Overview Oocyte Meiosis
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Effect of Paternal Age on Aneuploidy Rates in First Trimester Pregnancy Loss
Journal of Medical Genetics and Genomics Vol. 2(3), pp. 38-43, August 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/jmgg ©2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effect of paternal age on aneuploidy rates in first trimester pregnancy loss Vitaly A. Kushnir, Richard T. Scott and John L. Frattarelli 1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, MSB E-506, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07101-1709, USA. 2Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School UMDNJ, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, New Brunswick, NJ. Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Morristown NJ, USA. Accepted 16 July, 2010 A retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing IVF cycles at an academic IVF center was performed to test the hypothesis that male age may influence aneuploidy rates in first trimester pregnancy losses. All patients had a first trimester pregnancy loss followed by evacuation of the pregnancy and karyotyping of the abortus. Couples undergoing anonymous donor oocyte ART cycles (n = 50) and 23 couples with female age less than 30 years undergoing autologous oocyte ART cycles were included. The oocyte age was less than 30 in both groups; thereby allowing the focus to be on the reproductive potential of the aging male. The main outcome measure was the effect of paternal age on aneuploidy rate. No increase in aneuploidy rate was noted with increasing paternal age (<40 years = 25.0%; 40-50 years = 38.8%; >50 years = 25.0%). Although there was a significant difference in the male partner age between oocyte recipients and young patients using autologous oocytes (33.7 7.6 vs. -
Oogenesis [PDF]
Oogenesis Dr Navneet Kumar Professor (Anatomy) K.G.M.U Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Oogenesis • Development of ovum (oogenesis) • Maturation of follicle • Fate of ovum and follicle Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Oogenesis • Site – ovary • Duration – 7th week of embryo –primordial germ cells • -3rd month of fetus –oogonium • - two million primary oocyte • -7th month of fetus primary oocyte +primary follicle • - at birth primary oocyte with prophase of • 1st meiotic division • - 40 thousand primary oocyte in adult ovary • - 500 primary oocyte attain maturity • - oogenesis completed after fertilization Dr Navneet Kumar Dr NavneetKumar Professor Professor (Anatomy) Anatomy KGMU Lko K.G.M.U Development of ovum Oogonium(44XX) -In fetal ovary Primary oocyte (44XX) arrest till puberty in prophase of 1st phase meiotic division Secondary oocyte(22X)+Polar body(22X) 1st phase meiotic division completed at ovulation &enter in 2nd phase Ovum(22X)+polarbody(22X) After fertilization Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Dr Navneet Kumar Dr ProfessorNavneetKumar (Anatomy) Professor K.G.M.UAnatomy KGMU Lko Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Maturation of follicle Dr NavneetKumar Professor Anatomy KGMU Lko Maturation of follicle Primordial follicle -Follicular cells Primary follicle -Zona pallucida -Granulosa cells Secondary follicle Antrum developed Ovarian /Graafian follicle - Theca interna &externa -Membrana granulosa -Antrial -
Progression from Meiosis I to Meiosis II in Xenopus Oocytes Requires De
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 5794-5798, July 1991 Biochemistry Progression from meiosis I to meiosis II in Xenopus oocytes requires de novo translation of the mosxe protooncogene (cell cycle/protein kinase/maturation-promoting factor/germinal vesicle breakdown) JOHN P. KANKI* AND DANIEL J. DONOGHUEt Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322 Communicated by Russell F. Doolittle, March 22, 1991 ABSTRACT The meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes controlling entry into and exit from M phase (for reviews, see exhibits an early requirement for expression of the mosxe refs. 17-19). protooncogene. The mosxc protein has also been shown to be a In Xenopus, protein synthesis is required for the initiation component of cytostatic factor (CSF), which is responsible for of meiosis I and also meiosis II (4, 20), even though stage VI arrest at metaphase ofmeiosis II. In this study, we have assayed oocytes already contain both p34cdc2 and cyclin (12, 21). the appearance of CSF activity in oocytes induced to mature These proteins are partially complexed in an inactive form of either by progesterone treatment or by overexpression ofmosxe. MPF (preMPF) that appears to be normally inhibited by a Progesterone-stimulated oocytes did not exhibit CSF activity protein phosphatase activity called "INH" (22, 23). These until 30-60 min after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). observations indicate a translational requirement, both for Both the appearance of CSF activity and the progression from the initiation of maturation and for progression to meiosis II, meiosis I to meiosis II were inhibited by microinjection of mos"e for a regulatory factor(s) other than cyclin. -
Oocyte Or Embryo Donation to Women of Advanced Reproductive Age: an Ethics Committee Opinion
