A1 Receptor Desensitization, 358 A1 Receptors, 341 A2B Adenosine Receptor, 346 A2 Receptors, 341 ABC Protein Family, 355 Acetylc

Index

A1 receptor desensitization, 358 Alpha interaction domain (AID), 49–51, 59 A1 receptors, 341 Alzheimer’s, 268 A2B adenosine receptor, 346 AMPA receptors, 493, 495 A2 receptors, 341 Amperometry, 30 ABC protein family, 355 Amphetamine, 85, 88 Acetylcholine release, 343, 420, 421, 426, 427 Amphiphysin, 123–125 Acetylcholineesterease (AchE), 79, 90, 91 Analgesia, 421 ACTH, 410, 426, 427 spinal, 421 Actin cytoskeleton, 228, 232, 235, 236 supraspinal, 421 Acute myocardial ischemia, 309 Angiotensin, 567 Addiction, 568, 570 Ankyrin repeats, 175, 176, 180 Adenosine, 213, 339 Anti-snake venom antisera, 134 Adenosine deaminase, 345 Antibotulism vaccines, 134 Adenosine-A1 receptor, 219, 221–223 Antidepressant agents, 96, 569 Adenylyl cyclase, 297, 346, 427 Antitetanus vaccine, 134 Adrenaline, 261 Anxiety, 323 Adrenergic, muscarinic, somatostatin, PGE, AP180, 123, 124 and secretin receptors, 219 AP2, 123, 124 α1B-adrenoceptors, 215 Appetite, 308 α1-Adrenoceptors, 274 Arachidonic acid, 218 α2A Adrenoceptor, 273 Aripiprazole, 566 α2B Adrenoceptor, 273 Arousal, 308 α2C Adrenoceptor, 274 ATP metabolism, 350 α2 adrenergic receptor (adrenoreceptor), 207 ATP release, 349, 423, 425 α2-adrenoceptor, 207, 211, 212, 269 ATP-sensitive, 312 β Adrenoceptors, 277 ATPase, 80, 81 β adrenoceptor antagonists, 567 Attention, 308 Adrenoceptor Subtypes, 268 Attention deﬁcit disorder, 274 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 410 Autaptic cultures, 25 AEA (anandamide), 438, 439, 441, 443, α2-autoreceptors, 360 446–448, 450, 454, 456 Autoreceptors, 262, 290, 418, 420, 423, 562 2-AG (2-arachidonyl glycerol), 438, 439, 441, Auxilin, 125 443, 446, 447, 450, 454, 462 ω-agatoxin IIIA, 55 B-Raf, 233 ω-agatoxin IVA, 46, 47, 54 B50, 224, 235–237 Aggression, 323 Baclofen, 212, 213, 218, 219, 221–223 Aggressive behavior, 317 Baﬁlomycin A1, 29

575 576 Index

Bernhard Katz, 7 cAMP-GEF/Epac, 233 Beta-bungarotoxin, 140, 147, 151 cAMP-GEFII, 233 Binding of α-LTX, 188, 192, 194 Cannabinoids, 222, 422, 568 Biophase concentration, 296 CB1 receptor, 423 Bisindolylmaleimide, 234, 235 Carbon fiber electrodes, 30 Black lipid membranes, 180 Cardiac failure, 425 Black widow spider, 172 Cardiac hypertrophy, 274 Botulinum toxin, 230, 348 CASK, 59, 60 Botulinum toxin A, 225, 237 CB1 Receptor, 436, 439–442, 444–450, 452, Botulinum toxin E (BoNT E), 237 454, 456–465 Botulism, 133 CD73, 355 Bradykinin, 219 Cerebellar granule cell, 223 Brominated flame retardants (BFR), 89 Cerebellar granule cell-Purkinje cell, 223 Cerebellum, 438, 449–453, 460, 465, 530, 534, C2 domain, 117–119, 121 549 Ca2+ channel, 12, 207, 208, 211, 213, Cetiedil, 91 215–218, 231, 242, 481, 482, 486, 493, 2-chloroadenosine, 341 498, 501, 504, 505, 507–509 CGS 21680, 346 CaV2.1, 215, 218 Charles Sherrington, 6 CaV2.2, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220 Chicago sky blue, 86, 94, 95 CaV2.3, 215 Chick calyx terminals, 212 Ca2+ channel enhancement, 220 Chick ciliary ganglion, 211, 216, 235 Ca2+ channel inhibition, 214, 216 Cholecystokinin, 415 Ca2+ indicator dyes, 32 chromaffin cells, 18, 173, 231, 232, 235, 240, Ca2+ ionophore or ionomycin, 223, 234 271 Ca2+-Buffering, 