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The Chinese of Pasuruan: Their Language and Identity

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The Chinese of Pasuruan: Their Language and Identity PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series D - No. 63 THE CHINESE OF PASURUAN: THEIR LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY by Dede Oetomo (MATERIALS IN LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA, No. 26) WAL. Stokhof, Series Editor Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Oetomo, D. The Chinese of Pasuruan: Their language and identity. D-63, iv + 296 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1987. DOI:10.15144/PL-D63.cover ©1987 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A - Occasional Papers SERIES C - Books SERIES B - Monographs SERIES D - Special Publications EDITOR: S.A. Wurm ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender H.P. McKaughan University of Hawaii University of Hawaii David Bradley P. Miihlhausler La Trobe University Linacre College, Oxford Michael G. Clyne G.N. O'Grady Monash University University of Victoria, B.C. S.H. Elbert A.K Pawley University of Hawaii University of Auckland KJ. Franklin KL. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Malcolm Ross University of Hawaii Australian National University M.A.K. Halliday Gillian Sankoff University of Sydney University of Pennsylvania E. Haugen W.A.L. Stokhof Harvard University University of Leiden A. Healey B.K T'sou Summer Institute of Linguistics City Polytechnic of Hong Kong L.A. Hercus E.M. Uhlenbeck Australian National University University of Lei den John Lynch J.W.M. Verhaar University of Papua New Guinea Divine Word Institute, Madang KA. McElhanon Summer Institute of Linguistics All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University , Canberra, AC.T. 2601 Australia Copyright © The Authors First Published 1987 Typeset by Sue Tys Maps drawn by Theo Baumann Printed by AN.U. Printing Service Bound by Adriatic Bookbinders Pty Ltd The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. ISSN 0078-7566 ISBN 0 85883 349 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Notes to Chapter 1 11 Chapter 2: PASURUAN AND THE CHINESE OF PASURUAN 13 Notes to Chapter 2 62 Chapter 3: GENERAL LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND 67 Notes to Chapter 3 93 Chapter 4: IDENTITY MARKERS : JAVANESE AND MALAY/INDONESIAN 96 Notes to Chapter 4 158 Chapter 5: IDENTITY MARKERS : CHINESE DIALECTS, DUTCH AND ENGLISH 161 Notes to Chapter 5 200 Chapter 6: CONCLUSION 203 Appendix : SAMPLE TEXTS 209 Conversation 1: In a dentist 's waiting room 209 Conversation 2: Two engineering students 211 Conversation 3: A younger brother's family comes to visit 214 Conversation 4: Getting merchandise for the store 217 Conversation 5: At the hairdresser 's 223 Conversation 6: A family chat on a Sunday afternoon 228 Conversation 7: At a death wake 236 Conversation 8: The death of acquaintances 242 Conversation 9: At a camera store 247 Conversation 10: Talking about jobs 252 BIBLIOGRAPHY 258 INDEX 286 MAPS Map 2.1: Historical map of Java and Madura 14 Map 2.2: East Java Province 18 Map 2.3: Town of Pasuruan 19 Map 3.1: Dialect map of East Java 68 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my Special Committee , Professors Linda Waugh , John Wo lff , Benedict Anderson and John McCoy , for guiding me through the research and writing of the thesis on which this work is based. I would also like to thank the Department of Modern Languages and Lingui stics at Cornell University for my teaching fellowship (1978-1982) , and the Graduate School for the Sage Graduate Fellowship (1980-1981). My thanks go to the Ford Foundation for my travel grant, and to the Social Science Research Council for the grant from the International Doctoral Research Fellowship Program for South­ east Asia of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies with funds provided by the Ford Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. I would also like to thank the Cornell Southeast As ia Program for supplementing the S.S.R.C. write-up support for 1983-1984 , and for providing office space . Special thanks go to all my informants in Pasuruan , and to friends and col­ leagues at Cornell for their moral support . Jim Collins helped to smooth out my language for the publication of this work; I thank him for his invaluable help . Similarly, my sincere thanks to Wim Stokhof, Lois Carrington for her fine editing and indexing, and Richard C.Y. Lee for his beautiful calligraphy . And finally , a very warm thankyou to Papi , Mami , Mak , Oom Hok Liong , Tante Hoen and Ruddy , for their constant support from far away . iv Oetomo, D. The Chinese of Pasuruan: Their language and identity. D-63, iv + 296 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1987. DOI:10.15144/PL-D63.cover ©1987 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study has as its aim the sociolingui stic description of a Chinese minority community in the town of Pasuruan , East Java . More particularly, in thi s study I will attempt to look into the interrelation between language behaviour and language attitudes on the one hand and ethnic and class identity on the other . I wi ll look into the situation of the Chinese as an entity and of the variations within the entity . In this way , I hope to discuss the variations in the commun­ ity by looking into variations in language use and attitudes. Furthermore , I will attempt to examine changes that have been and are taking place in the community , mostly as a result of the position of the Chinese as a minority group under pres­ sure to assimilate into the majority group , namely indigenous Indonesians . I will also look into the directions which future developments might take . The scope of the study is limited to those people who identify themselves 1 and/or are identified by others as Chinese in Pasuruan . Since in many ways Chinese see themselves as different and separate from other inhabitants of Pasuruan , and are also seen in that way by the latter , I will assume that they form a community in the sense that they can be seen as a distinct group of people , if only demographically speaking and not in a real sense . I do not claim that the results of the study apply to other Chinese communities in Java or , more generally, in Indonesia . However, one should keep in mind that the Chinese of Pasuruan are sociopolitically a part of the ethnic Chinese of Indonesia . This study is thus a case study , in which I wi ll examine how the social, cultural and po litical situation in which the Chinese of Pasuruan find themselves affects the interplay between language use and attitudes on the one hand and ethnic and class identity on the other . I would now like to define the terms I will use throughout the present work . A Chinese is anyone who identifies him/herself as Chinese and/or is identified as 2 Chinese by other people, Chinese and non-Chinese alike . Although the name Pasuruan is used to refer to the town and the regency of which it is the capital , in this study I will confine my self to discussing the situation of the Chinese community in the town . Language as a general term comprises language behaviour or language use and language attitudes. Language behaviour is limited to verbal behaviour; I will not discuss kinesics and proxemics in any depth here . Language behaviour and language use will be used interchangeably to m�an the ways in which people use language and the purposes for which they use it. Language attitudes is used to mean the opinions that people have concerning a certain language , as well as the way in which they behave on the basis of those opinions . Ethnic identity refers to one 's identity as a member of an ethnic group , namely a group of people who feel they are part of a certain group A rather than B and are will­ ing to be identified as such , based on physical , sociocultural and sociolinguis­ tic criteria. Wherever relevant and necessary , the term subethnic identity wi ll be used to refer to one 's identity as a member of a sociocultural subgroup within an ethnic community . Class iden ti ty in general refers to one's socioeconomic 1 Oetomo, D. The Chinese of Pasuruan: Their language and identity. D-63, iv + 296 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1987. DOI:10.15144/PL-D63.1 ©1987 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 status . However , the term does not only refer to one 's present status but also to one 's fami ly 's status in the past which may be reflected in language behaviour 3 and attitudes . Other less general terms will be defined when they are discussed for the first time in the body of the work .
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