ASRM PAGES Oocyte or embryo donation to women of advanced reproductive age: an Ethics Committee opinion Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama Advanced reproductive age (ARA) is a risk factor for female infertility, pregnancy loss, fetal anomalies, stillbirth, and obstetric com- plications. Oocyte donation reverses the age-related decline in implantation and birth rates of women in their 40s and 50s and restores pregnancy potential beyond menopause. However, obstetrical complications in older patients remain high, particularly related to oper- ative delivery and hypertensive and cardiovascular risks. Physicians should perform a thorough medical evaluation designed to assess the physical fitness of a patient for pregnancy before deciding to attempt transfer of embryos to any woman of advanced reproductive age (>45 years). Embryo transfer should be strongly discouraged or denied to women of ARA with underlying conditions that increase or exacerbate obstetrical risks. Because of concerns related to the high-risk nature of pregnancy, as well as longevity, treatment of women over the age of 55 should generally be discouraged. This statement replaces the earlier ASRM Ethics Committee document of the same name, last published in 2013 (Fertil Steril 2013;100:337–40). (Fertil SterilÒ 2016;106:e3–7. Ó2016 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.) Key Words: Ethics, third-party reproduction, complications, pregnancy, parenting Discuss: You can discuss -
Female and Male Gametogenesis 3 Nina Desai , Jennifer Ludgin , Rakesh Sharma , Raj Kumar Anirudh , and Ashok Agarwal
Female and Male Gametogenesis 3 Nina Desai , Jennifer Ludgin , Rakesh Sharma , Raj Kumar Anirudh , and Ashok Agarwal intimately part of the endocrine responsibility of the ovary. Introduction If there are no gametes, then hormone production is drastically curtailed. Depletion of oocytes implies depletion of the major Oogenesis is an area that has long been of interest in medicine, hormones of the ovary. In the male this is not the case. as well as biology, economics, sociology, and public policy. Androgen production will proceed normally without a single Almost four centuries ago, the English physician William spermatozoa in the testes. Harvey (1578–1657) wrote ex ovo omnia —“all that is alive This chapter presents basic aspects of human ovarian comes from the egg.” follicle growth, oogenesis, and some of the regulatory mech- During a women’s reproductive life span only 300–400 of anisms involved [ 1 ] , as well as some of the basic structural the nearly 1–2 million oocytes present in her ovaries at birth morphology of the testes and the process of development to are ovulated. The process of oogenesis begins with migra- obtain mature spermatozoa. tory primordial germ cells (PGCs). It results in the produc- tion of meiotically competent oocytes containing the correct genetic material, proteins, mRNA transcripts, and organ- Structure of the Ovary elles that are necessary to create a viable embryo. This is a tightly controlled process involving not only ovarian para- The ovary, which contains the germ cells, is the main repro- crine factors but also signaling from gonadotropins secreted ductive organ in the female. -
Fertilization: a Sperm's Journey to and Interaction with the Oocyte
Fertilization: a sperm’s journey to and interaction with the oocyte Masahito Ikawa, … , Adam M. Benham, Masaru Okabe J Clin Invest. 2010;120(4):984-994. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI41585. Review Series Mammalian fertilization comprises sperm migration through the female reproductive tract, biochemical and morphological changes to sperm, and sperm-egg interaction in the oviduct. Recent gene knockout approaches in mice have revealed that many factors previously considered important for fertilization are largely dispensable, or if they are essential, they have an unexpected function. These results indicate that what has been observed in in vitro fertilization (IVF) differs significantly from what occurs during “physiological” fertilization. This Review focuses on the advantages of studying fertilization using gene-manipulated animals and highlights an emerging molecular mechanism of mammalian fertilization. Find the latest version: http://jci.me/41585-pdf Review series Fertilization: a sperm’s journey to and interaction with the oocyte Masahito Ikawa,1 Naokazu Inoue,1 Adam M. Benham,1,2 and Masaru Okabe1 1Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. 2School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom. Mammalian fertilization comprises sperm migration through the female reproductive tract, biochemical and mor- phological changes to sperm, and sperm-egg interaction in the oviduct. Recent gene knockout approaches in mice have revealed that many factors previously considered important for fertilization are largely dispensable, or if they are essential, they have an unexpected function. These results indicate that what has been observed in in vitro fer- tilization (IVF) differs significantly from what occurs during “physiological” fertilization. This Review focuses on the advantages of studying fertilization using gene-manipulated animals and highlights an emerging molecular mechanism of mammalian fertilization. -
Drivers of Oocyte Growth and Survival but Not Meiosis I