12 Chromaffin granules, 83 Ca2+-independent release, 173, 174 Cis-SNARE-complex, 112 Ca2+-sensor, 13, 225, 231, 239 Clathrin, 122–124 Ca2+-Triggering, 12 Clathrin mediated endocytosis, 122, 123, 125 Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II, 236 ClC-3, 81, 82, 95 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Clonidine, 564 227 Clostridial neurotoxins 2+ CaV2Ca channels, 207 accessory proteins, 135 CaV2.2, 212 binding, 141 CaV2 channel, 220 binding domain, 137 CaV2.1, 215, 218 catalytic domain, 139 2+ CaV2.2Ca channels, 211, 212 chaperones, 144 CaV2.2, 214, 215, 217, 218 duration of action, 145 CaV2.3, 215 endocytosis, 143 Calcitonin gene-related peptide, 416, 421 glycolipid receptors, 142 Calcium binding protein 1 (CaBP1), 63 heavy chain, 136 Calcium phosphate technique, 26 internalization, 143 Calcium-dependent facilitation (CDF), 62, 63 intestinal absorption, 135 Calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI), 62, 63 light chain, 136 Calmodulin, 234, 236, 240 lipid receptor, 142 Calyx endings in the chick ciliary ganglion, mode of action, 140 219 nodal sprouting, 152 Calyx of Held, 13, 27, 30, 211, 216, 221, 233, non-neuronal cells, 154 235 proteolytic activity, 144 (CaMK) I and IV, 227 regeneration, 152 CaMKI, 227 retroaxonal transport, 141, 143 CaMKII, 227, 228 structure, 135 CaMKIV, 227 synaptic vesicles, 142 cAMP-GEF, 208, 232 synaptotagmin, 142 Index 577

terminal sprouting, 152 Endocytosis, 3, 16 therapeutic use, 155 Endogenous adenosine, 348 translocation domain, 137 Endogenous tone, 420, 421, 425 vesicle membrane translocation, 143 Endorphins, 410–412 zinc atom, 139 Enkephalins, 410–412 Clozapine, 89, 96 Enprofylline, 346 Co-transmitters, 5, 297, 410 EP3 receptor, 422, 423 Cocaine, 85, 88, 322 Epilepsy, 268, 425 Cognition, 308, 323 Eps15, 123 Cognitive functions, 298 Epsin, 123–125 Complexin, 14, 113, 114, 119 ERK1&2, 228 Concanamycin A, 29 Evans blue, 86, 94, 95 ω-conotoxin CVID, 46, 47, 54 Excitatory amino acid transporters, 497, 498 ω-conotoxin GVIA, 46, 47, 348 Exocytosis, 208, 222, 224–226, 228–239, 355, ω-conotoxin MVIIA, 46, 54 481, 501, 502, 504, 505, 507 Constitutive activity, 307 Exocytosis/fusion, 224, 227 Constitutive proteolysis, 191 Extracellular levels of adenosine, 344 Convulsions, 308 Cracked PC12 cells, 40 False labelling, 300, 318 Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), 175 Fast cyclic voltametry, 30 Cysteine string protein (CSP), 231 FCCP/CCCP, 81, 83 Ferlins, 118 d-amphetamine, 276 Fiber terminals, 223 DAG/IP3, 225 Fission, 124 Dale’s principle, 4 FM dye, 28 Deconvolution, 27 FM1-43, 29, 32, 33 Dense core vesicles, 410 FM1-84, 33 Depolarization-induced suppression of FM2-10, 28, 32, 33 inhibition, 17 Folimycin, 29 Depression, 268, 298 Food intake, 308 γ-DGG, 29 Forskolin, 226, 228, 230, 233 Diacylglycerol (DAG), 208, 218, 220, 225, Full-fusion, 225, 235 226, 233, 234, 238–240, 242 Fusion, 3, 15 DIDS, 81, 86, 95 Fusion pore, 225, 235, 238, 239 Differences between species, 296 Docking, 3, 8, 15 GABAA, 485, 486 Docking/tethering, 227, 228 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), 207, Dopamine D2-receptor, 213 508, 510, 511 Dopamine release, 421 G proteins, 81, 96, 207–209, 211, 213, 221, Dopamine transporter (DAT), 79, 87–89 225, 241, 508 