and large frame drum (back view, snare on bottom head) as an officer dines in his tent. (Geisberg-Strauss no. 1480-10. Notes a copy by Wolfgang Strauch [op.1554-1572]; H. Röttinger. Die Bilderbogen des Hans Sachs. Strasbourg 1927. [Sdk, 247] pl. XIV [fair reproduction])

Boating Parties: See also Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor, Naval Scenes.

[Ms Nuremberg Stadtbibliothek Cent.V.App.76] Glockendon, Albrecht (doc.1515- m.1545), attr. Boating Party, from the Prayerbook of Hans Imhoff. Nuremberg, Stadtbibliothek, Ms Cent.V.App.76, fol. 175. manuscript illumination (bas-de-page). Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. (Aachener Kunstblätter 46 [1975] 223)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542), attr. Optical Puzzle with a Loving Couple. woodcut. Includes figures in a boat playing flute and frame drum. (IB vol. 13, Commentary, no. 1301.204, p. 370-71 [blurred reproduction]; IB vol. 18, no. 2, p. 92-93, entered unter Stefan Hamer [fl.1531-1562], but notes that it is now attributed to Schoen)

Carnival: [Ms **] Swiss, early 16th century. Die Basler begrüssen die Zürcher zu Fasnacht, 1504. Supplement (Anhang) to the Edlibach Chronicle of 1506. **. manuscript drawing. Outside the city walls. Costumed revellers with military figures playing flute and frame drum. (G. Duthaler et al. Vom Trommeln und Pfeifen. Basel 1986. p. 186 [ok reproduction])

Dances and Dancers: [Ms Vienna OeNB 7962] Kölderer, Jörg Leonhard (doc.1497- m.1540). Shooting, Fishing and Merry-making by the Plan See, from The Book of Tyrolean Fishing. Vienna OeNB cod. 7962. manuscript illumination. Includes at least four couples dancing or promenading, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (S. Mitchell. Medieval Manuscript Painting. New York 1965. [Compass History of Art] pl. 167 [fair color reproduction])

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[BI Nuremberg1493] Wolgemuth, Michael (1434-1519), Workshop. Basse Dance, from Hartmann Schedel, Liber cronicarum. Nuremberg, Anton Koburger, 1493. woodcut. Figures dance, accompanied by players of flute and small frame drum (single snare on top). (Dufourcq Musique. vol. I, p. 103; H. and D. Luckenbach. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst. Berlin 1926. p. 349; R. Muther. German Book Illustration ... Transl. R. R. Shaw. Metuchen NJ 1972. pl. 121; C. Sartori, ed. Ricordi Enciclopedia della Musica. Milan 1963-64. vol. I, tav. 98 [fine reproduction]; MgB III/8, p. 160; The New Grove, vol. 6, p. 540 [fair detail, as illustration of "Fife"])

Garden Parties/Picnics: [Schäuffelein Pr] Schäuffelein, Hans Leonhard (ca.1483- 1539/40). Garden Party. woodcut. A cornett player plays and players of flute, trumpet (S-shaped) and frame drum wait their turn. This print comes at the end of a large series of prints of dancing couples. (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.1079, as ca.1535. The dancing couples are G.1064-1078; Hirth no. 79; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 33 [after Hirth?]; MgB III/9, Abb. 117; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 122 [1993] 11, as ca.1530-1533)

Naval Scenes: [Beck Pr] Beck, Leonhard (op. 1503-1542). Troops in Ships, from Weisskunig. woodcut. Troops in ships, including figures in the bow of one playing flute and large frame drum. (Henning, p. 103; Hirth no. 130, as by Hans I Burgkmair, as German and French Troops before Livorno (1494); Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 295, as "Kriegszug gegen die Türken")

[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-a.1531). Troops in Ships/"Wie der alt w[eiss] k[unig] dem jungen [weiss] k[unig] mit vil schiffen und folk auf dem Rein zu hilf kam," from Weisskunig. woodcut. In the bow of a ship there are three or four bells of wind instruments (shawms?) and what looks like the slide of a trombone. At the side of the ship, nearly amidships, there are figures playing flute and frame drum. (Henning p. 101; Hirth no. 132, as Maximilian and his fleet in Spezzia [1496]; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 258)

[Burgkmair Pr] ______. Battle/"Zug gegen die braune Gesellschaft," from Weisskunig. woodcut. Troops in ships. The "braune Gesellschaft" are the Flemings. On one side of the center boat figures play flute and frame drum. On the other side there is a figure playing a flute, probably with an undepicted drummer. (Henning p. 101; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] 262)

[Holbein II Dr] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Soldiers at Sea. Frankfurt am Main SKI. drawing. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum in the stern of the ship. (H. J. Hansen. Deutsche Marinemalerei. Oldenburg, Hamburg, 1977. p. 61; W. Rüdiger. Die Welt der Renaissance. [Munich] 1970. p. 340; Frankfurt am Main SKI. Deutsche Zeichnungen. Alte Meister. Munich 1973. fig. 117)

Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees/Parades: [Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] Anon. (perhaps the workshop of Jörg Kölderer [doc.1497-m.1540]), early 16th century. Aufzug, from 23

Der Freydal. Vienna OeNB cod. 2831. pl. 231. Three pairs of men in striped costumes and feathered hats are met by similarly costumed players of flute and frame drum (at the top of the stairs, left). (Henning p. 92, Taf. 74)

[Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-1531). Five Drummers on Horseback, from The Triumphal Procession of Emperor Maximilian, pl. 24. woodcut. This unit ( "Pfeyffer vnd Trumlslager") has three flute players and five drummers. (Hirth no. 159; Henning p. 121) Drawing in London, University College (Old Master Drawings 6 [Sept. 1931] pl. 29 [ok reproduction])

[Burgkmair Pr] ______. "Kalikutisch leut," as above, pl. 129. Includes a man walking beside an elephant playing a frame drum with bells all around it, top and bottom. He beats it with a stick in his right hand, and has bells around his left wrist. I suppose he might hold something else (not visible) in his left hand. (Henning p. 144; Hirth no. 277)

Street Scenes: [BI Erfurt 1506] Anon. Erfurt Students Brawling in the Steet, title woodcut for Heilus Eobanus Hessus, De pugna studentum Erphordiensium ... Erfurt 1506. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum (vertical head). (MgB III/9, Abb. 98)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). Bachelor and Maid. Printed by Niclas Meldemann, Nuremberg. woodcut. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum from the open second-story window of an inn. (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.1173, as 1532)

Tournaments: [Beck Pr] Beck, Leonhard (op. 1503-1542). Practice Tournament., from Teuerdank. Includes figures in a window overlooking the arena playing flute and frame drum. Nuremberg, Hanns Schonsperger d. Ä [1517]. (Henning p. 116; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 8 [1888] 485)

[Schäufelein Pr] Schäufelein, Hans Leonhard (ca.1483-1539/40). Joust/"Der dritte tag der kam dahr Desshalbn derselbig Ritter ...," from Teuerdanck. Nuremberg, Hanns Schonsperger d. Ä [1517]. woodcut. Includes figures with a flute, a trumpet (slide?, S- shaped) and a frame drum standing in a row behing a brick wall. (Henning p. 121; M. Consuelo Oldenbourg. Die Buchholzschnitte des Hans Schäufelein. Baden-Baden 1964. [Sdk 341] no. 610, pl. 103; Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 8 [1888] 500)