The SO(H)L(H) “O” drivers of oocyte growth and survival but not meiosis I T. Rajendra Kumar J Clin Invest. 2017;127(6):2044-2047. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI94665. Commentary Development Reproductive biology The spermatogenesis/oogenesis helix-loop-helix (SOHLH) proteins SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 play important roles in male and female reproduction. Although previous studies indicate that these transcriptional regulators are expressed in and have in vivo roles in postnatal ovaries, their expression and function in the embryonic ovary remain largely unknown. Because oocyte differentiation is tightly coupled with the onset of meiosis, it is of significant interest to determine how early oocyte transcription factors regulate these two processes. In this issue of the JCI, Shin and colleagues report that SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 demonstrate distinct expression patterns in the embryonic ovary and interact with each other and other oocyte-specific transcription factors to regulate oocyte differentiation. Interestingly, even though there is a rapid loss of oocytes postnatally in ovaries with combined loss of Sohlh1 and Sohlh2, meiosis is not affected and proceeds normally. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/94665/pdf COMMENTARY The Journal of Clinical Investigation The SO(H)L(H) “O” drivers of oocyte growth and survival but not meiosis I T. Rajendra Kumar Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Charles Gates Stem Cell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Compartmentalization of SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 proteins The spermatogenesis/oogenesis helix-loop-helix (SOHLH) proteins SOHLH1 SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 proteins are encod- and SOHLH2 play important roles in male and female reproduction. -
Heterologous Spermatozoa M
Activation of hamster zona-free oocytes by homologous and heterologous spermatozoa M. Maleszewski, D. Kline and R. Yanagimachi 1Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, University of Hawaii School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA; 2Department of Biological Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; and ^Department of Embryology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, Poland Spermatozoa of a wide variety of species can fuse with zona-free hamster oocytes. Zona-free hamster oocytes were inseminated with spermatozoa of homologous (hamster) and other (mouse, guinea-pig and human) species, and their responses were closely examined to determine whether such interspecific sperm\p=n-\oocytefusion always induces normal oocyte activation. While guinea-pig and human spermatozoa could activate hamster oocytes as efficiently as hamster spermatozoa, mouse spermatozoa could not. Mouse spermatozoa fused readily with hamster oocytes, yet most oocytes remained inactivated at least during the first 1.5\p=n-\2h. The amount of M-phase (metaphase) promoting factor was reduced in hamster oocytes fused with one or several mouse spermatozoa; however, repetitive Ca2+ transients failed to occur unless oocytes were inseminated with a concentrated sperm suspension and penetrated by very many spermatozoa. These observations suggest that sperm\p=n-\oocytemembrane fusion per se is not sufficient to trigger oocyte activation, and that putative sperm-derived oocyte activating factors show some degree of species specificity. Introduction interspecific sperm penetration causes normal oocyte activation in all cases. In the present study, we inseminated zona-free During normal fertilization, the membrane of the spermatozoon hamster eggs with homologous (hamster) as well as hetero- fuses with the oolemma before the sperm nucleus is incorpo¬ logous (human, guinea-pig and mouse) spermatozoa and rated into the ooplasm. -
The Role of Oocyte Organelles in Determining Developmental Competence
biology Review The Role of Oocyte Organelles in Determining Developmental Competence Karen L. Reader 1,*, Jo-Ann L. Stanton 1 and Jennifer L. Juengel 2 1 Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; [email protected] 2 Animal Reproduction, AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-3-479-7362 Academic Editor: Jukka Finne Received: 14 September 2017; Accepted: 14 September 2017; Published: 18 September 2017 Abstract: The ability of an oocyte to undergo successful cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation, fertilization and embryo development is referred to as the oocyte’s quality or developmental competence. Quality is dependent on the accumulation of organelles, metabolites and maternal RNAs during the growth and maturation of the oocyte. Various models of good and poor oocyte quality have been used to understand the essential contributors to developmental success. This review covers the current knowledge of how oocyte organelle quantity, distribution and morphology differ between good and poor quality oocytes. The models of oocyte quality are also described and their usefulness for studying the intrinsic quality of an oocyte discussed. Understanding the key critical features of cytoplasmic organelles and metabolites driving oocyte quality will lead to methods for identifying high quality oocytes and improving oocyte competence, both in vitro and in vivo. Keywords: oocyte; oocyte quality; organelles; cytoplasm; oocyte maturation 1. Introduction Oocytes vary in their ability to undergo maturation and support embryonic development. This ability is referred to as developmental competence or oocyte quality. -
Novel Targets of Apparently Idiopathic Male Infertility