Dopamine-D2 inhibition, 215 α-subunit, 207–214, 218 ducky2j,52 βγ-subunit, 207, 208, 210–212, 217, 218, Dynamin, 122–125 221, 242 Dynorphins, 410–412, 415, 417, 418, 420 G12, 210 Dystonias, 156 G13, 210 Gi, 210, 212, 214, 218, 221, 242 E-NTPDase, 355 Go, 207, 208, 210–214, 218–221, 224, 241, Ecto-alkaline phosphatase, 355 242 Ectonucleotidase inhibitors, 351 Gq, 207–212, 214, 218–221, 225, 233, 241, Efaroxan, 564 242 Electrical synapses, 2 Gs, 207–210, 218, 226, 241, 242 Electrochemical gradient, 79–83 Gz, 218 EmrE, 89 G protein kinetics, 215 Endocannabinoids, 4, 17 G11, 210 578 Index

G-protein cycle, 209 ω-grammotoxin SIVA, 47, 54 GTPase, 207–210, 213, 218, 229 Granule cells, 223 GTPase activating proteins, 207, 209, 213 Group I metabotropic glutamate autorecep- RGS proteins, 207, 209, 213–215 tors5, 376 Gαi, 211, 212 and phosphatases, 378 Gαo, 211, 212 and PKC, 376, 377, 381 Gαq, 211 constitutive activity, 380 Gαi, 218 desensitization, 377, 378, 381 Gβγ, 219 facilitation-inhibition switch, 376–378 Gβγ-subunits, 211, 219 glutamate release, 376, 378, 379, 381–383, G12/13, 210 399 Gi/Go, 210 mGluR1, 374, 376, 379, 380 Gq protein, 428 mGluR5, 376, 379–381 / Gq G11,G14,G15/16, 210 pharmacological classiﬁcation, 379, 395 Gs protein, 427 Group I mGluRs and NA release, 387 Gs/Golf, 210 involvement of PLC, PKC and Src, 380 Gi/o, 410 mGluR1 on NA terminals, 380 Gi/o protein, 343, 418, 423 in human neocortex, 385, 388, 392 Gq/11 proteins, 353 in rat hippocampus, 377, 387 G-protein βγ subunits, 352 mGluR1-NMDAR coexistence, 380, 394 G-protein cycle, 209 mGluR1-NMDAR interaction, 380 G-protein kinetics, 215 mGluR5 on NA terminals, 380 G-protein-gated potassium channels (GIRK, mGluR5-nAChR coexistence, 380, 387 Kir3), 242 nAChR-mGluR5 interaction, 387 GABA release, 420, 423 Tat as an mGluR1 agonist, 388, 390 GABAA receptor, 483–487, 506, 507, 510–512 Group I mGluRs in human brain, 385 GABAB receptor, 207, 212, 213, 222, 223, 497 activation by Tat, 382, 385 cholecystokinin release, 393 mGluR1 enhancing ACh release, 382, 387 cognitive processes, 393 Group II and group III metabotropic glutamate GABA release, 392–394 autoreceptors, 381 GABAB(2) subunit, 374, 391 Group II mGluRs and NMDAR coexistence, GABAB1 subunit, 391, 396 384 GABAB1(a) variant, 391, 395–398 functional changes in parkinsonian rats, 384 GABAB1(b) variant, 391, 395–399 GTPase, 119, 120, 213 sushi repeats, 395, 397–399 GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), 209, 213 glutamate release, 376, 378, 379, 381–383 Guanine dissociation inhibitor (GDI), 120 in human brain, 386 Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), pharmacological subtypes, 395, 398 120, 209 selective ligands, 379, 383 somatostatin release, 392, 393 Haloperidol, 89 structural heterogeneity, 395 HCN channels, 232 GABA/GABAergic, 438, 440, 442, 447, 452, Hemifusion, 11, 13, 119, 150 458, 459, 463, 465, 466 Hemodialysis, 425 Gap junctions, 2 Hetero-oligomerization, 355, 359 GDI proteins, 209 Heteroreceptor, 262, 290, 418, 423, 426, 427, GIRK, 211, 212, 242 562 Glial cells, 353 Heteroreceptor/autoreceptor interaction, 317 Glutamate analogs, 81, 94, 95 Hippocampus, 438, 442, 450, 451, 454, 455, Glutamate release, 420, 423, 425–427, 429 458, 459, 462, 464, 465, 533–535, 537, Glutamate/Glutamatergic, 437, 438, 440, 442, 538, 540–542, 544, 548, 549 450–452, 455, 457, 459–461, 463, 465 Histamine, 417, 423 Glutamic acid decarboxylase, 78, 92 H3 receptor, 423 Glycine receptors (GlyR), 483, 484, 486, 487 Hsc70, 124, 125 Glycine release, 415, 417, 420, 425 5HT1A receptor, 221, 222 Index 579