[Schäufelein Pa] ______. Tournament. private collection. Includes a mounted group with three trumpeters playing elongated S-shaped trumpets, a military pair (both sitting on the same horse -- very amusing) playing flute and drum, and a fellow seated on the ground with a tiny lute lying beside him. (Pantheon XV/2 [Feb. 1935] 67)

[Master MZ Pr] Master MZ (fl. ca.1500). Tournament (1500). engraving. Includes a bagpiper on horseback and a flute and drum pair mounted on another horse (both, back to back, on the same horse?). (IB vol. 9, no. 14, p. 370 [ok reproduction]; Lehrs no. 24

596 [large reproduction, but a bit out of focus]; exh Rotterdam BvB Prentenkabinet, 1973: Duitse grafiek 1450-1700. ca. no. 130)

Wedding Ceremonies: [BI Augsburg 1523] Anon. Title page of Martin Luther, Von dem Eelichen Leben. Augsburg 1522. woodcut. Includes a drummer (not playing) standing proudly with the groom's party. (Harvard Library Bulletin 32/1 [Winter 1984] 39) Other: [BI Augsburg 1488] Anon. Pilgrims in the Holy Land, from Bernhard von Breydenbach, Peregrenatio in Terram Sanctam. Augsburg, Anton Sorg, 1488. fol. 182v. woodcut. Turkish musicians play shawm and little frame drum. This is the reverse of Reuwich (see below), going from left to right. (IB vol. 86, no. 1488/965, p. 341. p. 399: "This edition is only an inferior imitation of the original Mainz edition, with illustrations based on earlier versions but lacking the large city views and landscapes.")

[BI Mainz 1486] Reuwich, Erhard (doc.1483-1486). Pilgrims in the Holy Land, from Bernhard von Breydenbach, Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam. Mainz, Erhard Reuwich, 1486. fol. 76. woodcut. Turkish musicians play shawm and little frame drum (snare on the top head). (Hollstein [German] XXXIII, no. 2,24, p. 217 [ok reproduction]; exh Amsterdam Rpk, 1985: The Master of the Amsterdam Cabinet, or the Housebook Master, ca. 1470-1500. pp. 21, 284; Hamburger Jahrbuch für Musikwissenschaft 12 [1994] 181 [fair reproduction], p. 172: considers the drum to be europeanized; Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 51 [1988] 28) Manuscript copy, early 16th century? (Ghent, St. Bavo, Ms 16A, fol. 50r) (Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 51 [1988] 28) Note also manuscript drawing attributed to Werner Röser and based on Reeuwich. Pilgrims in the Holy Land. Gotha, Bibliothek. Turks play shawm and a little drum. unimp. (H. Rott. Quellen und Forschungen zur südwestdeutschen und schweizerischen Kunstgeschichte im XV. und XVI. Jahrhundert, I: Bodenseegebiet. Stuttgart 1933. p. 61)

[Herbst Pa] Herbst, Hans (1468-1550). Scenes of Outdoor Life. Zürich SLM. Includes a group of two trumpeters and kettledrummers, a flute and drum pair, and several unplayed musical instruments from a peddler's pack: small viol, lute (with a broken string), bagpipe and xylophone. (Connoisseur 164 [1967] 235 [poor reproduction], 236 [detail of flute player and drummer]; Zeitschrift für schweizerische Archaeologie und Kunstgeschichte 11 [1950] opp. p. 40)

XIV: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Indoor

Balls: [Dr Washington NGA] German, early 16th century. Masquerade Ball. Washington NGA, Rosenwald Coll. drawing. Four couples dance, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (E. Morgan. Selections from the Rosenwald Collection. Washington 1943. p. 28, as ca.1515, a preliminary study for one of the illustrations in the Freydal manuscript)

25

[Pa Augsburg SK] German, 1500. Ball in Augsburg (1500). Augsburg, Städtische Kunstsammlungen. Eight couples dance sedately (basse dance), accompanied by musicians playing flute and frame drum. A trumpeter and two more (probably shawmists) wait their turn. (Hammerstein Tanz. fig. 92; E. Lohse-Claus. Tanz in der Kunst. Leipzig 1964. no. 16 [poor color reproduction], as ca.1500; MgB III/9, p. 111 [fair reproduction]; Journal of the American Musicological Society 19 [1966] pl. V after p. 34)

[Renner Dr] Renner, Narziss (doc. 1522). The Augsburg Geschlechtertanz (1522). ex Berlin, Kupferstichkabinett (destroyed in World War II). Includes a pair of musicians pausing with their flute and drum. (MgB III/9, p. 111 [not helpful for details]; D. Heartz. "Hoftanz and Basse Dance." JAMS 19 [1966] 13-36, this reproduced pll. II-IV; G. Habich. "Der Augsburger Geschlechtertanz von 1522." Jahrbuch der preussischen Kunstsammlungen 32 [1911] 213-235. Pl. between pp. 214-215 [splendid reproduction of the whole painting], p. 217 [detail of dancers and musicians], p. 227 [fine detail of the musicians])

[Master MZ Pr] Master MZ (fl. ca.1500). Ball in the "Neuveste," Munich (1500). engraving. In the gallery at the left figures play flute and large frame drum. In the gallery at the right two trumpeters and a kettledrummer wait their turn. (IB vol. 9, no. 13, p. 369; C. G. Boerner, Düsseldorf, catalog no. 62 [1973] no. 34 [fine reproduction]; Kinsky p. 63; Lehrs no. 575 [fine reproduction]; van Marle Iconographie. vol. I, p. 88; M. Praz. An Illustrated History of Furnishing ... New York 1964. p. 713; MgB III/8, p. 57, as ca.1500; MGG I, Taf. LIII/1 [small reproduction]; MGG IX, col. 886 [fuzzy reproduction]; Alte und moderne Kunst 26/H.178/9 [1981] 26; Imago musicae 4 [1983] 109; Wallraf-Richartz Jahrbuch 34 [1972] 78)

Dances and Dancers: [Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] Anon. (perhaps the workshop of Jörg Kölderer [doc.1497-m.1540]), early 16th century. A Couples Dance, from Der Freydal. Vienna OeNB cod. 2831. pl. 4. Three couples dance, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum in a wide gallery at the upper right. (Henning p. 70, Taf. 30)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 8. Three couples dance, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum in the left half of a two-part gallery at the upper left. (Henning p. 70, Taf. 31)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Round Dance. pl. 12. Three couples dance, accompanied by a player of a frame drum at the left. (Henning p. 71, Taf. 32)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 16. Three couples dance (the men with trefoil designs on their tunics), accompanied by players of flute and frame drum in the center background. (Hennig p. 71, Taf. 33)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Round Dance. pl. 24. Six figures dance, accompanied by players of shawm (?) and frame drum at the right. (Henning p. 72, Taf. 26