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Molecular Biology of Spermatogenesis: Novel Targets of Apparently Idiopathic Male Infertility Rossella Cannarella * , Rosita A. Condorelli , Laura M. Mongioì, Sandro La Vignera * and Aldo E. Calogero Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; [email protected] (R.A.C.); [email protected] (L.M.M.); [email protected] (A.E.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (S.L.V.) Received: 8 February 2020; Accepted: 2 March 2020; Published: 3 March 2020 Abstract: Male infertility affects half of infertile couples and, currently, a relevant percentage of cases of male infertility is considered as idiopathic. Although the male contribution to human fertilization has traditionally been restricted to sperm DNA, current evidence suggest that a relevant number of sperm transcripts and proteins are involved in acrosome reactions, sperm-oocyte fusion and, once released into the oocyte, embryo growth and development. The aim of this review is to provide updated and comprehensive insight into the molecular biology of spermatogenesis, including evidence on spermatogenetic failure and underlining the role of the sperm-carried molecular factors involved in oocyte fertilization and embryo growth. This represents the first step in the identification of new possible diagnostic and, possibly, therapeutic markers in the field of apparently idiopathic male infertility. Keywords: spermatogenetic failure; embryo growth; male infertility; spermatogenesis; recurrent pregnancy loss; sperm proteome; DNA fragmentation; sperm transcriptome 1. Introduction Infertility is a widespread condition in industrialized countries, affecting up to 15% of couples of childbearing age [1]. It is defined as the inability to achieve conception after 1–2 years of unprotected sexual intercourse [2]. -
Evidence for the Role of Ywha in Mouse Oocyte Maturation
EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF YWHA IN MOUSE OOCYTE MATURATION A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science By Ariana Claire Detwiler August, 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by Ariana Claire Detwiler B.S., Pennsylvania State University, 2012 M.S., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by ___________________________________________________________ Douglas W. Kline, Professor, Ph.D., Department of Biological Sciences, Masters Advisor ___________________________________________________________ Laura G. Leff, Professor, PhD., Chair, Department of Biological Sciences ___________________________________________________________ James L. Blank, Professor, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………v List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………………………vii Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………….viii Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………….....1 Chapter I Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..2 1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2 Ovarian Function ……………………………………………………………………..2 1.3 Oogenesis and Folliculogenesis ………………………………………………………3 1.4 Oocyte Maturation ……………………………………………………………………5 1.5 Maternal to Embryonic Messenger RNA Transition …………………………………8 1.6 Meiotic Spindle Formation …………………………………………………………...9 1.7 YWHA Isoforms and Oocyte Maturation …………………………………………...10 Aim…………………………………………………………………………………………..15 Chapter II Methods……………………………………………………………………………………...16 -
Oocyte Warming and Insemination Consent Form
Oocyte Warming and Insemination Process, Risk, and Consent While embryos and sperm have been frozen and thawed with good results for many years, eggs have proved much more difficult to manage. Newer egg freezing methods have been more successful, at least in younger women, the main population in which the techniques have been studied. Egg freezing takes place by one of two methods: a slow freeze protocol, or a different “flash freeze” method known as vitrification. USF IVF uses the newer vitrification technology exclusively. There are two sources of frozen eggs. Some women may have chosen to have had their eggs frozen for the purpose of fertility preservation at some time prior to warming. Other women may have obtained frozen eggs donated by an egg donor. This consent reviews the Oocyte warming process from start to finish, including the risks that this treatment might pose to you and your offspring. While best efforts have been made to disclose all known risks, there may be risks of oocyte freezing, subsequent warming, and the IVF process, that are not yet clarified or even suspected at the time of this writing. Oocyte warming and subsequent embryo transfer typically includes the following steps or procedures: Medications to prepare the uterus to receive embryos Oocyte warming Insemination of eggs that have survived warming with sperm, using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Culture of any resulting fertilized eggs (embryos) Placement (transfer) of one or more embryos into the uterus Support of the uterine lining with hormones to permit and sustain pregnancy In certain cases, these additional procedures can be employed: Assisted hatching of embryos to potentially increase the chance of embryo attachment (implantation) Cryopreservation (freezing) of embryos Is pregnancy achieved as successfully with frozen eggs as with fresh eggs? As mentioned, most studies have looked at success rates using either donor eggs or women who produced larger numbers of eggs.