5-HT3 receptors, 483, 491, 510 α-LTX channel, 180 Hypersalivation, 156 α-LTX mutants, 197 Hypersudoration, 156 α-LTX pore, 178 Hypertension, 304, 425 α-LTX receptors, 179 Hypertonic sucrose, 35 Hypertonicity, 25 M1-muscarinic receptors, 215, 218 Hypocretin, 427 M2 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine Hypotension, 304 receptors, 211 Hypoxia, 344 Major depression, 316 MAPK1&2, 228 Idazoxan, 564 MC2 receptor, 426, 427 Imidazoline-1 receptors, 564 Melanocortin, 410, 426 Infant botulism, 133 Membrane fusion, 108, 111, 112, 115, 117, Inositol trisphosphate (IP3), 196, 233, 234, 120 241, 242 Memory, 276, 278, 538, 541, 550 INS45973, 351 mEPSC, 222, 223 Insulin release, 565 Metabotropic GluR7 autoreceptors, 380 Intersectin, 123 cytosolic Ca2+ imaging, 383 Invagination, 122, 124 inhibition of glutamate release, 381–383 Inverse agonist, 307 involvement of Ca2+ channels, 383 Isoforms, 186 involvement of cyclic AMP, 375, 383 localization at the active zone, 380 K+ channels, 501, 504, 505 synaptosomal immunolabeling, 383 K+ efflux, 419 Metabotropic glutamate autoreceptors, 375 KV1, 221 Metabotropic glutamate heteroreceptors, 384 Kir3, 211, 212 Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), Kir, 214, 221, 242 223, 238, 241, 374–378, 380, 381, 384 Kainate receptors, 495, 496, 512 Methamphetamine, 88 Ketanserin, 87 βγ-methyleneadenosine-5-triphosphate, 350 Kir, 222 Methylphenidate, 88 Kiss-and-run, 3, 13, 121–123, 125, 225, 235, Methylxanthines, 341 238 MGluR4, 219 Kiss-and-stay, 3 MGluR7, 219 Mianserin, 564 Langley, 7 Migraine, 156, 323, 567 Large dense-core vesicles, 4 Mint, 117 Large mossy fiber terminals, 31 Mint-1, 59, 60 Latrodectin, 181 Mirtazapine, 564 Latrophilin, 189 MK-801, 27 α-latrotoxin, 39, 171 Modulation of ACh release, 384 Leaner,53 inhibition through group II mGluRs, 375, Learning, 278, 308, 324, 538, 541, 549, 550 381 Lentiviral infections, 26 potentiation through group I mGluRs, 379 Lergotrile, 566 striatal release, 379, 384 Lethargic, 52 Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 92 Light-induced Ca2+ uncaging, 31 Morphine, 411, 421, 568 LMWP, 181 Mossy fiber terminals, 219, 223, 226 LNS domains, 188 Moxonidine, 274, 564 Local tetanus, 132 MPP+, 78, 83–85, 88 Long-term depression (LTD), 18, 300, MPTP, 83, 98 436–438, 456–462, 464 MRS 1754, 346 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 229, 232, 512 MRS 2179, 351 LPH, 192 Multidrug resistance, 80, 88 LPH1 knockout, 197 Munc13, 114, 115, 229, 235, 238–240, 242 580 Index