35)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 32. Two couples dance (the men with mesh masks and striped hose), accompanied by players of flute and frame drum at the right background. (Henning p. 73, Taf. 37)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 44. Three couples dance (the men with fringes on the sleeves and hems of their tunics), accompanied by similarly attired players of flute and frame drum at the upper left. (Henning p. 74, Taf. 39)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 60. Two couples dance (the men in very short tunics with puffed sleeves, prominent swords; one of the women has seven feathers in her hat), accompanied by players of flute and (horizontal) frame drum at the upper left. (Henning p. 76, Taf. 42)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 80. Three couples dance (two of the men gesture with raised, outstretched arms) , accompanied by players of flute and frame drum at the left. (Henning p. 76, Taf. 44)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 108. Two couples dance (the men with mesh masks and three feathers in their hats), accompanied by figures playing flute and frame drum. (Henning p. 79, Taf. 48)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 120. Three couples dance (the men with mesh masks and broadly striped tunics), preceded by two torch bearers at the right and accompanied by players of flute and (horizontal) frame drum at the left. (Henning p. 79, Taf. 49)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 124. Three couples dance (the men with feathered hats and puffed sleeves divided into four puffs), accompanied by players of flute and (partly visible) frame drum in a gallery at the upper right. (Henning p. 80, Taf. 50)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Round Dance. pl. 156. Six male dancers (with deeply slit tunics, hats like sailor hats and mesh masks) are accompanied by players of flute and frame drum at the right. (The audience is all female.) (Henning p. 83, Taf. 56; Early Music 14 [1986] 4 [ok reproduction])

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 160. Three couples promenade (the men have long poulaines), accompanied by players of flute (held at an upward angle) and deep frame drum. (Henning p. 83, Taf. 57; Early Music 2 [1974] 80)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 168. Two couples dance/embrace, accompanied by players or flute and deep frame drum. (Henning p. 84, Taf. 59) 27

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 187. Three couples (the men with long, broadly striped tunics) and two torch bearers are accompanied by similarly costumed players of flute and shallow frame drum at the back of the room. (Henning p. 87, Taf. 65)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 191. Two couples (the men have short capes with ribbons across the shoulders and a very decorated hem), a single figure, and a torch bearer are accompanied by players of flute and smallish frame drum (horizontal) behind them at the right. (Henning p. 88, Taf. 66)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 195. Two little girls and three large men with tall poles are accompanied by players of flute and frame drum at the right background. (Henning p. 88, Taf. 67)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 199. Three couples dance (the men have flaring skirts to their tunics, and slender swords), accompanied by players of flute and frame drum (the drummer turns away from the viewer). (Henning p. 89, Taf. 68)

[Ms Vienna Oe NB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 227. Two couples, three men and two torch bearers are accompanied by players of flute and frame drum (on a raised platform in the upper right). (Henning p. 91, Taf. 73)

[MS Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 243. Two couples dance, accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. The four men in the foreground have hats with three large feathers. The musicians are at the right. (Henning p. 93, Taf. 76)

Other: [Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] Anon. (perhaps the workshop of Jörg Kölderer [doc.1497-m.1540]), early 16th century. Mummers, from Der Freydal. Vienna OeNB, cod. 2831. pl. 36. Includes five moresca dancers and a fool (with striped tunics) with belts, kneelets and anklets of bells. The fool also has bells on his cap. The dancers are accompanied by similarly costumed players of flute and frame drum at the upper right. (Henning p. 74, Taf. 38)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Mummers. pl. 48. Includes six men just sort of standing around, while musicians play flute and frame drum (rather deep) in the right foreground. (Henning p. 75, Taf. 40)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Mummers. pl. 92. There are seven mummers (in long robes, with curved swords and tall, pointed hats with little feathers), accompanied players of flute and frame drum at the left. (Henning p. 77, Taf. 45)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Mummers. pl. 104. There are seven mummers (wearing what resemble grass skirts and wreaths of leaves around their caps), 28

accompanied by similarly attired players of flute and frame drum at the upper left. (Henning p. 78, Taf. 49)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Mummers. pl. 128. There are six mummers (with caps with double tassels, striped hose and poulaines), accompanied by players of flute and large, shallow frame drum (the head held almost vertically, V-shaped snares on the top head). (Henning p. 80, Taf. 51)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Mummers. pl. 148. Four mummers (with long coats with a pair of stripes at the bottom) and two torch bearers are welcomed by players of flute and frame drum at the top of a flight of stairs. (Henning p. 82, Taf. 54)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Mummers. pl. 164. Five mummers (in striped costumes, with striped cone-shaped hats), with anklets of bells, are accompanied by similarly costumed players of flute and deep frame drum, behind them at the left. (Henning p. 84, Taf. 58; Early Music 4 [1976] 323, as Vienna Albertina Ps 5073)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 175. Eight men and a torch bearer sort of straggle in, accompanied by a flute player. His companion drummer just walks along beside him. (Henning p. 85, Taf. 61)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 179. Seven men (with very slit tunics and tall hats with feathers) are preceded by similarly costumed players of flute and partly visible frame drum. (Henning p. 86, Taf. 62)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 195. Two little girls and three large men with tall poles are accompanied by players of flute and frame drum at the right background. (Henning p. 88, Taf. 67)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. A Couples Dance. pl. 199. Three couples dance (the men have flaring skirts to their tunics, and slender swords), accompanied by players of flute and frame drum (the drummer turns away from the viewer). (Henning p. 89, Taf. 68)

[Ms Vienna OeNB 2831] ______. Aufzug. pl. 223. manuscript drawing. Two little girls and two men in long robes, framed by torch bearers, are accompanied by players of flute and frame drum. (Henning p. 91, Taf. 72)

[BI Augsburg 1511] Schäufelein, Hans (ca.1483-1539/40). A Court in Session, from Ulrich Tengler, Der neu Layenspiegel. Augsburg, Hans Othmar for Johann Rynman, 1511. woodcut. Includes musicians playing flute, end-blown flute and frame drum. (Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 86, with dates 1509 and 1511) [Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-1531). Die Geschicklichkeit der Musik, from Der Weisskunig. woodcut. A frame drum is among the unplayed musical instruments. (A. Burkhard. Hans Burgkmair. Berlin 1932. pl.XLVI [fine reproduction]; L. Cuyler. 29

The Emperor Maximilian I and Music. London 1973. pl. 20 opp. p. 13; R. Haas. Aufführungspraxis der Musik. Potsdam 1931, R/1949. p. 123; Henning p. 96, as "Wie der jung wyss kunig alle saytenspyl lernet"; Hollstein [German] V, no. 446, p. 119; Kinsky p. 75 [ok reproduction]; Komma p. 81; MGG V, col. 1202; Musica calendar 1969: 20. Nov. - 13. Dec. [fine reproduction]; The New Grove vol. 8, p. 12; Jahrbuch der Kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des Allerhöchsten Kaiserhauses 6 [1888] is devoted to a reprint of Weisskunig. This, as fol. 142b of cod. 3033, is reproduced on p. 79 [fine reproduction], as "Die geschicklheit in der musiken und was in seiner ingenien und durch in erfunden und gepessert worden ist" )

[Burgkmair Pr] ______. Der Weisskunig beim Mummenschanz, from Der Weisskunig. woodcut. Figures play two flutes and a large frame drum (snare on the bottom). (A. Burkhard. Hans Burgkmair. Berlin 1932. pl. XLVII [fine reproduction]; Henning p. 97; Hollstein [German] V, no. 448, p. 119; Kinsky p. 75; JbdKSdAK [see previous entry], p. 83 [fine reproduction], as "Die geschicktheit der mumerey und Kurzweil" [cod. 3033, fol. 147b])

[Burgkmair Pr] ______. Acrobats. woodcut. Two acrobats accompanied by itinerant musicians playing flute (long and thin) and frame drum (large). (Hirth no. 399)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Gl Elzach Pfarrkirche] Anon., 1523-24. Angels. Elzach, Pfarrkirche, Choir. stained glass windows. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a frame drum which dates from 1524 and is atop the window depicting St. Christopher. (Die Kunstdenkmäler des Grossherzogthums Baden, IV/1: Landkreis Freiburg. Tübingen 1904. pl. XXXVI [poor reproduction]. The text [p. 499] notes that the windows seem to have been "vielfach überarbeitet und ergänzt," although they appear to be intelligently preserved.)