Munc13-1, 240 p38 MAP kinase, 509 Munc18, 115–117, 238–240 Pain, 274 Munc18-1, 11 Pancreatic polypeptide, 410, 421 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, 211, 214 Parkinson’s disease, 298 Myristoylated-alanine-rich C-kinase substrate Peptide yy, 410, 421 (MARCKS), 224, 236 Pertussis toxin (Ptx), 210, 214, 216, 219, 234, 306, 343, 419 N and P/Q-type calcium channels, 219 Phencyclidine, 89 N-ethylmaleimide, 343 Phorbol ester, 234, 235, 237–240, 360 + Na Currents, 182 Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), 119, Na+/H+ exchanger, 309 124, 125, 208, 217–219, 226, 234, 236, nAChRs, 489, 490, 510, 513 240–242 Narcolepsy, 429 Phospho-inositol-5 kinase, 125 Nausea, 304 Phospholipase C (PLC), 208, 217, 218, NECA, 341 233–236, 238, 240, 242, 509 Neurexin, 186 Phosphomimetic, 230, 231, 234, 237, 238 Neurodegenerative diseases, 277 PI 4-kinase, 240 Neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), 6, 173 PI(4)P 5-kinase, 240 Neuropeptide y, 410, 419, 422–426 PIP2, 217, 219, 234, 236, 240–242 Neuropeptides, 312 PKA, 225 Neurotrophin, 233 PKC, 196, 221, 222, 224, 226, 233–241 Neurotrophin Trk receptors, 233 PLCβ1, 209 Nicotine, 16 PLC-β, 196, 210, 225, 226 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), Pore formation, 173 + 17, 483, 488 Potassium (K ) channels, 210, 218, 221, 222, Nigericin, 81, 82, 92 242 Nitric oxide, 4, 532, 539 G-protein-gated (GIRK, Kir3), 211, 212, NMDA, 492, 494 221, 242 NMDA receptors, 27, 493 Voltage-gated (Kv), 221 Nociceptin, 410–413 Pre-proopiomelanocortin, 411, 426 Nociceptive synapse, 312 Prepro-orexin, 427, 428 Noradrenaline release, 346, 412, 413, 418–420, Presynaptic Capacitance Measurements, 30 423, 425, 427 Priming, 3, 15, 114, 115, 223–225, 227–230, Norepinephrine transporter (NET), 79 234–236, 240 NRX, 197 Probability of Neurotransmitter Release, 26 NSF, 112, 115 Proc, 260 Numa, 7 Prolactin, 304 Prostaglandin, 422, 423 Opioid δ receptor, 410–412, 415, 418–421 Protein kinase, 347, 348 Opioid κ receptor, 410–412, 416, 418–420 Protein kinase A, 17, 302, 307, 347, 509 Opioid µ receptor, 410–412, 414, 415, Protein kinase C (PKC), 208, 220, 242, 348, 418–421 509 µ/δ opioid receptors, 207 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase σ, 193 Orexin, 410, 427–429 Protracted myocardial ischemia, 309 ORL1 receptor, 411–413, 417, 418, 420 Psychostimulant addiction, 298 Otto Loewi, 6 Purkinje cell, 223, 229 OX2 receptor, 428 Pyrimidinoceptors, 350 Oxytocin, 303 Q/R-SNAREs, 112 P/Q-type calcium channels, 218 P2X receptors, 483, 498, 510, 511 Rab effector(s), 8, 119, 120 P2Y receptors, 219, 339, 351 Rab-Proteins, 8 P2Y1 nucleotide receptors, 214 Rab3A, 224, 228, 229, 233 P3 receptors, 353 Rabphilin, 224, 228, 229, 240 Index 581

Rabphilin 3A, 121 SNAP-25, 10, 24, 59–61, 109–114, 117, 119, Rabs, 119–121 145, 224, 225, 230, 231, 236–239, 510 Ramon´ y Cajal, 6 SNAP-25/α-SNAP/Syntaphilin, 230 Rap1, 226, 232, 233 Snapin, 224, 231 Re-acidiﬁcation of vesicles, 37 SNAPs, 115 Reactive blue 2, 351 SNARE motif, 108–113, 115, 117 Readily-releasable pool (RRP), 35, 223, 224, SNARE proteins, 108–117, 119, 120, 124, 208, 227 224, 225, 229–231, 237–239, 242, 348 Receptor biophase, 356 SNARE-zippering, 112, 113 Receptor reserve, 300 SNX-482, 46, 47, 54 Recruitment/replenishment, 227, 234 Somatostatin, 211, 219 Recycling, 3 Spatial learning, 276 Reserpic acid, 87 Stargazin, 51 Reserpine, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90 Strabismus, 156 Reticulospinal/motoneuron synapse, 224, 225 Striatum, 438, 450, 454, 455, 458–460, 462, Retrograde messenger, 541, 542, 544 465 Rewarding system, 421 Styryl dyes, 32 RGS Proteins, 213, 214 Substance p release, 420 RGS4, 213 Sumatriptan, 566 RGS9-2, 215 Superpriming, 15 RIM, 59, 60, 115 Suramin, 351 RIM1, 