[Pa Karlsruhe KH] German, late-15th century. Coronation of the Virgin. Karlsruhe KH. Angels play rebec (left) and lute (right). There are also four tiny carved angels on the throne playing fiddle and lute on the left, flute and drum on the right. (J. Lauts. Meisterwerke der Staatlichen Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe. Hanau [1968]. cat. no. 17, pl. 19, as Master of the Rohndorfer Altar [Swabian artist , op. ca. 1485]; Stange VII, no. 56, as "Meister von 1489." Says is a repetition of a lost composition by Schongauer; Vis. Coll. 373.G315.31C[c])

[Pa Phoenix AM] German, ca.1500. Angels, from a portable altar. Phoenix AM. One of the angels plays a frame drum. unimp. (Gazette des Beaux-Arts 137 [March 2001] La Chronique des arts no. 1586, p. 42 [minuscule reproduction])

[Sc Nuremberg GNM] Kraft, Adam (ca.1455/60-1508/09). Angels. Nuremberg GNM. sculpture. A pair plays a woodwind and a small drum, held sideways. (D. Stern. ... Adam Kraft ... Strasbourg 1916. [SdK 191] pl. XXX [ok reproduction], as 1504) 30

[Wsc Lichtentanne Friedhofskapelle] German, early 16th century. St. Barbara. Lichtentanne (Kr. Zwickau), Friedhofskapelle. An angel at the left plays a straight trumpet and one at the right plays a frame drum. (Imago musicae 9-12 [1992-95] 269 [the trumpet is not visible], Heise no. 49, as ca.1509)

[Wsc private collection] German, early 16th century. Nativity. private collection (ex. Enkirch, Klosterkirche). wood relief plaque. Numerous musical angels, including one playing a frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rhein proving, XIX/1: Kreis Zell a.d. Mosel. Düsseldorf 1938. p. 141)

[Creycz Sc] Creutz (Creycz), Ulrich (doc.1514-1530), after design by Stephan Weyrer (doc.1495-m.1520). Angels. Nördlingen, St. Georgskirche. sandstone tabernacle. Several musical angels, including one playing a frame drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler ... Bayern, VII/2: Nördlingen. Munich 1940. pp. 94-95 [shows portative, harp, lute and drum], as 1511-25)

[Dauher Wsc] Dauher (Daucher), Hans (1485/88-1538). Virgin and Child. Augsburg, Stadtische Kunstsammlungen. wood relief sculpture. Includes a kneeling angel playing a small frame drum. (Connoisseur 136 [1995] 238, as 1520. Notes 1955 Augsburg exhibition.)

[Dürer Pr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528). Mary, Queen of Angels (1518). woodcut. Includes angels playing a woodwind instrument and a small frame drum (two V-shaped snares -- dangles from a cord, the hand that holds the cord also beats the drum -- the sticks have knobs on both ends) and a putto playing a woodwind instrument. (G. Dehio. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst, III/2. Berlin 1926. Abb. 53; W. Kurth. The Complete Woodcuts of Albrecht Dürer. R/New York 1963. no. 307; E. Panofsky. The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer. Princeton 4/1955. fig. 233 [ok reproduction])

[Riemenschneider Sc] Riemenschneider, Tilman (ca.1460-1531). Musical Angels. Berlin, Gemäldegalerie der SMPK. wood sculpture. One of them plays a small frame drum (vertical head). (Komma p. 86; Musica calendar 1974: 15-31 December [fine reproduction], w/location Berlin, Deutsches Museum)

Animals: [Ms Bern Burgerbibliothek Hist. Helv. I, 16] Schilling, Diebold (m. 1486). Title illustration for the Schlacht bei Laupen, 1339, from the Spiez Chronicle (1484-85). Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Mss. Hist. Helv. I, 16, p. 227. manuscript drawing. Bears (the Bern bears) assemble to the sounds of bears playing flute and drum. (Diebold Schillings Spiezer Bilderchronik. ed. H. Haeberli and C. von Steigner. Lucerne 1990. p. 227, Commentary p. 238; exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 10, p. 155)

[Wsc Bern Münster] Swiss, early 15th century. Bear with a Drum. Bern, Münster, Choir Stall. wood sculpture. It's a small drum. (MGG XIII, Taf. 34/2 [ok reproduction], as 1523- 31

25)

[Glaser Gl] Glaser, Antony (doc.1505-m.1551). Standesscheibe of Appenzell. Basel, Rathaur, Vorderen Ratsstube. stained glass. Bears, at the bottom, play flute and drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 3: Kanton Basel-Stadt. Basel 1932. p. 509, as 1519- 21)

[Manuel Dr] Manuel, Niklaus (Deutsch) (1484-1530), attr. Scheibenriss, with blank escutcheon. London V & A Inv. CG92 2341. drawing. Includes bears across the top engaged in non-military activities. One, at the far left, plays a flute (there is also a flute case). Another, at the far right, plays a drum. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 137, p. 303 [small reproduction], as ca.1517)

Demons/Devils: See also New Testament, Last Judgement.

[BI Augsburg 1486] Anon. The Devil Marrying Injustice, from Hans Vintler, Buch der Tugend. Augsburg, Johann Blaubirer, 1486. woodcut. Devils play bagpipe and small drum. (IB vol. 85, no. 1486/62, p. 202)

[Pr Anon] German, early 16th century. Luther's Game of Heresy (1520). woodcut. Demons play bagpipe and frame drum. (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.1579)

Mit pfeyffen wal (?) ich mich fleyssen Des Lothers falsch den will ich preyssen Vnd alle schrifft damit zerreyssen.

Itinerant/Street Musicians: [Burgkmair Pr] Burgkmair, Hans I (1473-a.1531), attr. Street Entertainers with a Dancing Bear. woodcut. The musicians, in fur caps, play bladder pipe (curved), two trumpets and a small, shallow frame drum, held with one hand and played with a single stick. (Hirth no. 60; Naylor Trumpet and Trombone. no. 60 [after Hirth?]; Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 51, as 1532, by Hans Weiditz)

[Kulmbach Dr] Kulmbach, Has Süss von (ca.1480-1522). Three Figures on Horseback and Two Musicians on Foot. London BM 1921-10-12-2. drawing. The two musicians play flute and frame drum. They seem to be military musicians a bit down on their luck. (Vis. Coll. 373.K969.71[b]) Military Musicians: [Dr Basel Oe Kunstsammlungen] Swiss, first half, 16th century. Soldiers and a Prostitute. Basel, Oeffentliche Kunstsammlung, Kupferstichkabinett. drawing. The prostitute (Leierin) plays a hurdy-gurdy. The soldiers play flute and drum. (MgB III/9, Abb. 48)

[Dr Los Angeles Getty] S. German (Master of the Berlin Roundels) (op. ca.1515). A Flute Player and a Drummer before a Moated Castle. Los Angeles Getty (ex Liechtenstein). drawing. The drum is large. (sale, Sotheby's, New York, 16.I.1986, lot 18; G. R. Goldner 32

and L. Hendrix. European Drawings. 2: Catalogue of the Collection. Malibu 1992. no. 134, p. 301 [ok reproduction])

[Gl Zürich SLM] Swiss, ca.1520. Wappenscheibe of Albrecht VI von Breitenlandenberg (1494-ca.1544). Zürich SLM. stained glass. In the upper corners military fitures play flute (right) and drum (left). (J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des SlmZ. [Stafa 1971]. vol. I, no. 158)

[Dr St. Jakob in Defreggen St. Leonhard] Austrian, ca.1512-20. Fähnlein. St. Jakob in Defreggen, Filialkirche St. Leonhard, N. wall. wall drawing. Includes figures playing flute and frame drum. very unimp. (Salmen Katalog. p. 45, as brush drawing)

[Altdorfer Pr] Altdorfer, Albrecht (ca.1480-1538). Drummer (1510). The drum is large. There is also a 1510 engraving of a flute player. (Hollstein [German] I, p. 199; IB vol. 14, no. 51, p. 59)

[Dürer Dr] Dürer, Albrecht (1471-1528), attr. Design for a Table Fountain. London BM. drawing. Includes a bagpiping shepherd with his flock; militia with players of flute and frame drum; and a hunter with a curved horn. (W. L. Strauss. The Complete Drawings of Albrecht Dürer, vol. I. New York 1974. no. 1499/1, p. 457 [not helpful for details, which these are]; J. Rowlands. The Age of Dürer and Holbein: German Drawings 1400-1550. Cambridge 1988. no. 47, pl. X [color reproduction] [=exh London BM, 1988])

[Hopfer Pr] Hopfer, Daniel (ca.1470-1536). German Soldiers. etching. Two lancers, a standard bearer and players of a flute (very slender) and another a rather deep frame drum. A sort of costume study. (IB vol. 17, no. 66, p. 143; Hirth no. 306)

[Manuel Dr] Manuel, Niklaus (Deutsch) (1484-1530). Four Soldiers. drawing. Includes one with a frame drum on his back. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 151, pl. 88 [ok reproduction], as ca.1510)

[Schäufelein Pr] Schäufelein, Hans Leonhard (ca.1483-1539/40). Drummers and Fifer. woodcut. One plays a flute (case at his waist) and two play frame drums (snare on the top head, sticks with knobs on both ends). A companion woodcut to one with two soldiers and a standard bearer. (Geisberg-Strauss G.1102, as ca.1515; MGG IX, col. 3178)

[Schoen Pr] Schoen, Erhard (a.1491-1542). A Column of Mercenaries. woodcut. Includes players of a flute and two frame drums. Another figure seems to have a flute case hanging on his back (only the top visible). (Geisberg-Strauss no. G.1231; K. Moxey. Peasants, Warriors, and Wives. Popular Imagery in the Reformation. Chicago 1989. pp. 68-69 [small reproduction, but gets it all on facing pages])

[Schoen Pr] ______. Turkish Drummer. woodcut. He plays a large frame drum. (IB vol. 13, no. 1301.239[a]) 33

[Master MZ Pr] Monogrammist MZ (op. ca.1500). Fifer, Drummer, Lancer and Standard Bearer. engraving. The drummer seems to be a boy (back view). The drum is very large and has a snare on the bottom head. (IB vol. 9, no. 20, p. 376; Ott. fig. 36, as by Mathäus Zasinger, ca. 1500)

[Zeiner Gl] Zeiner, Lukas (Lux) (ca.1450-a.1519). Standesscheibe of Uri (1500). Zürich SLM. stained glass. Two Uristiere, flanking the coat of arms, blow cow horns. These horns were war horns. Grisaille figures in the upper right corner play flute and drum. (R. J. Knecht. Francis I. Cambridge 1982. p. 45; P. Boesch. Die schweizer Glasmalerei. Basel 1955. p. 69 [better reproduction]; J. Schneider. Glasgemälde. Katalog der Sammlung des SlmZ. [Stafa 1971]. vol. I, no. 177, p. 182; =? P. Ganz. Geschichte der Kunst in der Schweiz ... Basel 1960. As Urner Standesscheibe from the Tagsatzungssaal, Baden, 1501. color pl. VI, opp. p. 344)

Musicians, Minstrels (note also Itinerant/Street Musicians, Military Musicians): [Sc Görlitz Oberkirche] German, late-15th century. Musicians. Görlitz, Oberkirche, Barbarakapelle. sculpture. Men play fiddle and lute. Women play harp and frame drum (at the shoulder, struck with one stick). unimp. (Imago musicae 9-12 [1992-95] 259, Heise no. 25)

[Sc Innsbruck Goldenes Dachl] Türing, Niklas I (m.1517 or 1518), attr.? Drummer. Innsbruck, Goldenes Dachel, Herzog-Friedrich-Strasse 15, dormer arch. sculpture. He plays a small drum, held at his hip by one hand, beaten by a single beater with a large knob at the end. (H. Hammer. Kunstgeschichte der Stadt Innsbruck. Innsbruck 1952. p. 104)

[Fr Nuremberg Altes Rathaus] German, early 16th century. Musicians. ex Nuremberg, Altes Rathaus (destroyed). One group of musicians play two pommers, shawm and two trombones. The other (waiting) have a rather long flute and a huge frame drum (on his back -- knobbed sticks). (L. von Baldass. Alte Deutsche Innenräume. Königstein im Taunus n.d. p. 59 [in situ, useful only for atmosphere]; Music Journal 18/2 (March 1960) front cover [ok reproduction]; MGG X, Taf. 89/3 [ok reproduction] does not include the shawm)

[Altdorfer Workshop Dr] Altdorfer, Albrecht (ca.1480-1538), Workshop. Mounted Group, drawing in the margin of a printed book of hours (Augsburg, Johannes Schoensperger, 1513), the so-called Prayerbook for Emperor Maximilian, fol. 75v. Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale. pen drawing in green ink. Military musicians play shawm, trumpet, frame drum (and a little naker?). The drum is held high and beaten with a knobbed stick on the top head and perhaps with a slender stick or whisk on the bottom head. The worn spot on the top head is in the center. (M. Oettinger. Altdorfer-Studien. Nuremberg 1959. fig. 44; W. L. Strauss, ed. The Book of Hours of the Emperor Maximilian the First ... New York 1974. p. 139 [fine color reproduction])

[Po Nuremberg GNM] German (Oberdeutsch, Monogram WL), first half, 16th century. Dancers, Drummer and Cornett Player. Nuremberg GNM. clay relief plaques. It is clearly 34 a cornett, although the artist doubtless intended a flute, which should be an warning of some sort. (W. Josephi. Die Werke plastischer Kunst. Nuremberg 1910. cat. no. 113, p. 58, as related to woodcuts of Aldegrever (?) and Schäuffelein)

Putti: See also Allegory, Alphabets; Allegory, Temperaments (Melancholy).