240 SV2, 96, 97 RIM1α, 229 Sympathetic tone, 278 RIM1α/2α, 121 Synapse formation, 189 Rivastigmine, 91 Synapsin, 211, 227, 229, 233 Rocker,53 Synapsin I, 227–229, 236 Rolling Nagoya,53 Synaptic protein interaction site (synprint), 59 Rose bengal, 86, 94 Synaptic vesicle reuse, 35 Ruthenium red, 230 Synaptobrevin, 144, 224 Synaptobrevin 2/VAMP2, 109–112, 114, 117 Sativex, 568 Synaptobrevin-2, 24 Schizophrenia, 268, 274, 298, 565, 566 Synaptobrevin/VAMP, 10 Secretory granules, 109, 113, 121, 123 Synaptojanin, 123–125 Sedation, 274 Synaptophluorin, 36 Serotonin transporter (SERT), 79 Synaptophysin, 36 Short-term synaptic depression, 27 Synaptosomal glutamate release, 376 SITS, 81, 86, 95 L-AP4 as group III agonist, 382 SLC28, 356 mGluR2 knockout, 382 SLC29, 356 synaptic localization, 375 SM proteins, 11, 109, 113, 115–117 Synaptosome/synaptosomal, 220, 221, 234 Small dense-core vesicles, 2, 18 Synaptosomes, 39, 173, 297 Snake PLA2 neurotoxins, 134 Synaptotagmin, 12, 97, 108, 113, 117–119, axonal degeneration, 149 121, 124, 224, 225, 231, 237, 239, 240, endocytosis, 149 348 intracellular action, 151 Synaptotagmin-7, 18 mode of action, 146 Syndapin 1, 123 phase 1, 147 Syntaphilin, 224, 230 phase 2, 148 Syntaxin, 10, 145, 224, 225, 229–231, phase 3, 148, 149 237–240, 348 regeneration, 153 Syntaxin 1, 59, 60 structure, 139 Syntaxin 1A, 108–116 vesicle depletion, 151 α-SNAP, 230 Taipoxin, 140 SNAP-2, 224 Tetanus, 132 582 Index

Tetanus neonatorum, 132 Vigabatrin, 92 Tetrabenazine, 85, 87, 89 Visin-like protein 2 (VILIP-2), 63 TEXAN, 88, 89 Voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs), 46, Textilotoxin, 140 343 Theophylline, 341 α1 subunit, 48–50, 53, 56–59 5 -[γ-thio]triphosphate, 350 α2-δ subunit, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55 Tomosyn, 115 β subunit, 49–51, 57, 62 Tottering,53 γ subunit, 49, 51, 57 Trans-aminocyclopentane-1,3-decarboxylic as analgesics, 46 acid (t-ACPD), 223 ataxia, 52, 53 Trans-SNARE-complex, 112 familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), 53 Transporter reversal, 4 gene knock-out (KO), 51 Trivalent cations, 184 L-type, 46, 47, 50, 52, 63 Trk receptors, 233 molecular structure of, 49 TRPV, 483, 500 N-type, 46, 50, 52, 54–62 Tyrosine hydroxylase, 296 P/Q-type, 46, 47, 52–56, 59–61, 63 pain, 48, 52, 54, 64 Uncoating, 122, 124, 125 pharmacological proﬁle of, 54 UTP, 351 R-type, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54, 61 regulation by G-proteins, 56 v-ATPase, 29 Vacuolar ATPase blockers, 37 regulation by protein kinase A (PKA), 61 Valinomycin, 81, 83, 92 regulation by protein kinase C (PKC), 58, 61 VAMP, 236 regulation by synaptic proteins, 59 VAMP/synaptobrevin, 224, 236 seizures, 47, 48, 52 Vasopressin, 303 sub-cellular distribution of, 47, 48 Vesamicol, 85, 90 subtypes, 46 Vesicle release machinery, 419, 423, 428 subunits, 48 Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), T-type, 46, 50 80, 85, 89–91 Volume transmission, 4 Vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT), 85, 91, 92, 94 Whole cell recording, 24 Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT), 36, Wiring transmission, 4 81, 93–96 Wound botulism, 133 Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), 78, 83, 84, 87–91 Y2 nucleotide receptor, 419, 422, 423, 425