[Ms Heidelberg UB] S. German?, late 15th century. The Childhood of Christ, from the Salem Breviary. Heidelberg UB. manuscript illumination. The Christ Child is in a wagon pulled by putti, led by putti playing flute and frame drum. (H. Rott. Quellen und Forschungen zur südwestdeutschen und schweizerischen Kunstgeschichte im XV. und XVI. Jahrhundert, I: Bodenseegebiet. Stuttgart 1933. p. 131, as 1493/94)

[Dr art market] German, ca.1515. Christ as Redeemer. British art market (1969). Putti play two flutes (one right handed, one left handed) and two frame drums. (Burlington 111 [1969] June supp., "Notable Works on the art market," pl. IX)

[Gl Basel HM] Swiss, 1525. Wappenscheibe of Claude d'Allenge, Prior of St. Alban. Basel HM (probably ex Kloster St. Alban, Basel). stained glass. Includes putti playing flute and drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 12: Kanton Basel Stadt III. Basel 1941. p. 137)

[Ta Altenklingen] Swiss, 1527. Tapesty with the Allianzwappen Muntprat-von Spiegelberg/Althain (1527). Schloss Altenklingen. tapestry. Putti among the verdure play flute and tiny drum. (Die Kunstdenkmäler der Schweiz, 23: KantonThurgau [Frauenfeld]. Basel 1950. p. 452)

[BI Basel 1527] Holbein, Hans II (1497/98-1543). Passe-partout title-page border. woodcut. Includes a putto playing a frame drum. (Hollstein [German] XIVA, no. 82, p. 165, from Publius Ovidius Naso, Opera ... Basel, A. Petri, 1527) [BI Leipzig 1520] Anon. Title page of Johannes Galliculus, Isagoge de cantus Compositione. Leipzig, Valentin Schumann, 1520. woodcut. Includes putti playing a flute (with a flute case hung at its waist) and frame drum. (MGG IV, col. 1294)

[BI Strasbourg 1518] Vischer, Hans (ca.1489-1550). Passe-partout title frame. woodcut. Includes putti playing flute and frame drum. (H. Röttinger. Dürers Doppelgänger. Strasbourg 1926. [SdK 234] pl. XLIV [fair reproduction], as used by the Strasbourg publisher Matthias Schürer, 1518)

[BI Vienna 1524] Passe-partout title page border, from St. Jerome, Vita Pavli eremitae. Vienna, Joannis Singrenij, 1524. woodcut. The bottom border includes children playing flute and frame drum. The drummer has kneelets of bells. Another child dances. (H. Gollob. Der Wiener Holzschnitt ... Vienna 1926. p. 73)

[BI Wittenberg 1520] Graf, Urs (1485-1528?). Passe-partout title-page border (1519). woodcut. Putti in the lower corners play flute and (proportionately) large frame drum (snare on bottom). (Hollstein [German] XI, no. 355, p. 179, from Quare pape ac discipvlorum eius 35

libri a Doctore Martino Luthero combusti sint. Wittenberg 1520)

[Baldung Dr] Baldung, Hans (called Grien) (1484/85-1545). The Arms of Count Wilhelm von Honstein. Coburg, Veste. drawing (Scheibenriss). In one of two groups of musical putti, one plays a lute and two sing. In the other they play two woodwinds, folded trumpet and frame drum. (M. Bernhard. Hans Baldung Grien. Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Munich 1978, p. 133, as 1510/11)

[Baldung Pr] Baldung, Hans (called Grien) (1484/85-1545). Virgin and Child with Putti in a Landscape. woodcut (also in chiaroscuro). A putto plays a lute and another cavorts with a field drum. (Hollstein [German] II, p. 97 [fine reproduction]; Geisberg-Strauss no. G.87, p. 76, as ca. 1511; M. Bernhard. Hans Baldung Grien. Handzeichnungen, Druckgraphik. Munich 1978. p. 306, as ca. 1511.

[Cranach I Pr] Cranach, Lucas I (1472-1553). St. Stephen (1502). woodcut. Includes putti sitting in trees, playing flute (long and thin) and frame drum. (Hollstein [German] VI, p. 66; G. Dehio. Geschichte der deutschen Kunst, III/2. Berlin 1926. Abb. 119 [fine reproduction]; G. Glück. Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich. Berlin 1928. p. 222; H. Gollub. Der Wiener Holzschintte in den Jahren von 1490 bis 1500 ... Vienna 1926. p. 31. as Master J.C., 1502, from Missale Pataviense. Vienna 1503; exh Basel, Kunstmuseum, 1974: Lucas Cranach. no. 50, p. 111. Perhaps first designed as a single-leaf woodcut. Appears as the title-illustration of Missale Pataviense. Vienna, Johannes Winterburger, 1503; Alte und moderne Kunst 17/H.123 [1972] 1 [fine reproduction])

[Graf Dr] Graf, Urs (1485-1527/28). Design for a Stained-Glass Roundel (Scheibenriss). Bern HM? drawing. Includes putti playing flute and drum. (Bern, Historisches Museum Jahrbuch 35/36 [1955/56] pl. 5, opp. p. 98, as ca.1511)

[Manuel Dr] Manuel, Niklaus (Deutsch) (1484-1530). Design for a Decorative Panel (a page from the "Schreibbüchlein," a model book). Basel, Kunstmuseum, Kupferstichkabinett. drawing. Includes a winged putto playing a flute and a wingless putto playing a drum. unimp. (exh Bern, Kunstmuseum, 1979: Niklaus Manuel Deutsch ... cat. no. 191, pl. 125, as ca.1517)

XVI: Treatise/Tutor Illustrations

[BI Basel 1511] Graf, Urs. "Herpaucken Trumeln vnd dem paücklin," from Sebastian Virdung, Musica Getutscht. Basel, Michael Furter, 1511. fol. D. woodcut. Depicts large and small frame drums and a pair of kettledrums with beaters. (Facsim: Kassel 1931)

[EP] SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE ARTISTS

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures 36

[BI Saragossa 1489] Anon. The Fable of the Merchant and the Ass, from La vida del Ysopet con sus fabulas hystoriadas. Saragossa 1489. woodcut. A man plays a drum. (Aesop's Fables ... Lexington KY 1993, p. 105; Archivo español de arte 49 [1976] 147) Aesop's Fables (p. 105): "Many persons, even after death, are troubled and vexed, so no one should desire death, as this fable proves. A merchant hurried along a road with an ass to get to the fair, beating the animal frequently with a whip so that he would carry his load more quickly, and thinking to gain thereby. The ass, seeing himself loaded and whipped while walking far and beyond his strength, reached the point of wishing for death, thinking that after death he would be safer. And so, broken and tired out, he died. But even after his death they made of his hide tambourines, which are always struck and beaten. This means than one should not think that death will mean relief, for one wins repose not by dying but by earning it."

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles, Encampments and other Military Scenes: [Borgoña Fr] Borgoña, Juan de (op.1495-1533). Embarkation in Cartagena, from Scenes from the Conquest of Oran. Toledo, Cathedral, Capilla Mozrabe. fresco. They are sent off accompanied by players of two straight trumpets and a flute player and player of frame drum (large, head vertical). (D. Angulo Iniguez. Juan de Borgoña. Madrid 1954. p. not recorded; A. de Bosque. Artistes italiens en Espagne du XIVme siècle aux rois catholiques. Paris 1965. p. 330 [ok reproduction]; Post IX/1, p. 201; Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 73; Vis. Coll. 376.B644.4O2)

Dances and Dancers: [Sc Salamanca University] Anon., [early?] 16th century. Moresca Dancers. Salamanca, University, staircase. sculpture. The dancers are accompanied by two players of small drums, one or both of whom may originally have been pipe and tabor players. (J. Camón Aznar. La arquitectura Plateresca. Madrid 1945. fig. 370; M. Gómez- Moreno. Provincia di Salamanca. Madrid 1967. [Catalogo monumental de España] figs. 234-44)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Musicians: [Wsc Toledo Cathedral] Aleman, Rodrigo (op.1520). The Surrender of Montefrío, from Scenes from the Conquest of Granada. Toledo, Cathedral, choir stall. wood sculpture. In the upper corners, outside the frame of the composition, separate figures play pipe and tabor (snare on the upper head) and frame drum. (Vis. Coll. 276.Al.24.7C[b]1f) S. Bottari. Tesori d'arte cristiana, II: Il Romanico. Bologna 1966-68. Gives date of ca. 1495 (not illustrated).

[Wsc Toledo Cathedral] ______. Entrance into Mojácar. Includes a solemn drummer playing a rather shallow frame drum in the upper left corner (it rests on the picture frame). (Vis. Coll. 276.Al.24.7C[b]13h)

37

[Wsc Toledo Cathedral] ______. Defense of Padul. In the upper corners, outside the frame of the composition, separate players play trumpet and frame drum (seems held by a strap over one arm, perhaps beaten on both heads). (Vis. Coll. 276.Al.24.7C[b]2g)

[I] ITALIAN ARTISTS

I: Old Testament

Miriam/Crossing the Red Sea: [Luini Pa] Luini, Bernardo (ca.1481/82]1532). The Israelites Rejoicing after Crossing the Red Sea. Milan Brera. Includes a rejoicing figure (Miriam?) playing a frame drum (held with one hand, beaten with the other). (L. Beltrami. Luini. Milan 1911. no. 212 [fair reproduction]; exh Luino, 1975: Sacro e profano nella pittura di Bernardo Luini. b & w fig. 10 at the back)

[Mazzolino Pa] Mazzolino, Ludovico (ca.1480-1528/30). Pharaoh and his Host Overwhelmed in the Red Sea (1521). Dublin NGI. Miriam (?) plays a frame drum. Two other figures play woodwind instruments. (B. Boydell. Music and Paintings in the National Gallery of Ireland. Dublin 1985. p. 48)

II: New Testament

Nativity -- Adoration of the Magi: [Eusebio di San Giorgio Pa] Eusebio di San Giorgio (ca,1478-1550). Adoration of the Magi. Perugia, San Pietro. Includes a shepherd with a bagpipe (not well drawn), a herald with a folded trumpet, and a little band of two flutes and two frame drums. (E. Jacobsen. Umbrische Malerei des 14., 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts ... Strasbourg 1914. pl. 55b [small reproduction]; Vis Coll. 372.Eu75.22A[a])

Nativity -- Annunciation to the Shepherds: [Ms Munich SgS] Anon., 1516. Annunciation to the Shepherds, from the Breviary of King Sigismund I of Poland (1506- 1548). Munich SgS. manuscript illumination. Includes shepherds with a bagpipe, a cornett and a drum. (Marburg X 114 967)

Passion--Crucifixion: [Ms London BL Add 34,294] Italian, last quater, 15th century. Crucifixion, from the Book of Hours of Bona Sforza, Duchess of Milan. London BL Add. Ms 34,294, fol. 161. manuscript illumination. A rather demented-looking fellow plays a frame drum. (Miniatures and Borders from the Book of Hours of Bona Sforza, Duchess of Milan, in the British Museum. London 1894. pl. IV, as perhaps ca.1484-94)

IV: Saints

Other: [Carpaccio Pa] Carpaccio, Vittore (op.1490-m.1523/26). St. George Baptising the Princess and her Father, from Scenes from the Life of St. George. Venice, Scuola S. Giorgio degli Schiavone. Turkish musicians play three shawms and a large, shallow drum, held with vertical heads beaten with beater and whisk. (W. Hausenstein. Das Werk des 38

Vittore Carpaccio. Stuttgart 1925. pll. 37 [poor reproduction], 39 [large but fuzzy detail]; G. Perocco. Carpaccio. Le pitture alla Scuola di S. Giorgio degli Schiavone. Treviso 1975. pp. 31 [in situ, fuzzy], 45 [small color reproduction]; P. Zampetti. Vittore Carpaccio. Venice 1966. cat. and pl. no. 38; Vis. Coll.C224.38G3)

[Carpaccio Pa] ______. Triumph of St. George. as above. (W. Hausenstein. Das Werk des Vittore Carpaccio. Stuttgart 1925. pll. 33 [poor reproduction], 39 [fair detail]; G. Perocco. Carpaccio. Le pitture alla Scuola di S. Giorgio degli Schiavone. Treviso 1975. pp. 31 [in situ, fuzzy], 127 [detail], 133 [small color reproduction]; P. Zampetti. Vittore Carpaccio. Venice 1966. cat. and pl. no. 37 [useless reproduction]; Vis. Coll.C224.38G3)

V: Mythology

Achilles: [Giolfino Pa] Giolfino, Niccolo (1476-1555). Achilles and the Daughters of Lycomedes. Verona, Museo Civico. Includes a small frame drum lying on the floor. There is also a figure paying a straight trumpet. (Schubring no. 690, pl. CXLIX; Vis. Coll. 372.G433.4A)

Mars: [Nicoletto da Modena Pr] Nicoletto da Modena (doc.1500-1507). Mars. engraving. Includes, among his attributes, a frame drum. (IB vol. 25, Commentary, no. 2508.047, p. 206 [fair reproduction]; Hind Early Italian Engraving. no. 54, pl. 671)

Other: [Andrea del Sarto Pa] Andrea del Sarto (1486-1531). Three Mythological Figures. Florence Uffizi. Three nude youths with wreaths on their heads play panpipes, a small shawm and a shallow frame drum. (S. J. Freedberg. Painting of the High Renaissance in Rome and Florence. Cambridge MA 1961. fig. 555)

[Giulio-Ghisi Pr] Diane Ghisi after Giulio Romano (1499-1546). The Bath of Mars and Venus. engraving. Musicians in a rustic gallery play crumhorn, pommer, cymbals and a diamond-shaped frame drum. (Mirimonde Astrologie. pl. 91; Gazette des Beaux-Arts 69 [1967] 338 [small reproduction])

[Lippi School Ca] Lippi, Filippino (1457/58-1504), School. The Three Godesses before Zeus. location unknown. cassone panel. Includs a dwarf with a frame drum. (Vis. Coll. 372.L6651)

VI: Literary and Historical Subjects/Figures

[Genga Pa] Genga, Girolamo (ca.1476/81-1551). Duke Francesco Maria of Urbino Receiving the Oaths of his Followers. Pesaro, Villa Albani/Castello dell'Imperiale. Includes two players of frame drums and a drummer repairing a third drum. (G. Vaccaj. Pesaro. Bergamo 1909. [Italia artistica, 42] p. 43; Vis. Coll. 372.G288.4V1, 2)

VII: Allegory 39

War and Peace: [Titian Pa] Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (ca.1487/90-1576). Allegory of the Battle of Lepanto. Madrid Prado. Includes a partly visible frame (?) drum, covered by a Turkish flag, among the war booty. (H. Tietze. Titian. London 2/1950. fig. 277, as 1571- 75) XII: Decorative Elements

[Po Faenza London V&A] Italian (Faenza) (Master of the Resurrection Panel/Monogrammist BT or TB), ca. 1510. Border. London V&A. majolica dish. The central illustration is of Christ Disputing the Doctors. The border depicts artifacts of music, military, agriculture, chemistry, the blacksmith and weaving. Among the many musical instruments is a frame drum. (1940 Catalog: Italian majolica. no. 272, pl. 43 [minuscule reproduction]; Early Music 12 [1984] 373 [small reproduction])

[Sc Turin MC] Bambaia, Il (Agostino Busti) (1483-1548). Fragments of the funeral monument of Gaston de Foix. Turin MC. sculpture. Includes a lyre, frame drum and tambourine. (1965 catalog, fig. 151; L. H. Heydenreich and G. Passavant. Le temps des génies. Renaissance italienne. 1500-1540. [Paris] 1974. p. 133)

Pellipario, Nicola (op. ca. 1515-ca.1545). Border decoration of a Castel Durante majolica plate (1530-1535). London art market (1967). Full of musical instruments, including a frame drum. (Burlington [1967] June ad p. lxxviii)

XIII: Scenes of Everyday Life -- Outdoor

Battles, Encampments and other Military Scenes: [Ms New York Morgan M801] Italian (Naples), late 15th century. Troops on the March, from Ferraiolo, Cronaca della Napoli aragonese. New York Morgan Ms M801, fol. 109v. manuscript illumination. Includes players of flute (not well depicted, sort of end-blown!) and frame drum. (Salmen Spielmann. Abb. 70, as ca.1498)

[Master NA.DAT with the Mousetrap Pr] Master NA.DAT with the Mousetrap (op. first quarter, 16th century). The Two Armies at the Battle of Ravenna. Includes three players of straight trumpets (mounted) and players of flute and frame drum (foot). The flute and drum players are very insignificant and poorly depicted. very unimp. (J. Levenson et al. Early Italian Engravings from the National Gallery of Art. Washington 1973. p. 507 [fine reproduction], notes dated 1530 in its second state, probably first engraved ca.1512/13)

[Titian-Fontana Pr] Giulio Fontana (fl. ca.1570) after Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (ca. 1487- 1577). Battle. engraving. Includes a mounted figure blowing a straight trumpet and two figures on foot playing frame drums. (H. E. Wethey. The Paintings of Titian, III ... London 1975. fig. 54 [fine reproduction])

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Processions/Cavalcades/Entrees/Parades: [CI Bologna 1529] Anon. (Venetian), 16th century. Entry of Charles V into Bologna, 1529. woodcut. Includes a troop of Swiss/German troops with players of flute and two large frame drums. (R. Strong. Splendour at Court ... New York 1973. no. 68, pp. 86-87)

[Po London V&A] Italian (Caffaggiolo) (Master of the Papal Procession), early 16th century. Pope Leo X in Procession. London V&A. majolica dish. Includes Swiss guards with players of a flute (end-blown!) and a frame drum. (1940 Catalog: Italian Majolica. no. 318, pl. 53, as ca.1516)

XV: Miscellaneous Figures

Angels: [Sc Venice Frari] Giuliano Fiorentino (m. 1487-possibly doc. 1469), attr. Epitaph of Beato Pacifico Bon. Venice, Frari. sculpture. A frame of musical angels, including one playing a frame drum. (G. Fiocco. L'arte di Andrea Mantegna. Venice 1959. pl. 18)

[Giulio-Anselmi Fr] Michelangelo Anselmi after a cartoon by Giulio Romano (1499- 1546). Coronation of the Virgin. Parma, Sta. Maria della Steccata. fresco. Includes an angel playing a frame drum. (F. Hartt. Giulio Romano. New Haven 1958. fig. 510 [small reproduction)

Dwarfs: See Allegory, Other.

Musicians: [Po London Wallace] Italian [Faenza], early 16th century, Drummer. London Wallace. pottery plate. He is seated, holds his drum by a string, and taps it gently with a long, pointer-like stick. (Arte illustrata IV/37/38 [Jan.-Feb. 1971] 60, as ca.1515-20)

[Fogolino Dr] Fogolino, Marcello (1483/88-p.1558?). Study for a Drummer. private collection. drawing. (L. Puppi. Marcello Fogolino ... Trento 1966. tav. 50. location not recorded)

[Garofalo Fr] Garofalo (Benvenuto Tisi) (1481-1559), attr. Trompe l'oeil Figures on a Balcony. Ferrara, Palazzo Costabili (called Palazzo di Lodovico il Moro), Sala del Tesoro or Aula Costabiliana. fresco. A man holds a violin/viola da braccio, a viol leans against the balcony railing, a lady holds a lute, a man holds a harp, and a drum hangs from the balustrade. There are also singers. (G. Agnelli. Ferrara e Pomposa. Bergamo 1906. [Italia artistica, 2] unnumb. pl. at back, as by Ercole Grandi; A. Neppi. Il Garofalo. Milan 1959. pl. IV [color reproduction of the entire ceiling]; Vis. Coll. 372. G7632.90[a], as by Ercole Grandi)

Putti: [Fogolino Pa] Fogolino, Marcello (1483/88-p.1558?). Frieze of Putti. private 41

collection. One of the putti has a pipe and tabor (he is only playing the pipe) and there is a tabor on the ground. (L. Puppi. Marcello Fogolino ... Trento 1966. pll. 56-57)

[Giulio Pa] Giulio Romano (1499-1546) and others. Musical Amoretti. Mantua, Palazzo del Te, Sala di Psiche. executed in oil in the vaulting compartments. Many musical putti, including two with frame drums. unimp. (F. Hartt. Giulio Romano. New Haven 1958. figs. 241-252)

[Raphael-Master of the Die Pr] Master of the Die (op. ca.1530-60) after Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio) (1483-1520). Frieze with a Putto Knocked Down by a Goat. engraving. One of the putti has a small frame drum. (IB vol. 29, no. 29, p. 186)

[Raphael-Master of the Die Pr] ______. Frieze with a Putto Riding a Goat. engraving. The putti play two double woodwinds and two shallow frame drume (held vertically). (IB vol. 29, no. 36, p. 193)